Seminar in Corporate Finance Fall 2006 Instructor: Prof. Jie-Haun Lee Class hours: 2:00-5:00 P.M. TH. Office hours: 9:00-12:00 A.M. TH. or by appointment I. Course Objectives This course is to prepare students for familiarity with the subjects of corporate finance and for the ability to conduct quality research in the corporate finance area. II. Grading Policy There are four main components to the grade in this class: a final examination, literature review reports, a research project, and class participation. A final examination will be given at the scheduled time during the exam week at the end of the semester. The weighting of this exam for the final grade will be 30%. Two papers will be assigned every week. Students have to well review the papers and turn in a written report for each paper on the preceding day of the class. Each report should not be written in more than two pages. The weighting of the review reports will count for 35%. Students are also required to discuss (or sometimes present) the papers during the class. The weighting of class participation will be 15%. The remaining 20% of the course grade involves a complete research project. The project should be an academic research related to the topics in this class. Students have to present their research proposals and complete papers within and at the end of this semester. The complete paper should be turned in at the last class. 1 III. Reference Texts: 1. Chew, D.H., The New Corporate Finance: Where Theory Meets Practice, 2nd ed., McGraw-Hill, 1999. 2. Copeland T.E., and J.F. Weston, Financial Theory and Corporate Policy, 3rd ed., Addison-Wesley Publishing Company, 1988. 3. Smith, C. W., The Modern Theory of Corporate Finance, 2nd ed., McGraw Hill, 1990. 4. 沈中華, 李建然, 事件研究法: Application in Empirical Research of Accounting and Finance, 華泰文化事業公司 IV. Reading List: 1. Capital Structure Required: 1. Campello, Murillo, “Capital structure and product markets interactions: evidence from business cycles”, Journal of Financial Economics 68, 2003, pp.353-378. 2. Fama, E. F. and K. R. French, “Financial Decisions: Who Issues Stock?” , Journal of Financial Economics 76, 2005, pp. 549-582. 3. Harris, M. and A. Raviv, "Theory of Capital Structure", Journal of Finance 46, March 1991 pp.297-355 4. Haugen, R.A. and L.W. Senbet, "Bankruptcy and Agency Costs: Their Significance to the Theory of Optimal Capital Structure", Jounral of Financial and Quantitative Analysis 23, 1, March 1988 5. Korajczyk, Robert A.; Levy, Amnon, “Capital structure choice: macroeconomic conditions and financial constraints”, Journal of Financial Economics 68, 2003,pp.75-109. 6. Myers, S.C., "Still Searching for Optimal Capital Structure", Journal of Applied Corporate Finance, 1993, P.4-14 7. Pinegar, J.M. and L. Wilbricht, "What managers Think of Capital Structure Theory: A Survey", Financial Management 18, 4, Winter 1989, P.82-91 8. Stewart C. Myers, "The Search For Optimal Capital Structure", The New Corporate Finance: Where Theory Meets Practice, 1999, P.205-213 9. Titman, S. and R. Wessels, "The Determinants of Capital Structure Choice", Journal of Finance, March 1988, P.1-19 2 Reference: 1. Akerlof, G.A., "The Market for Lemons: Quality and the Market Mechanism", Quarterly Journal of Economics 84, 1970, P.488-500 2. Barnea, A., R.A. Haugen and L.W. Senbet, "Market Imperfections, Agency Problems, and Capital Structure, A Review", Financial management, Summer 1981, P.7-22 3. Jensen, M.C. and W.H. Meckling, "Theory of the Firm: Managerial Behavior, Agency Costs, and Capital Structure", Journal of Financial Economics 3, 4, 1976, P.305-360 4. Leland H.E. and D.H. Plye, "Information Asymmetries, Financial Structure, and Financial Intermediation", Journal of Finance 32, 1977, P.371-387 5. Lewis, T. and D. Sappinton, "Optimal Capital Structure in Agency Relationships", Rand Journal of Economics, Autumn 1995, P. 343-361 6. Merton H. Miller, "The Modigliani-Miller Propositions After Thirty Years", The New Corporate Finance: Where Theory