The
ew
Micr'ofinance
An E ay on th elf
Help Group Movement
in India
il on
LJ.2 U' rI ~hf!'
searched' or
,villa ue of On..~j:d. !
tmker' itb wbom lb. d :m appQin fJt<ent. J lo~ 'd
him srnding, in a waJer't' ric- Fda" mmer rolled to hi- kne~,
rhaumg 'limh g"Ol~P '0 W(Jmlm "iiiba "ad stopped Ion enough
millHOO1'l' seaJD.ri
il
,.1 -(O/'lSt,jj
jour a. of Mi r-ofi ,mct:
from -.h ;1' ~'(J;- tQ b.stell. Ht· 'til !i r,elJing (hem how scm-y hfJ oJIL'
tb r fJt! could Ol as e' iml tbe" sel-help gTn .r lMJI. Thet.r
reLOTds ere mu up to p T he tald hf!in.131lT he 'U.'flS pJetJ.S,fd to nOte
lh.7t yepi1Jm m of [-oll'llf fram grOl~p sa ings "" a:.s alwd 'S on tIme,
Re m88~ted I'nt:mben nmtad . "'''(H'ed bookkeeper m de iltageJ
• (J'ierul a/his j'tJthelp. He a>nFred rhe:grorp tbat Once 115 rewTd5'
" 'C'I'8 gQod~ the b"rl1k
Quid im~
lDiln. fieT dll~ h bet4 aIr adJ'
'T
eigbreen: Otber 8T flpS 'n t.he 'UillAg
<'1. The
'w m, 1: S1'~H} d. !h tl.'r~rof1r!{llm rousers, p .r on hi.~. shoe', mild In
W&,y up tbe gT_ Ii»' inm.d _H'lil a/ked tne hdcR t) his 'il!iZg~ Q.ffice.
Thi is simple -t.ory InUl' 1'l r p. nicuLJ'I'I)' 'citing, Bi ir i,
nEl11 nee in me scrme rh4;, iJ' 'w')' ri?p?t:W i-el ,da. in rut d
our ~,ro-s h rulers and vlilages -d roughout on of th:R ia:rgesr CQunIm/l:d
trl-€S
loltrI,
10
i>1 thi? 'liJ.l(J·yld-lrldi..2. It i-
.na a c1)"mce. to
m ke its waJ'
that d-eserVl!s reel) Jtilion
afber cOJ(ntTit!$ nd to f,I ber
tl stlH)'
to
.- Q1'mm.
The or microfinancc espoused her"ID ri~t's rum rect:"llC
i.nnovat.ions in India ;Jnd weir impact, do e]y observed., Oil tbe
i"es f m g . I 1i<>lu of ''''hllt passes fo 'I i mfin~ ce
uoul1d th' ucid these obscrv-a.tions u:r. t: uS co L:su::n 1
ur
intu.i. iDn: sometlling good is happening out therit is big.
he [le'W micro -, nne i no re a-H , new at J. It i:o>
re-qrderin 0f PEirfS ill India's fman ial mac:hiner ' that.it calibrates to l:he need.s a th.e poor. ThIs ne order 0 tlim 'Clrmlll and intorm:at l'O eta I ~H'ld 'in [\cia]-!;epaT"3H~S [he Tlew
ana
ilIiic-tofin,ll1C from ~ old.
11. r hE dif e:rences? C mpL~ "ules T pracric:e new t
th dient
nd rt:dit power he old microfin nee
L.mpli "ty
lradltiorul prne ices, and tlll'ift power the nev;'. The old m.icrof aace ;l!mS fo, an ios:['rodon to sustai ielf "thro
iJ push
W""'. r ' pr fit. The: Ii 'mlcrofiJun e aims for roups w sust:ain tne.1ll5e] res duougb the pull of social benefits. .. eST
118
ohinle
Number
he
ew MiCToflu nee.
pra tk 's fro
an in i Uiinal penpeai ,e drive th;e ld
mi roftilllDce. Bre.aktnro gh diem ~xp rienee Iiv th~ DeW.
Out with the old. III ,'J h th.e new.
Unnatut:a
ct
The old mkro III nc is u nanuaL 1l sks ankers, to become
social wClrk~rs or ~oc.ial work~rs to become bankers. Il r que!o"1:s
GOs '[ rransfcirm inro Lin. n i ] ins'titur.ions an .. en to per• t . ) r a hing a marketli. Ton:hem 's not pr [t,ihl
True.
ffiinofi.nante insErta ions hay r ached many p opl ~eft
bt:!hin by cO,nven '0 al b Ilks. But t: wluH C'O It
t wha.
I
mbsid '?
L ! us 0 he m th: t e h neede inv SIm min 10__ 0 ap~
i ,J, tEn wi h hIgh r.h.T'eshold 't ro the law~ 01
.rr:icu1a.r
cOuntr}f. NQ""- ;'dd W it initi J ope dn ub i ie~.ew big
lIlves mem like, in orn1aci Q redmology lilld branch 0 . ice
buildings, ~e or inte:rn, tional .o:l1~ulr<Jms tr ,~e1 eKp n ~s
f r ch e. c, n, \llt fitS od in man' in5tllfl. e~, all endless' ream
.'Qper<1ting los'
ath lie Relief en'lces (CR ) has ~rn
average au.nual lnvc::sunell p r diem' it ponsore mi.cromil c ills[itutio.ll ( F1) climb ;u; nigb 015 $35 .
t1, high int~rest mtes, for diem:s arc needed to co .'er J1
lnsurur.10na] eKf:len s beC:lUli ~ s~ye the income: from microfinane dl "illS the h.'lFI h.l 0
CIIu
0 co . r
s~s. Thi
equndo • by ny m .sur , is tile ma.th offati· e.
Nat f3Jl
I )ella llas a better idea; th~ [l~W mlcrofmance, wlllch.liIJks traditIonal Iilitisdom rooted in the t:lf~help model-and refined b
pioneeri
• G S , I C as M YRf A-with
financial
ower of a n work of 150,00 bank br.mch~ "
H r i, how Ih~ Ilew mic.f"o mam:e w .k.'). PromotenlcJd lalI of GOs, b Ilk s ,or oJunreers (0 n g;roup
members th IDS Ive:i}-rea h out to omt!TI gather lhem into
r up i1)f tw my r f",' r-Clnd ellC Uf'lge women to ave
weekly Or I1l n:
. S meum S the. a e·.l li
a fhr ru, ees
en
ue
19
Jour 01 of M',ro jn,uu:c
(U SC.I0) P
monrn, J)r
their coJlcCI1ve S.;l.",ll3 s fo
h
Vi'
to
h.'nd
purposes; an lUg rom
loans to buo' fe· t i kens. p . s hool f. ·es. or lnance emergeniC' me jca care of 11 hiM. Promote!r~ ilio insrruct roup
10 roperly tecord aving and ltending transanioIlS.
ttl
roups .. bilize and ar a 1 1:0 penor a v;lrle[ • of gl'"onp
mana emern eli j(ie-s, pro 0 I' link dum to 10
h oks
h rr thq
llR.
rr:
~i\l'
v tie
a or up 1
TO
lUI.
aolZt'.peoplc. mOU"i1H' ~ople.
All
"od. Ine p(mr~s[ ont's to .serve~acti\"'itics.rhe ... do wdL For
[hem. (he, acts a e l1:nuraL III i"'!i neIVtTork of 15 _ 10 anbun h , 1, a le 0 pi id "rem and .• ing. !'Vi s. B. nk
mana {" Li.quidi
a.I1 lyu pord lios,
alcl.llare r
s nd
co]] Cl pa. metn , Banks <lIre d
0 d1C
fl1n<.."'li ns. so doin
'rh'eDl or ti~ r m.ark nicl1(! puse a. 'f w cl1Alll!.Dg~ • hur no
majm' bSladl!s.
There i.s :a thi rd pl.are:r in h.ili III del:
t
roe
rio .1 Bank fo.!' RUf:;l1 evelopmen.
cord Ii
f at· nd mmerci,,/ ank;<; r n ill efES r t
of 7.5%. Thi rfinancing I:
e bmk In I'll rna iIi ing heir
own deposits to len' to. unt~ r d ""ro~lps of wom n. It is \l Sfim,I s. a 00 d role or J. na -olli1 ba.nk.
ourth. ph 'U is" he P'1Dch '~r R. i Ins itution. (p.R .' he
Pan h~. UI Raj! an imp Tl::;I,I1IOCOll "'Qverll,an e: SU'llcture w,th
resour e-s
d politic I s :us :dloC"aIe:o to vilL es .md vinage
dus:t, ·1's. Embol en!-,!d membl"fS of elf-he! groups; run or loci
o 'ee and draw political ri.,.hrs and e onomie us
c < intO
weir viJlag ~. Group members ·attra...t biogas in 1"<15 rllcture;
funds fo bridges. wells
d roads- aDd SI cmres 0 sc ou!.s
and h ·a.lth een el's. Th 01' aniz' tion for he Dev,el pmeiH of
People (0 _Dp) in Myson~. K mat k.1., reports IDa ic on . disL:'l.(
179 seJ -help gra p members ran' or loca.l:an disI"rin
OfLb • 0
these women .3 w n se-~ 10 local a -e and 1 at
t c di tri
1 vel.
III
22:'"
• model. promotc.rs
DE:
Volume 01- _ lJIIlber_
h~
P'or eac.h
0
ew Microd:m nc?e
these p,b rers; thee ·acts are
mral, and
t.ogelber th~ ~h.npe;) ood idea. Bm for Judi l h vc;
ood
ide.l. 11 m b..
ig ,
h.i l.'! thl! SHa mall m~m in Inrui repros ,ts r.h.
lar es wi rofinan e wti"ci e in the orld I,l,~~r.b ov~r
1 .00,10 se ·help roup.s· with 17,000,00 memhers
fOrn1d-lne
magniwde
0
he weck ~ <:1 t
til' ladon of 1.1 bi.llion people is
7.
milLion
amiJi.es-betwet'.D
be done in
agget' g ill dill
~Ol 0,00 .
and
OO,O{lO OOC people-Ii 'e, eJow The povetry r 04;', . fld t
least 75 million families cou.l' make prod UCL1 v,e U;lie
icrofinance s rvices. This is mor
h:ln thre~ . mcs
a.mil.ies etITre n 1~ reached b ~ all 0 11:1
microfin nee lfi5 innl
il he world. ( he '001)
the n rnb r
Three M
f Lrllka
Th' ~ABARDr: frn:a.ncing pTo;ram. piloted in t991, is tte 0
se..-e • J i)'l lr di· , lJi eml}'
B D efi IlC s J .n ene·
ated b . 17,085 bank branches rh.mug.Oour tn.e CfJUillry rieing
fllnch pen u;;.\ 0 of 11'1l. Wi h pi 'ns w read on million
SHGs by ~008
ABARD' nnnJ.lgr '\1:.b predicts sucass.
Wiler ' r ,fin n .ng
c1
",5,000 ew elf-h ,11' grou
199 -99 Jl reached.2 . 00 new 5~ -help groups in 2 -10 2.
A:RD panner wh
·1 ba k 'n a rn-o k {)' 2 l r
o. G . sand independellt "gems.
Three tIlO eJs. of liak..U.lg self· I . roups [0 ban.k hJ. e
e olved OY r ' me.
ad 1 1 encoU-:\age..s banks 0 onn and
'finance .lldf-h.e p g.rQups. Modd_ cncaumgcs 1 GOs' form
gr
ps. iving
·11 c.ash ~r;lnt:s
no train ng <Is.
iU}
incemi'ile an .
then link them to local banks. Model 3 fjmlIlces 'G .S orrnUl 5el£-h II' gr lipS to in~er-m di. re- loa.ns '~o ro\.!ps.
:rom the. point of 'ew of
,ilodel 2. is most gdvant .
b
(0 1,oc ] nonp
fit
rt er. ' RS h
d V 1 pm n
part-neT hips widl 5
g s1'oo s 0 gani.z i ns act' S!i india.
oS'! afe rna: I, jocal enrities, ofre.tlsocial ex.t nsions 0
Ca, hOll Ch :reh. Parmers W 1"'1 ; t1 ; ol." . d . re of the . ba1
rne
Jouma!
of Mlcrofinance
RD MQ-dels for linking SHGs~ o~3nks
lob f
A Fe"" AdvailLil e-:'
LInk g~s
(e ch mode..! mmpMed
lh other tWo)
t
tofodel 1~ Banks
Lo\v r cost 0 ~toup orm:;!tio£4
but iOllpS m, y fon:n fo s.o]
re 0 of rec'ei in ~n.k 10 n
o Tn <lnd !!lance
HG
and
d.i~inr i!g,nu
mot
quic k.ly ( r i n i ; ; ! !>an _ DO);
l~hdr b·ener repaymem
rate ')uhazhelldi
000).
• odel :
JGs
75%
fOf.m~d by NGO
lld tlna.m;;ed by !Jank~
C
1,
cor
lt1(!mI:H:f • grc.r
increase in net .asset,.. 0
members' g eater in. rease in
f'
c~.
Rel'
e ( ulinhendi&
SlUyaSa1 1000).