Meets Practice, 1999, P.192-204 7. Michael J. Barclay, Clifford W. Smith, and Ross L. Watts, "The Determinants of Corporate Leverage and Dividend Policies", The New Corporate Finance: Where Theory Meets Practice, 1999, P.214-229 8. Miller M.H., "Debt and Taxes", Journal of Finance 32, 2, May 1977, P.261-275 9. Modigliani, F. and M.H. Miller, "Corporate Income tax as the Cost of Capital: A Correction", American Economic Review, June 1963, P.433-443 10. Modigliani, F. and M.H. Miller, "The Cost of capital, Corporation Finance, and the Theory of Investment", American Economic Review, June 1958, P.261-297 11. Myers, S.C. and N.S. Majluf, "Corporate Financing and Investment Decisions When Firms Have Information That Investors do Not Have", Journal of Financial Economics 13, 2 12. Myers, Stewart C., "The Capital Structure Puzzle", Journal of Finance 39, July 1984, P. 575-592 13. Ross, S.A., "The Determination of Financial Structure: the Incentive-signaling Approach", Bell Journal of Economics, Spring, 1977, P.23-40 14. Frank, Murray Z.; Goyal, Vidhan K., “Testing the pecking order theory of capital structure”, Journal of Financial Economics 67, 2003, pp.217-248. 3 2. Dividend Policy Required: 1. Ang James, "Do Dividend matter? A Review of Corporate Dividend Theories and Evidence", 1987, Monograph Series in Financ and Economics, Salomon Brothers Center for the Study of Financial Institutions, Graduate School of Business Administration, New York University 2. Black F., "The Dividend Puzzle", Journal of Portfolio management 2, Winter 1976, P.72-77 3. Born, J. and J. Rimbey, "A Test of Easterbrook Hypothesis Regarding Dividend payments and Agency Costs", Journal of Financial Research, 1993, P.251-260 4. DeAngelo, DeAngelo, and Skinner, "Reversal of Fortune: Dividend Signaling and the Disappearance of Sustained Earnings Growth", Journal of Financial Economics 40, 1996, P.341-371 5. Dennis, D.J., D.K. Dennis, and A. Sarin, "The Information Content of Dividend Changes: Cash Flow Signaling, overinvestment, and Dividend Clienteles", Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis, December 1994, P.567-588 6. Fama, Eugene F.; French, Kenneth R., “Disappearing dividends: changing firm characteristics or lower propensity to pay?”, Journal of Financial Economics 60,2001, pp.3-43. 7. Lee, B., "The Response of Stock prices to Permanent and Temporary Shock to Dividends", Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis, march 1995, P.1-22 8. Jinho Byun, Michael S. Rozeff, “Long-run performance after Stock Splits:1927 to 1996”, Journal of Finance 58, NO.3,2003, pp.1063-1086. Reference: 1. Bhattacharya, S., "Imperfect Information, Dividend Policy, and "the Bird-in-the-Hand" Fallacy", Bell Journal of Economics, Spring 1979, P.259-270 2. Dennis Soter, Eugene Brigham, and Paul Evanson, "The Dividend Cut "Heard 'round the world": The Case of FPL", The New Corporate Finance: Where Theory Meets Practice, 1999, P.250-261 3. Easterbrook, Frank H., "Two Agency-Cost Explanations of Dividends", American Economic Review, Vol. 74(4), 1984, P.650-659 4. Michaely, R., R. Thaler, and K. Womack, "Price Reactions to Dividend Initiations and Omissions: Overreaction or Drift?", Journal of Finance, June 1995, P.573-608 5. Miller, M. and F. Modigliani, "Dividend Policy, Growth, and the Valuation of Shares", Journal of Business 34, 1961, P.411-433 4 6. Miller, M.H. and K. Rock, "Dividend Policy Under Asymmetric Information", Journal of Finance, September 1985, P.1031-1038 7. Muscarella and Vetsuypens, "Stock Splits: Signaling or Liquidity? The Case of ADR 'solo-split'", Journal of Financial Economics 42, 1996, P.3-26 8. Rozeff, M.S., "Growth, Beta and Agency Costs as Determinants of Dividend Payout Ratios", Journal of Financial Research 5, 3, Fall 1982, P.249-259 5 3. IPOs Required: 1. Aggarwal, Reena, “Allocation of initial public offerings and flipping activity”, Journal of Financial Economics 68, 2003, pp.111-135. 