Mo el : N~.
MFI I an roup
9%
dus t~.rs arc man ccci
b - banks and mUimediatE loans' to
SHGs,
r
High r ligbdy) p d I f
poor DlI:mb er . C 0 ing
poverty lin (puhaznclldi &
atyll.Sd.l! _000) _C Q U\"ea •em
for a III ks In,teresteo in b '."
1 mS~ burouJ
he
CO$(
mem-
in form. of.h1ghrr interest.
bt:h ~·h.ic:h st't tches ~aSt to weS and nor h to sou h in tVJo'o
grear ba.n s. ribal villages of e comp sed of di.splU"Ol.re h. m·
Ie Sj m e disK of mig 1 rge COtl,ce
1:LOIl
f HG
n:u~mb t.!i
h.· le
c th~t rulr:s:out _ ode] 3.
- of G oup D
nd
J.
s. E
k. define the
n amon.g C
roup d
m nt
1,'
lopl1le [ pl'Q'e s .in
parmeni,~ .ideas vary;'l
Qut sta<7es
Th~
New
I
j
!ceo lnaDce
T up
PJJflSe 3.; B{[·nk
Phase
4:
Imk~g,fJ
Sii$tamabul, :J'
..
Grpnp
avmg$.
• a'ltin"s :and
COllQtlU
lendingmIltI'll
s.m rngs
;commOn
• Group rem!!' con mu
within
imernaJ
limOUll to
.:Ii U1g~
S.
aeb.
Illlimbe:rS
group
lendin •
month
(charges· roup
bank crEdi
appro ch s
nd 00
(t:YP icalJ
uue re
' 11 fo
k
pin a
'bet f nU" Basi book.ned'!. up to
VirithOll.t
S centS and
keep'ing
fouf' cime;;
subsidized
50 ~en pe
b gin,;
thEmOt1.11t
suPPOrt
meml:~et)
.Benefi
sa\'cd
Ben.cfi
Group opens ,Group_~
Bmefl.!$
:'l. !'i.wings
• count at a
n rb ~ bank
Rcm~fit"
•
Ilsdpline'
0
thtj
creat'o ,of
il,sseu
learn 0 lend· rup
• rou
cOOtl.nu
and borrow
deV"f!1 p'
with smAll
reb '0 hip rode Ul.i ~el y
a.rnoun of
whh, . joas long
members
cash
l k
si~ n~ial
'. DependencE
011 rno
.
.
.
n
fDr pennan m c edit"
Ltl$tn:U]
e-y-
lend 'r
reduced
enJoy
bn
fjt )
acee!> ,.ad
•
up
[0
1I
Hme
VUlgS
a group d 'elopml:nr. CRS u.s ,; the simple
,Lin below to
deAne
fi
Lli develo men- of 11 elf-help ..r up, which
eypicaH p.asses rhraug.b several phases as ouu1Ded in Table _.
Phase. "B- k Li kage,'" ope nat <l group enter$. t . ph.
only if its l:rtdi ne-ed au£sn1 irs aillble savIng.
Vtllwnt> 4 N'umbe.r 2
J
urnoLl
Figure L
'licroluL,1A
odo-economic
cd ·ties of a Group
Susnt!le!:i ~ II... mig
,me!. F
ISh;) • gil im rO"'l:u
W<1.t:nn~d M;I;rn =~lll
(\'1.1;[l~ ~cn
ups,
intr,\, r '[UI' /fl"intl- II nu)
SHY
t~chlljql.l
1
Im:om ~I'lCr.W D
(Em:Qu.r~&:m~I'l~ lId .:llh,.u:~
mdl\'ld.lJ.;ll
,<J,D.
;Ii::tJ"'1tlC'S Cl ill.
duCtr QJ'!
(S'huoll't:>l" c-hlldr'~II • .td.ult
Illtor.il... r)
S
~OElDmi-
Aarm'
mhC'rs
1Evil Er.adIUl ion
(!\lchoh 1 ,J.bust'.
pel"
,0
l :>b u:s.e)
of
SdJ·hd
GrClllpr<
D '$a~[.:r PII'
J rodne~5
(ft r rec-u rrtn n:uII dI
(:;1hJ]]i,ti~s)
f'~iJ' .
en·om~n
Ocil:.l.
lll..-rn ber "'11 f r
C'kdc:d (}Wc~l
(rnlC'rEai,jl, inlC'mhnJ ,
imt'r'::~sHI oJec.lD ce and
c "fll ." IU~I('ll1i.
fin 11 i ] de,,~elopm m; of groul\i t in' the Oup
:ime s that i, membeu m ; elijo social bene i 5, CRS
Th
be]jve5 ma1,t .social artioD . ml:>(1 ial change juscif· our UbSld •
Ag~ill. ihe od J devel proem of elf·h Ip grO\lps vui,'
ide1 r. Ofren, de" d pJIlCnt is dri"'cIJ by uronp prionties.]mt
as 0 .en. it Is d.riv~n h,. GO 'mper-a ives.. i"l.Iri' I itlusuaLes
Lhe' 'p'es of activi ies in which e] -help .. 0
enl>a"e.
A 0 P'& social t , lC1pm~t pa-ss' ,cbrou h ~ veral ~ca ~.
Depending on he lar-ale and the mike-up of its mambeI"s
illanciaJ and socil!l evelopmel I of 11 gro pukes 0 tlf to fo
ye,l
before .he: !!TOUp .reaches man ia! and :iocial $11. taillahil
it -. Literac. raLes and ,proximi1:y ro mlllor Irayel :rome-s came
.be fl at st dilier nee in lim needed 0 f 1tI group lld he
-051 of their formmon. OS panners in rem te tribal reas 0,
the. 0 heasl pd'", tern hat~ 1 it [ 1 sch duJea I,; 1;$
and t.,ibe' (fbe: mOst di5;Ju:i"ant gcd 'l:"Dmmunitl ') require .much.
more: SUppOrT In gro p orm L'on dl 'Jl do mo e lite ':ate am ps
Volume 'f NumbEr' _
t· cl ~ ro pop i.Jte,d ;uea
'r
. xpeme per group from mobilization
1
eU£0
r;ilve}eo
c.lf-rn.
roJ,
S•
emen
range fro
in lnS];,l(u:es where volunreers arid g~OlJP members t rill [lev. roups) tel $10- 20,.. (wber an G
ormS
the roup). On .1 per
ber b);!sis. thi subsidized CQ.s,t of
-6- ~12 compares; f:l orabl ~ (the $ 50
.et an MFI up and rU11.ni:n~
Wh
r
dor<: i(
B3.1\
0
l':
PaTti ip
sub'if
required to
me,. p Ii 1.
tl
!\ of
lit.2 2, llldi;l ~ private and state lnnking systems
bad extended mot dun 1 billion ( 454.ccQre) Ul loans: e c ing .8 million households throuerb se1 -help r u. . For
ba ks,. r:II·· . dv t.lo-es of offer:'
. er ice
Lf·hel
L"OUPS
r.wg from risk diversific:.it,ion to lm:remeu[a.! pr 6[s. The
NAB
I'd! ancing prog, all a,!]ow . b. . t fulfill le.g I
requi rem nt w1dl01lC U.$illg it.'S own dep05.it~. But rnon: Unpl;irram.l ,gr ups make e eUem cu Willers. 'Th g.enerate a I
.rata:! 0 Donperfotmill a asse S (lc-ss tban 1%) and A high r, pa ment rIlte: 9S0' verSuS;1 mu
low r rae fo o'l!.ltlne 0 m ciiil and imli-vidua lending. Recent dat sho' th r as of
Au ''Us
is
110i[
C·
.. % of
(~£inanced b'
k cr eli extended
~d
-help
fOUpS
AAARD, :Banks are c:hovsing to finance
rot! s wi h weir own funds.)
nlik
piClll bank rustomcr I who borrow spo di.ill I
gr
s borr w te dily and tend
Lncrease- heir borrowing
the.ir sa inlgs geo . In fa t, 'ht: -er ge loan bal. n e f. s,e]fkelp g 11 is: Rs-. 2_,_40, IIp 211l~ rom tbe 46! IR.. Ul .."7
balance of the e;J!.
h avel'age balanc 0 indi dual rural
CllSlOm~rs i
bom R . 10,500 p,e CUS[()ll1 r or
$2 J • For
auks. the in ere$!" mClollJ potential frOIn group's is promising.
roU"p~ Vil and Cpj;) it urpl s \'irlgs-th in b Ii. t
ro,n:ed ;1!; loans 0 group meclnbers-mtQ :a grou bankaceOY-TIll.
Thes a in. s impro\'{i bank li.qu· dh " A reC<:l1r drdt' repotr
nOl:es.
(n
., ~
G
in
~on
t 0
hOD
r
111 hOl.lsehelds SUn.'E 'e-d' twO!S"U e , 26,% 0
hal ~ polled
Oriss used b:tnk aV.ill sen-ices
'0
nl
t· of II n- HG h selI'oJd.s. or In
~wnber _
m
Iouro J of M' crofinanc
rna' k
me COOIT,,' Ik i
n re. rik5ng; :5 % of HG ho
holds use banking SC!n ices, as OppOSCd to % in .non-SHG
households (G Z, 1 O-J.
Group link:! e- 1 0 bl'in un xpec ed ene its. m anks
fi.n that s grO(lp tartro borrow dJ - dur 0
e ts. 'I in~s
ot elml 'ng h ~b nds en (lura c 6u.sbaud~ to repay lat loans
(0 preserve rou St us wirh th b.ank. ell-help lrrOUPS r pre,~nt incremental revenue, r .venue ' eyOl1d {he bank~~ 0 e
mrome Str-eams. B .came l.llOst banks CD"er B.'ed ('0 s with
interC'
fee -rom ·otpora or indi: . du customcrs 5' 1fhelp group inte.rest. once V>I '.:\ble COstS r subtr, cred,_ oes
strai ht to til bottom in . B-ankers In.rerview~d by CR ee
, oups as pro i - 1:>1 Or pat .miMl' profirl1ble. Moreove-r" w
earn hi.s
06 > ank Ie
c ro ps T llltere r fa e
f
12:..1 %.' a.r lower than ra
ic· 1 o;ln FI.
Pa.r i ip
eR
under-stands tha.t the [Jew mi fO Ln.llflce mean e' rv insti•
Luciana.! ctor plays his ri htfuJ role. Grassroots orO' niza Ions
.
us.-ultl]v have
000
.
commu.nirv
s, knowled. c of local
lld skillt rg il.e
ispar- te faiths e:thniciries,
COQ[;'IC
mE pllti-encl;'"
lana .ages< a.nd castome
n
group of people 'wh m.a he
C3 es
d cbs~e, who IIUl' be
0
c. mel ridt"! trum
iI.
good
rOa
or :l riye.r trip rotl1t!le nearest bu depot. Plus. fl:1S roots
NGO$ kno'l! that the
0 not ha-';'e what
nks hal;· - ta:
mined in. JDll.R'
-ash~ in confonning r n~gul d
.,.in
or c~in reserve- an
minimizing r~'IJd. :R part rs
claim they are glad IO cOIlcem.r'ue Oil "sod 1 ~I]imari nand
ita du: pro ision 0 financial services to banks.
.In lh~ MFJ a ro
,me in drudon itself ai.Iri for stU-
fficiq
rest r .. e.'i..
0 SI
Y vi.. bl . Vi ili.·
ll. for hi Th
% per illl;lmh, ;J,IlJ relatl ely
l~r
10 n amOuntS $-5 OF more}, ru.!in out he poore t 'lS
clients. The try poor ~a\'t· tr:ouble mana." 'ng lap,!: mount 0
deb. and i.n m nests, an: eiS;~ '[
in the i.n.iti.nl risk f
barr v; 'ng.]n hself-help g. up model [h
GO e"'ks
illt
0
.Ell
in xc.
0
'10 h.lm.~ 4 J urn br:r '
i.I rl
lu; N
.
l!litl1ce
elf-suffi ieacy (a ",roup level . i h elf· \l -Eiden r dined I:..f
CRS and pann r~ a "unsnb id.iz~ group ~ -m.an.a.g: m.ent."
BeColtlse loao orl i.l1.are from grou
.tvw"." .kh rOu S
abs rbing [rlUlS2;Cdoll a,nd racking. COlirs. mem en; Ileed DOl; :seI
hil.>h )o,n minimum . U J1 fl~ ~ibilit_
0 'S
po r~I TO
hot "W xu mel . m. 1 moun - it r c.h uk f debr \veJl
within fil member' r:ap ity [ IDol.1l ge. Unburd~ned b r the
yoke:: of in ,;i.cut.loni11. If· uffi i m:y and utilizing a m thadolo:r hat cos . only' It don
L jllg ,\n 'FL C
panIler can penctH e the: henrt of India?s tribal belt and hrin<7
se.{ ices to !' m'Q~e viHaO'f:s"all hamlets. r i h u the ressu e
me
[
bver CO$( . ·ith int mall)" 'DE'lted income partners eel
reel
ring lleW5 0 gro p:. bOUT I w imeres ]0 liS; Hord-
a .l~ in.su£3.Ilce" 1lnd oIhe,r financi.lservices.