2. Aggarwal, Rajesh K.; Krigman, Laurie; Womack, Kent L., “Strategic IPO underpricing, information momentum, and lockup expiration selling”, Journal of Financial Economics 66,2002, pp.105-137. 3. Alexander Ljungqvist, William J. Wilhelm “IPO pricing in the Dot-com Bubble”, Journal of Finance 58, NO.2, 2003, pp.723-752. 4. Amihud, Yakov; Hauser, Shmuel; Kirsh, Amir, “Allocations, adverse selection, and cascades in IPOs: Evidence from the Tel Aviv Stock Exchange”, Journal of Financial Economics 68,2003,pp.137-158. 5. Ang, James S.;Brau, James C. “Concealing and confounding adverse signals: insider wealth-maximizing behavior in the IPO process”, Journal of Financial Economics 67,2003,pp.149-172. 6. Beatty, R. and E. Zajac, "Managerial Incentives, Monitoring and Risk Bearing in IPOs", Journal of Corporate Finance, Summer 1995, P.87-96 7. Carter, R. and S. Manster, "Initial Public Offering and Underwriter Reputation", Journal of Finance 45, 1990, P. 1045-1068 8. Demers, Elizabeth; Lewellen, Katharina, “The marketing role of IPOs: evidence from internet stocks”, Journal of financial economics 68,2003, pp.413-437. 9. Hansen, Robert S., “Do investment banks compete in IPOs?: the advent of the “7%plus contract”, Journal of Financial Economics 59,2001, pp.313-346. 10. Loughran, T. and J. Ritter, "The New issue Puzzle", Journal of Finance, March 1995, P.23-52 11. Lowry, Michelle; Shu, Susan, “Litigation risk and IPO underpricing”, Journal of Financial Economics 65, 2002, pp.309-335. 12. Lowry, Michelle, “Why does IPO volume fluctuate so much?”, Journal of Financial Economics 67,2003,pp.3-40. Michaley, R. and W.H. Shaw, "The Pricing of IPOs: Tests of Adverse-Selection and Signaling Theory", Review of Financial Studies, Summer 1994, P.279-320 13. 14. Paul A. Gompers, Josh Lerner, “The really long-run performance of initial public offerings: The pre-Nasdaq evidence”, Journal of Finance 58, NO.4, 2003, pp.1355-1392. 15. Ritter, Jay R., "The Long-Run Performance of Initial Public Offerings", Journal of Finance 46, 1991, P.3-27 16. Rock, K., "Why New Issues are Underpriced", Journal of Financial Economics 15, 1986, P.187-212 17. Smart, Scott B.; Zutter, Chad J., “Control as a motivation for underpricing: a comparison of dual and single-class IPOs”, Journal of Financial Economics 69, 2003, pp.85-110. 18. Zingales, L., "Insider Ownership and the Decision to go Public", Review of Economic Studies, July 1995, P.425-448 19. Jay R. Ritter and IVO Welch “A Review of IPO Activity, Pricing, and Allocations”, The 6 Journal of Finance, Vol LvII, NO.4, 2002, p.1795-1828 Reference: 1. Aggarwal, R. and P. Rivoli, "Fads in the Initial Public Offering Market?", Financial Management 19, 4, 1990, P.45-57 2. Allen, F. and G.R. Faulhaber, "Signaling by Underpricing in the IPO Market", Journal of Financial Economics 23, 1989, P.303-323 3. Beatty, R.P. and J.R. Ritter, "Investment Banking, Reputation, and the Underpricing of Initial Public Offerings", Journal of Financial Economics 15, 1986, P.213-232 4. Booth J.R., and L. Chua, "Ownership Dispersion, Costly Information, and IPO Underpricing", Journal of Financial Economics 41, 1996, P.291-310 5. Hanley, K.W., "The Underpricing of IPOs and the Partial Adjustment Phenomenon", Journal of Financial Economics 34, 2, 1993, P.231-250 6. Ibboston, R.G., J.L.Sindelar, and J.R. Ritter, "The Market’s Problems with the pricing of Initial Public Offerings", Journal of Applied Corporate Finance 7, Spring 1994, P.66-74 7. Koh, F. and T. Walter, "A Direct Test of Rock's Model of the Pricing of Unseasoned Issues", Journal of Financial Economics 23, 1989, P.251-272 8. Loughran, T., J.R. Ritter and Rydqvist, "Initial Public Offerings: International Insights", Pacific-Basin Finance Journal 2, 1994, P.165-199 7 4. Mergers, Acquisitions, and Corporate Restructuring Required: 1. Agrawal and Walking, "Executive Careers and Compensation Surrounding Takeover Bids", Journal of Finance 49, 1994, P.985-1014 2. Brous and Kini, "A Reexamination of Analysts' Earnings Forecasts for Takeover Targets", Journal of Financial Economics 33, P.201-225 3. Dahiya, Sandeep; John, Kose; Puri, Manju; Ramirez, Gabriel, “Debtor-in-possession financing and bankruptcy resolution: Empirical evidence”, Journal of Financial Economics 69,2003, pp.259-280. 