us ;Un b'li y; while !;ukin into
<ICCOU.Dt
elf-sufficimt y
m :ms . ar m01' in the Ind-M tOnt _-t thca.n in most
nJ e
sce~
hr'ed ell- uffi.ciltl:lc h
inedl "rimacy as the ke ~ lndi.cat.or of :.. ustainabili . ' aGi on deseni j.l
nne
auud lhtt orld. ho v
sh
SUdHI dtlln' lUtl [
bl:'
mepI. s
III churn their dients, h ir vi wry in t:t 'ning [I"W
lients is Pyrrhi , MFI pc::rtormnnc.e in AfTie hows tnat in
om in· :il..fu;es . Doual drop·our r,Jte r as igh < 5 e% p r
y r.( ri~h[, _ 01), L (pro ·t:r~a.ms siphoning unchecke
ra
1] ilJ gu;:l .'Illee i f~ 'lure. 10 comras d'H: on
dropout 0 srIGs thou h scaHt sho-v.' a sutprismgly- low r te
o de errJOrL Accordin t .intern 1 reports from CR p:u'me
Il
rio. A MFl
.and the iluthor'jj
wn
1,.
0<
bSel."\,moIls
0
m re tnm
-. -seU-h !p
o,up oft em:.' 10, t: I . th one n1t:mbe:r p r ,~.a.r_
In. t.he cootext a sel·11 ]pl group.s C' and. 1l" p::J!. e s
pre er :.t definition 0 $uw.tlnabili[ tli.at approximates re .lit
roore lose1y" Th I: is,
rC)1,lp~ \1
nsubsidi:z.6d gtOUp .selfm,magem n:t
+Be11,.efit tream to ead membl!r
=
'll$M.tn.~bd '£'1'.
JOl1rnal
or
,1L:r
fi ,f ,-
Pe["ceiv~.d
Ut.ilir~
tj
HG:I
+0%
The ke. ( chis simple equadon is
me heneh[
Ere.il:l~
dcriv.cd .lnH:mall
om w(! in:itia.tivll: 0 i l l r,nb~rs' oUld extern I.lyrom
.po 'tuni jes in rodu e } r
\lind
~ycrnm m-r:.h
ruts to ell;;d -b~lp group J1l<.'Ib ~r OVl!r
the . I: C group. '«'hi.le IFIs do m eecl. provide bene£.irs, (;''15denc suggeSIS these b neSts :J.l."-e shorr-lived and inadequate 10
! lain loy.
.-' n th long rUD. 1.0 ·1 self-strlficie . - n in
the' :ahilit, of a (7-r up t m
~ hs affairs "eim ut 'ubsidi'Zed
. u p rt-twi
with t'l 'n rok~n chain f b· nt::fn: w uld,
a
;l
{at ben r proxy
fOT
"pn~clsc'" measu.rc& 0
hy
sntJ,m
unaiu hili 'tIl ,tb
for n ore
"'0 rue
fin..otndal scJL.suHicienc;)i.
,mber Part" clpa i.n G' U
and ill Bank L:l.llk ges
healtll se ·he p group (} en e-ach memb r a steady
0 - b nenrs. Togtther (h~se
e d.l[s emure til t the
rou will sustain itse1
i 'p. 10n.
bl
fOT AS LOll
oilS· IS
member
'I
ue pu-
_ (Pu . hendi, Sa <!$ i 10 ) indi
changes in vd:ut' groups value, dcp nding i:Jn the
ee - i tht!
<>n)Up~
C' obs rv '[ion indic e: tbat benefits e divers.e
not on]: b' hene.fidal' ~1 but a.lso bJ IDe e.
d
"y'
18
Vohlm(:
umhcrl
T he
~'
Mi
I"
fj nnnn
lmtam Bmefir.s. CRS p::lrmers ha·~ observed [hat mem
se
.I e In gatherin
iUl arne
omen to me T n t.lk.
The also -alu the practlce 0
n t; t
Ch3.DCe [0 pu .aside
Sin 11 amount of cas,h Or 17rnIDS th .' C<U!J quic.kl.
onVcrt 0
h.
h'
f
differ fro
ings (:a
mu.loJci
I1
f
r ,I e).
t uuplit's smalJ . acri..'ces_ H
members veu die yery
peor, -an p • nk . duifI by punin side a. mUsure
rice ea.;;b
da or week 3.ud ('ou\lerting, at rice 'to c sh when tbei group
t1posit corlieS due.
Omen SEe thE benefi 0 motivating one
;lo
b f r r Ii e he lsdplin f lhrift. 'ven in 1t'ar1 rUnt,
for a turu.te g:a.i.n in the ' (ll''m ruccessive..l . larger oans.
Anomer idely dted refi -On or cO:arbcring mm grolJPS is 10
r ceive i,nformati n-how to save wh re to fin
rur, lex( :0sLon worker Ior-a-gnculturc. Juch government schl:'md ~ ark,
lull[ 1 c m gen rio . ppcrtuJliti offer profiT, In tru1 y
c.neS, groups .report tb tan e en supply
news is impona.n
in.-ill pbas S 0 g up evoluli.otl. Whe skcd infor 1], mC:Di-.
b rs re$polld [: a vahnbJ Jtlf rmadoll indudes L1ewg ~bOIH
health r SOW'(;<;S [armin techniques, the latest met· oels -of sus.unable ne.rg· and p s 'biUde for in nome gell r ti il, like
m1I5hroom culQvatioo d auto.titksh;lW opE!m iODs.
Interim Benefits.. 'e have observed h IhrifT S:l isfies
members r 3 few months. 10 some tribal areas (for example
in Phulbaniistricl, Oriss 1 r.he pr r.icc of thri -r ar tb Ili
est seal 0 a. .f!:W rupEes per m,outh 5i.J.stai.l;I~ groups ,r more
Lb.
n year: wlrhoLJil: rher. p
em pracrice Or bl!fit&l.[ .
Mo. g. op. howeve
ove II TO a cDod ben fiI: imernal
c(eclit. Members b rTOWI;: m [he ~.roup . nO Dr m'ln.'p pose -cousumpri n during lea.n dmes llledi inc and doctors
t 11 u eh d em enci h usehol nd f
impr veml:'m,
ami IDe me' geu'erating lW iat.i es. H crtdj nl:!eds OU[5t:l'ip suppl.. from the g.wup f"lind, to ps m3Y va.il further ' .. edit by ii
.actor of lour mmuob a local hwk th
AB
pro nun
~xpbi[ll?d. pr ",i ously) .
Long
m B riefi .. cR pMln s nd formu an.n~rs h c
had hu,n eds 0 groups fun i n' og· r lo fer th n d II[
Thri
olum£ ~
umber ~
OU tn
1 uI
i
I"'
fi.