4. Dewenter, "Does the market React Differently to Domestic and Foreign Takeover Announcements? Evidence From the U.S. Chemical and Retail Industries", Journal of Financial Economics 37, 1995, P.421-441 5. Harford, Jarrad, “Takeover bids and target directors’ incentives: the impact of a bid on directors’ wealth and board seats”, Journal of Financial Economics 69, 2003, pp.51-83. 6. Harris and Ravenscraft, "The Role of Acquisition in Foreign Direct Investment: Evidence From the U.S. Stock market", Journal of Finance 46, 1991, P.825-844 7. Houston, J.S., C.M. James, and N.D. Ryngaert, "Where do Merger Gains Come From? Bank mergers From the Perspective of Insiders and Outsiders", Journal of Financial Economics 60, 2001, P.285-331 8. Jensen, M.C. "Agency Costs of Free Cash Flow, Corporate Finance, and Takeovers", American Economic Review, Papers and Proceedings 76, 1986, P.323-329 9. Kaplan, "The Effects of Management Buyouts on Operating Performance and Value", Journal of Financial Economics 24, 1989, P.217-254 10. Loughran, T., and A.M. Vijh, "Do Long-Term Shareholders Benefit from Corporate Acquisitions?", Journal of Finance 52, 1997, P.1765-1790 11. Opler and Titman, "The Determinants of leveraged Buyout Activity: Free Cash Flow vs. Financial Distress Costs", Journal of Finance 48, 1993, P.1985-1999 12. Slovin, Sushka, and Ferraro, "A comparison of the Information Conveyed by Equity Carve-outs, Spin-offs, and Asset Sell-offs", Journal of Financial Economics 37, 1995, P.89-104 8 Reference: 1. Denis, "Organizational Form and the Consequences of Highly Leveraged Transactions: Kroger's Recapitalization and Safeway's LBO", Journal of Financial Economics 36, 1994, P.193-224 2. Kang, "The International Market for Corporate Control: Mergers and Acquisitions of U.S. Firms by Japanese Firms", Journal of Financial Economics 34, 1993, P.345-371 3. Kaplan and Weisbach, "The Success of Acquisitions: Evidence from Divestitures", Journal of Finance 47, 1992, P.107-138 4. Kaplan, "Campeau's Acquisition of Federated: Post-Bankruptcy Results", Journal of Financial Economics 35, 1994, P.123-136 5. Kaplan, "Campeau's Acquisition of Federated: Value Destroyed or Value Added", Journal of Financial Economics 25, 1989, P.191-212 6. Ofek, "Efficiency Gains in Unsuccessful management Buyouts", Journal of Finance 49, 1994, P.637-654 7. Palepu, K., "Predicting Takeover Targets: A Methodological and Empirical Analysis", Journal of Accounting and Economics 8, 1985, P.3-35 8. Roll, R., "The Hubris Hypothesis of Corporate Takeovers", Journal of Business 59, 1986, P.197-216 9. Schwer, G.W., "Make-up Pricing in Mergers and Acquisitions", Journal of Financial Economics 41, 1996, P.153-192 10. Walking, R. and Edmister, R., "Determinants of Tender Offer Premiums", Financial Analysts Journal 41, 1985, P.30-37 11. Walking, R., "Predicting Tendor Offer Success: A Logistic Analysis", Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis 20, 1985, P.461-478 9 5. Corporate Governance Required: 1. Chidambaran, N.K.; Prabhala, Nagpurnanand R., “Executive stock option repricing, internal governance mechanisms, and management turnover”, Journal of Financial Economics 69,2003, pp.153-189. 2. Del Guercio, Diane; Dann, Larry Y.;Partch, M. Megan, “Governance and boards of directors in closed-end investment companies”, Journal of Financial Economics 69,2003, pp.111-152. 3. Garvey, C.T. and P.T. Swan, "The Economics of Corporate Governance", Journal of Corporate Finance, August 1994, P.139-174 4. Ikehberry and Lakonishok, "Corporate Governance Through the Proxy Contests: Evidence and Implications", Journal of Business 66, 1993, P.405-435 5. Joh, Sung wook, “Corporate governance and firm profitability: evidence from Korea before the economic crisis”, Journal of Financial Economics 68, 2003, pp.287-322. 6. La Porta, R., Lopez-de-Silanes, F., Shleifer, A., and Vishny, "Investor Protection and Corporate Governance", Journal of Financial Economics 58, 1999 7. Shleifer, A. and Vishny, R., "A Survey of Corporate Governance", Journal of Finance 52, 1997, P.737-783 8. Volpin, Paolo F., “Erratum to “Governance with poor investor protection: evidence from top executive turnover in Italy:[ Journal of Financial Economics 64 (2002) 61-90]”, Journal of Financial Economics 65, 2002,pp.159-160. 9. Williamson, O.E., "Corporate Finance and Corporate Governance", Journal of Finance 43(3) July 1998 10. Boubakri, N., J. C. Cosset and O. Guedhami, “Postprivatization Corporate Governance: The Role of Ownership Structure and Investor Protection”, Journal of Financial Economics 76, 2005, pp. 368-339. 11. Heron, R. A., E. Lie,”Does Backdating Explain the Stock Price Pattern around Executive Stock Option Grants?”, Journal of Financial Economics, Forthcoming, 2006. Reference: 1. Holmes, T.J. and J.A. Schmitz, Jr., "On the Turnover of Business Firms and Business Managers", Journal of Political Economy, October 1995, P.1005-1038 2. Jensen, M.C., "The Modern Industrial revolution, Exit, and the Failure of Internal Control Systems", Journal of Applied Corporate Finance 6, 4, 1993, P.4-24 3. Karen Van Nuys, "Corporate Governance Through the Proxy Process: Evidence from the 1989 Honeywell Proxy Solicitation", Journal of Financial Economics 10 4. 33, 1993, P.57-71 Volpin, Paolo F., “Governance with poor investor protection: evidence from top executive turnover in Italy”, Journal of Financial Economics 64, 2002, pp.61-90. 6. Ownership and Corporate Control Required: 1. Classens, S., Djankov, S., and Lang, L., "The Separation of Ownership and Control in East Asian Corporations", Journal of Financial Economics 58, 1999 2. Espen Eckbo, B.; Thorburn, Karin S., “Control benefits and CEO discipline in automatic bankruptcy auctions”, Journal of Financial Economics 69,2003, pp.227-258. 3. Jensen, M.C. and R.S. Ruback, "The market for Corporate Control", Journal of Financial Economics 11, 1, 1983, P.5-50 4. La Porta, R., Lopez-de-Silanes, F., Shleifer, A., "Corporate Ownership around the World", Journal of Finance 54, 1999, P.471-517 5. McConnell J.J. and Servaes H., "Additional Evidence on Equity Ownership and Corporate Value", Journal of Financial Economics 27, 1990, P.595-612 6. Michael L. Lemmon, Karl V. Lins, “Ownership structure, corporate governance, and firm value: evidence from the East Asian Financial Crisis”, Journal of Finance 58, NO.4, 2003, pp.1445-1468. 7. Morck, R., A. Shleifer and R.W. Vishny, "Management Ownership and market valuation: An Empirical Analysis", Journal of Financial Economics 20, 1988, P.267-292 8. Nenova, Tatiana, “The value of corporate voting rights and control: A cross-country analysis” Journal of Financial Economics 68, 2003, pp.325-351. 9. Ronald C. Anderson, David M. Reeb, “Founding-Family ownership and firm performance: evidence from the S&P 500”, Journal of Finance 58, NO.3, 2003,pp.1301-1327. 10. Slovin and Sushka, "Ownership Concentration, Corporate Control Activity, and Firm Value: Evidence From the Death of Inside Blockholders", Journal of Finance 48, 1993, P.1293-1321 11. Gaspar, J. M., M. Massa and P. Matos, “Shareholder Investment Horizon and the Market for Corporate Control”, Journal of Financial Economics 76, 2005, pp. 135-165. Reference: 1. Zhou, Xianming, “Understanding the determinants of managerial ownership and the link between ownership and performance: comment”, Journal of Financial 11 Economics 62, 2001, pp.559-571. 