Jl
e
Task Force
T
rull
r
lor:.u and
i lev] oHi e, to re res en
Yillage tn -en·stS. lilnd
claim
d'
D~ede
r ourc·
H '<11 11 De eelopmem:
,ill e level.
To aVlll vi11aC'e 0 h <11th
and ",:mit ion Pl""~ ices, nd
Illttl' et
{b
<>overnme:nt re-ourc-e
.1.hh "Wor' r fo . .nmllr
health
En.. LrQnmen t
. J;.h
~a.re.
T dc",elollSuinable rtatuc 1
eso jOe an a erne I pract.I(;e~
and to <ttt:I'"A t C'o'\ crnmC'nt:
res ur es
(funds for in rol rueture) , and
trainln
n rna
e-ssions (.. . blO"as).
OVErsee f.il;1:;u:u::i health of
grou: and f'quit • in h .ir;.:>uin~
(} Joans. 10 in om"! group ()
-rr:alnin 17 in income <Teo8ral:ioIl b.
bove 'ID ttl nd Ih r
Educadonand Lheracy
To cosur basic lirc:ra • of
c: ch mt.mbtr To E:ll51ll'c w:.ty
-b)' d i rl chil a. et:ldsichool in village
. e rs. The egroup claim (he) iU enefir from viug and
credit but: mdmeecing h Id more powe ul pm"pose: 0 gain.
and sh<J[ informatIon to k s'Oda1 action, ,nd co link 0
g vernmeur re'sourct: .
o
T e
w _finofuanc
Group a
btl. t of
red y fin. ci I ac tvide -where p
'P r women save r g.
ulad . in ;l group und lend avings to members 'OI.n.1 tina ly
linl~ l.heir fun
m \l iJaIlk for au,ion. I cred't-.seH-hCll
g o'Ups, wiseh· no;rag~d,:are a rOll e to p :.'lce 'q 'Jt·, :md 3 ,ust
aad civil SCI iety, r up 4. so act S agent
f inorm:ltion
and chan e. The prtp.lll1 ommumti !> f r.lla ':1.1 disaster and
lessen Ihe impncl: of disease,s ;such roberculo j _ m' lari~. 1i1.nd
1
I AID. h'le Lh model's bene ,its, are :m n' its mandai
:.i ti i'[re ruu:W:t it nd m. kc
oup' man\' aud v.uicd so ial
gain p s: ibJ ,
.Ln {ysore1 Karnat31a. ell panner ODP, .see. social
a don 11
obj~c1:ivt.' of If-bel gro
p oDloLia . 0 P b "
orgaoiz. dis 2 ,0-00 H memhe's
I:h-at ech group in ludes
small t:;l.sk otc('S with COl:rnterparts al t:h villagt! Ie d. T:lbll!
sh 51 r pi..u ,3.Sk fot'te and tb irobj l.1V •
, recen srud c missioned by a, CR parmer in Tripun,
indicates "'i'OUpS arc ac.tivC! in i::om:munity ,~v topIill:m and
peace buildin {Ram h. nd n &.
broise, 20 2}.
ass "10lenc :mel. tribal n ict' maract.crize thi small st:.tt thilt or-
me
ders Balig! dt',sn, so communAl <tC ivitie .cr
gt()l.l' S .Ild
rib,es are very tmpon , h study rep rts high p~n.icip@tion
ill So ia! justice att1\<"i ie'S. The' hlJ.ve s$istl1'tl in
nd aSe of
wro:ngl • • C' lsed l,'ictLmt> from he 1 Cl:lJ !,oli e (2%) 0 i 0:1 •
me
pai
in~
againsr the u e of alcohol
% .
amen make up
,to in rhcy re undraid
Ilfront wn.hy ,0 ial ca.u ts.
In adcli ion:
iii 71% ofgroups b:we in taUt!d lat.rine
for ornmu.rur. Li~~
'. 54(1' h vc hdpr;;:d On tru t iThte to d
'. 98" I h \' hId [bLb pr s h 01
99~ hAve .helped sqblish dcmentar r hoo1
o
{ gr up l:i:Lembetship
cale and
The p1.ia.bili..
0,
ddit' onali
ilie,G model is s.uch that taboo pr tice$ in
b~wUl possible"
len pta-en aJ ill th~
rh· old I!llcrofinan:e
Volum
un
b~r_
" 1
Journal of !\.{·crounance
.ne
fill:[
llMl['t!.
or xam It:, JJ.n or arn:z.ati n
i lh n
in emion f reching m Dr CrenLS, wirh a mulTiservice r..ien·
tation. ::lnd with s rVl ~s tM te to
sp~c'ic pu luioD
would bE- unv;-e:konle in the old mi eo IDilnce_ t. Paul's ruSt
in S.tmilkOL ju r i(; hour - om
CO~S( in Andhr. Pnde.
perforDl5 "wo Cst ptllCrices ' seen through. 'the old I os. Bur b'
me
.1
differ
mdttrd••'Ii
II
L~\nd:trJ thJl
1 k
~I s:~rvjc~,
t.
P ul
Trust is a uccess.
Founded in 19 b. D.r. 1. K. Ja ob, t. P u1'~ T ru l deditates rtseH [(). he1piJ'l" women wh ilfe in :ected (I ~ &ted bY'
I AJDS. SJm.illm[ bord .' .
Fell-nav I d truck rm l an
h . ~h p. e\'a.! 11et! 0
IV I AID . Dr. Jamb .,ummist rs
v rierr m di
en:' e.t ( hes women r tin fr 1) ~e [•
mv
..ing to
reatmf'n.t to counseli.n.• About
ighte.e.n .monrhs
Dr, jacob be n organizing women imo s€ .udp
ZlgO
roup ~
r.
Jacob, d hi:$ S'raff adler d 10 "'·omen. into df-hd
Otlp •
I aU of un> memb r arE Hl pcsiti"ej the res h'l'V~ Hl .
o i i, fami! mcmbers man t Utem VI:r) Ick.5HG
rD·
be:r nude
r. J cob' car hall desi.~t~d fami.\. memh rs to
I e- tneir pI ;e bould ther die or be 0 e tOO sick l o n Jairn the..-wilJ help r' pay !(}:l.I1$ and will coninti!:'
ith a in :Ii pta dce .
Of peci no. is lk ponuneou flliU".k lin C
h,el
.roup COD e
ad emerged. Membe.rs t thes g.o p5
rEport:: th.at local illag rs hi!. • ppm cbed t em, r pe e I .
hese vill ge:r~, h,e-a,ltby themseh...es and with neah:hy amilles.