7. Corporate Risk Management Required: 1. Dolde, W., "Hedging, Leverage, and Primitive Risk", The Journal of Financial Engineering 4(2), 1995, P.187-216 2. Henk Berkman and Michael E. Bradbury, "Empirical Evidence on the Corporate Use of Derivatives", Financial Management, Summer 1996, P.5-13 3. Mian, S.L., "Evidence on Corporate Hedging Policy", Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis, 1996, P.419-439 4. Nance, D.R., Smith, C.W., and Smithson, C.W., "On the Determinants of Corporate Hedging", Journal of Finance 48(1), 1993, P.267-284 5. Smith C.W. and Stulz, R.M., "The Determinants of Firms' Hedging Policies", Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis 20(4), 1985, P.391-405 6. Smith C.W. Jr., "Corporate Risk management: Theory and Practice", The Journal of Derivatives, Summer 1995, P.21-30 Reference: 1. Charles Smithson, Chase Manhattan Bank, and Clifford W.Smith Jr., "Strategic Risk management", The New Corporate Finance: Where Theory Meets Practice, 1999, P.460-477 2. Donald J. Smith, "The Arithmetic of Financial Engineering", The New Corporate Finance: Where Theory Meets Practice, 1999, P.534-543 3. Neil A. Doherty and Clifford W. Smith Jr., "Corporate Insurance Strategy: The Case of British Petroleum", The New Corporate Finance: Where Theory Meets Practice, 1999, P.522-533 4. Rene M. Stulz, "Rethinking Risk Management", The New Corporate Finance: Where Theory Meets Practice, 1999, P.488-504 5. Samant, Ajay, "Empirical Study of Interest Rate Swap Usage by Nonfinancial Corporate Business", Journal of Financial Services Research, 1996, P.43-57 6. Thomas Jones, Lynn Lane, Jonelle St. John, and John van Roden, "Bank of America Roundtable on Derivatives and Corporate Risk Management", The New 12 Corporate Finance: Where Theory Meets Practice, 1999, P.551-567 8. Compensation Required: 1. Antle, R. and Smith, A., "Measuring Executive Compensation: Methods and Application", Journal of Accounting Research 23, Spring 1985, P.296-325 2. Bliss, Richard T.;Rosen, Richard J., “CEO compensation and bank mergers”, Journal of Financial Economics 61, 2001, pp.107-138. 3. Bosehem, J. and K.J. Smith, "You Can Pay Me now and You Can Pay Me Later: Dynamic Response of Executive Compensation to Firm Performance", Journal of Business, October 1995, P.577-608 4. Goldberg, L. and T. Idson, "Executive Compensation and Agency Effects", Financial Review, May 1995, P.313-335 5. Jensen, M.C., and Murphy, K.J., "Performance Pay and Top-Management Incentives", Journal of Political Economy, April 1990, P.225-264 6. Jin, Li, “CEO compensation, diversification, and incentives”, Journal of Financial Economics 66, 2002, pp.29-63. 7. Mehran, H., "Executive Compensation Structure, Ownership and Firm Performance", Journal of Financial Economics 38, 2, 1995, P.163-184 8. Milbourn, Todd T., “CEO reputation and stock-based compensation”, Journal of Financial Economics 68,2003,pp.233-262. Bettis, J. C., J. M. Bizjak, and M. L. Lemmon, “Exercise Behavior, Valuation, and the Incentive Effects of Employee Stock Options”, Journal of Financial Economics 76, 2005, pp. 445-470. 9. Reference: 1. Murphy, Kevin J., "Corporate Performance and managerial Remuneration: An Empirical Analysis", Journal of Accounting and Economics, 1985, P.11-42 2. Yermack, D., "Do Corporations Award CEO Stock Options Effectively?", Journal of Financial Economics 39, 1995, P.237-270 3. Young, L. and S.M. Quintero, "The Design of Executive Stock Options", Managerial and Decision Economics 3-4, 1995, P.129-135 13 9. New Business Finance Required: 1. Berger, A.N. and G.F. Udell, "The Economics of Small Business Finance: The Roles of Private Equity and Edbt markets in the Financial Growth Cycle", Journal of banking and Finance 22, 1998 2. Gompers, Paul, "Grandstanding in the Venture Capital Industry", Journal of Financial Economics 42, 1996, P. 133-156 3. Gompers, Paul, "Venture Capital Growing Pains: Should the Market Diet?", Journal of Banking and Finance, 1997 4. Grenadier, S.R. and A.M.Weiss, "Investment in Technological Innovations: An Option Pricing Approach", Journal of Financial Economics 44, 1997, P.397-416 5. Klaus M. Schmidt, “Convertible securities and venture capital finance”, Journal of Finance 58 NO.3, pp.1139-1166. 6. Peterson, Mitchell, and Raghu Rajan, "The Benefits of Lending Relationship: Evidence From Small Business Data", Journal of Finance 99, 1994, P.3-37 14
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