:t~kd St. Palll" ' TruSt
Ott s if the . co Id 'oin
ew
1b u. B~-au
l·Sit g.oups were iliead: [00 large to take On.
mb~ s, group b.ilVf
ree t 1 elp \'ilIa as
·or 1
new -groups_
tillue.
Des'
O
I]_e5
The Sr. Paul s:
exp~ri~nc
S1
·Is bow
;m
in:.lpprOpr1ilt
has a valuable pi e in th.e .De',....
onc. Tilt: simplicity
the ill-ad mod 1 all ciIc removal f
elf).j nC"
s r quire.mellt now multisect r41 'nt
partlClpah1', u h simp lic.it". also 1I .'W~ an. un pi:ci.llil-~
Al;tor in the old mi ro nUDC
..L
.1:......" "
sUl;;h as ·t. P \ll's Trust to provide qualit"y servic($ as an
VoJum
i
urnbe.1
.he
lew Micro mance
i ion IO 1 core 0 je th' ,i.
el:ud ,'{omen and cor", seni es . oreoyer the asily uoders.tood benefi of tb ne,,' miuofioJO ~e allo~ {h.e cone fI£ to
spread easily llmong villagers sa tn.at co - Iil e -ooes indeed nke
pIa e our n Dl!Ct.S utiy dir d
y field (ill, In ,his sc
mem er~' ow word of m u h
i
Ion
wilii go
b£lp 0 h.er \,mages iJ> the chi form of pr motion,
~
.J.
he, ipple ,ffect
Venkar Ramn~y ra established Youth or C[lOQ (YAl{). near
1 abubna r Andhra, Prad sh. a promon:: vi age d.evelopment focusing <:In agrlcultui""e. Ra.mna. )''4 beg n creating s
h ip TOUp :1:. a w::rr to sustain his onsen':.:niOD arming
ageD a. To Ste.m migration in the:' drought.proo<:- .rea in which
'0.£' :;a.niz..u ioIl operates. YAK raises G ick-lT
th
0.
in.. te k
tn:c' proCe5SC m:em inf bcndi ial bealth m::l a.gricu1ror
.pr l.lct, pfi mOtc vermi-colllp tlng, instru t in brIc .-makin Ul.d methods ef gmfting, and h I\'e!lts' ralnwate.f' through
dc-Iv'cr,
lIou-sin design,
'a l.ill
.' prom
d II-help roup
r on.ul,
by g<1tn ri 19 vill be '" lUJu r_wh
m I: L , ' mod!:'1
f,wo.. He ~nstru 'led olume, r on sOlNing; redi rc ord-keepin a.nd bank link~ e Oppel 111.1 s. His ai 1 • S 'to It lp
fill n
stain hI ag' ulrural cuvme promoted a
he.
m d I f" rm. ~ridl a e
Ii 10 m rill er
ul
mve,s 'n dro ht mhjga~iQ 1l1,easures,
'ned vol te'rs <Icll...
m
of.:l. If-help group.
h ve' lI1Ce armed hundred of g Oup n help cd link th m 0
I ,u. bank.
Volunteers irs or:l ize memb rs: i.n heir 0 1:1 namlet"S
into !!TOUpS and lusters 0
ou s. The' then find counterpart
100s'[
Mn it
l
yoltlluee
in orb r
']I ger
nd tr;tin hem. On yera e each
'olu I:
inl .rvi w d b d orme her
11
r up plus fie
"Ot et', Gro p 3lso de clop the-Lr 00 n b,ulk linka es.
illa.. n;
pl.\[
cxpen~es
ror
alum 411mb .2
'lu.ntcers
ho, t1 nd trainin
'eSSlbm ID
1
3
Jo
r ·1 0 Micro inal1c~
go rertuntllt ~hem
]
US.lin
1
01
t'1
Irur
Oi..l..r!i€~r
elf-
eJp oup str~n.gt.henl!1g $es.s:to S. "hen asked wb.y th.ey ·orm
self,he-lp !Troups volunr en r~spoIld d the' did so or hil
pr stigc of ringing "'imp nam tn,'lce 1:0 dt.cir villag,"
b
llefi' rran war i 11; b tIT t-hr how r p w e
promOie SHG responsibilities. Ramn } 'l] doe ncn know
exat:tl' how roany groups nd, formed all.d h<lS no intention Q
rrackin [his n
er. S' ce
e ermll donor Iu eli lhe sdfI.td
roup ef 0
Y,
lU'1der feel no res urI:'
re
,on "micro inanc~ J.ctIVltlcS. H ~onc~rns himscU witb sustaLn.tble agrieul ure.
erving: the , tur _I illage
in mergenc PTe eDtion
The: n<l(ur I vUla, e tS 'villa<>e d fi ed by its watenhed. th
5lopt 0 land, and the pull 0 gn"-it: On nun nd upland
spring:". 1n India.., nil. ure on::e:s vi lage inhahirauts to on in1l.Illy
re~s the ow of
~er me 1 ck of W.,lIer. or disturbances from
1 n I:r~mot, and Jan . l.id , Th n.ll:\wu viil
in india is apart from the revenue \·iU~g ,th rolin construct
I;\
de ine:- governme.nT rcsoW'-ce allocuion m.d political
VOtts. But the naIlI 1 mage rut supreme in drcumsc IbiD1;
rhy"thlll1i 0 rura.l Ef· and figuT~ I
1: in manao-lng
e
e reelU;:U!$.
Th~ 9 J ce su
rb .20 ] cen us r HO et a'll ililble)
-'S UUl 5~8 million pl;opl-e d p~ on tatm lOco
. Tb e
no
incomes reI on a·monsoon that rele~t"s wo much if [00 lit lt'
we. el -help groups made upo farming f milies re 0 ten
piU1 0 a "villa [hal: p ri n es ree 1" g we3xn r-r Lued '.
:asters, p:rn:icu1ar]y drMght :rnd [loud. Pmpcr ntanagenti!:nl of
l:h na ural vill...ge. rben! is. 0 m 0 in an e pr tect:i 3
farm ass~ts, ~ od, <\'n.iJrn b, an peo Ie.
e -help g!'oup~ can and do :seNe as; a meaDS or mob- -zing
he 11 {ur' 1 viUa e. in ludtn i 'Web 0 in' ha Its, 0 l ss n
the" f Wi of n tUI.al hnar<1s. In WCS( B n a.l, usin .. elf-hd
groups ;is :a sprin boud, Ca. bore Charities K.riiliIlllllilgar
1 "
V !tune N umhe
Th
I!W
Min fin
DC-
(CCK), ;l CRS P
r pro id d .issl r prp. redne~r lfill1.
in
villages. By u jug
a:rtkipatory ie ruing a.Dd .tctiofl
methodology ~ta' 0 ccr reached villager:- mthree district
-all flood prOlll! and neva [aced b • rains in 20 . As :it resuh: of
rhes·f' acti ide p Jo1ml i~ fed or con I 'em in
'1
p,
ti J-risi (2) f;).tl1iHe bay€! flanged -nim 1 r i 'ng prl1 I:i e <1fild cropping pattems {to p,e- e t mher h- FVc;oS~ . t :averr
Dod impact. J) commucities have creaLed inf.rast: :uctll[1! to
prevem los of ljf~ raised platforms an school.based shelrer,
(4) famili.e b ve re ves of g in in Ole ted it ,n I import m docum IJIS 5~ led ill pl ci.c,
rid ) women hJv~ be D
highly active' at Gum Sarm;:ad meetings tofctt importantp 1.
iey han c:!s
d '[0 au ran re ource .r ads, brid~cs. ad wells
to
'com IJ 'ri.e!L
~ if·belp "I"OUpS
nk eli :aste'r ac;;cordiIlg to po nt-i 1
impac and ,C!C'<l.fC pbn.s a respond to them.. Ea.r1y w. min
s(ems. hnned re ue procedures, and plM for Ihe im edi.:ne
prmeCEl()i1 0 a Icommuni y' most yulnerabl dtiz s chilten sickl - ltnd eM (I ) are par 0 respondia to a disast~r in
pI: grfl'S • Suppl.i s of leod, w tel'. and infrast.ruc un~
U•
r~fts) .ne pnn of prep n iOIl. han eji; in ;];J)Lm ra' in .ad
cultivacion panerns are additional aod·se<:uriry me-asures t
le's nrh imp:,] r of potenti .] . i. s:r~i .
If-b~lp
oup in rou, b . rone .r.. h ve 1 0 mar511 led dfom ag;ti..us[ lUtural dis· ~r .• _ C
partDE'r in
Raja than Gram Vikashav)"uvak
bnd'll Lapori ra
G\I
L), report \':illa o es have shor~d up "<liter huvestin
(ruoure and ev loped p s e.' d for . a1 f d er;ls measures ag HIS,
f il' n&. m as 1;1- In the Dioce of daipu t
R pllrme
n ieS that I!.l -lid. groups:
D ng;ubbil
,,·magl:' have coDstructed check dams .an.d rout.i.ne1· d!!ar and
clear! waf r
'S :lind \1tells. As
resuh.
r~r I ve1s and f: rm
odu ivtL h. ,'e inc e'a'e,
'ing vill er 0 re~ fi [
h ir
hJ"li i n
I ditlon 1 top '. lfk ,om wh 3t and
Itltik In one water hed, df-bdp groups ha e been anI t
L
I
L
,no
'OlD ,iDee
all
v.illacaers 10 refrain from new marri K~li for :m
olUilli" 4 1 urnh-l'-r
JournaJ
0
)'1i rofin n,c
eIltin~
'C<4r, Vi ddinI; in this tribal re cons \lut
.ajor
'pens witbnig;h 9 premium placed on [be availability of
foo .md. 1 ohol. Rep13.ti.u tl:ii5 tta '[ion is the ,Iill '\Va.'
o uilJin
mrpl\J5 of cash to mitigil to predicted drough .
, :a relid ge.n
R 1:1 s e' n particul r bendi L: . ~
seJ -help ilIO 1. War ·in~ with Locdl NG
.:a.Il,d 0 rdinaci.ng
lth 11 <l.riet 0' gove.rnn em . nd imernat:ion:l] andes CRS
mad [ 0 relil'1istribufions in he t tr 0
!'issa withln 9
tWo-ye r perio , When :I major cydon sttuck in 1999 i
Ai .f.'C ted \) a co cS i aJ \.~ilhg J .1lotin 17 milll: amj]j e!; nomcoJ
l~ss,
made isrrlhurmus using ~ .,,·en io 1 r lie i.up
:lml methods of dislIi.butiun,
and parulers Is ~"perjme[ued wir.b dis' rib tlOPS duol! h 5 e .help group!;. The
perf. rmance of relid efforts t.luou h
ff·hdp roup
.lS
1r
sup rior to con 'C'ntional m bods .i.n5piring R ·led JOrlna11
n ". groups ad in ,[,rucrion in d's !>ier pre-par: cine., l:'l
1
hell ill, si.ve floods r(!tULtt d.
made atJ dis! ibll[lOllS
nrou b seH- ~!p . (Oups:.
oca1 disrritJQn COSts
dr0Pl'l!
'6 o.
teo cr, i.mprove
~ncrsh~d
ru ul'es
and other rnit.i.g:atiOfi measures, spearheaded by SIiGs as dis·
.Ht
rl:' ;tied e .. h'jli~, Its !let fl ad impaCT n crops,
:nim:als, CJOd stores and eM rl fami1}' memb's.
ri
as
Loan E13.sddt)'
he new micmfin.ance ekes into ilCCOWl 1:11 .s asonS :ilDd
rh, hms () .be (13,
1 iU 1:, Two CR pm. ners in hdY:l
Pradesh, an ~x[~eme] . pOOl' aDd dro gil -:a:ecred. ~nel1 ° India,
repo
h~n; group. prefer to meel: l1d sa e ()n (ivenin 5 rel.l. ed
[ th I.unar d during full ilIIti. hill Illoons. The '~IUt1lra1
ffi. rker
,re Q. I: rem" lb r. Bank~ r
1 n wn ·0 h'
reparlIH::nts t seasonal si.g;ns. local banker: near the rur.al city
of Bansw _fa asks group to r a' tneir lo-..u -s wilen th ree
call d the Fl::uncof the Fores! bloms, usual} r coincidin with
he arve or w' n er gr.un an vegt[; bles. The: eli-ltd group
.mod J aclroo,'dl!dges tne imponanc 0 sowing an h~stin.,
in farm li e ;1fld Eh f rm life·
hje r to tb
Je 0
I
T
VolllID2'
i
umbu 1
The New Mi(jf finane:
iii h ep rnt
he
\v micr fin nee from b~ 01 •
heieas in many -eoumri~1 the ectorij 0 agriclJ..1 w-e and
natutl:;
micr man e du J, io tndiOl.. r ev a.r m!i"ep;:tI'a it s mnds of
rul',u de
lopmen.
lm mal loan terms (r m self-help
"'f
u
fun
lll"y
widel • ome gtoup.$ require payml:'nts to come dUiO ill thn~e
mOil h~. O[hcrs r quire memb r w remit inu~re (on1.' 3. h
m mh, w' b prill ip
ay:tbl' in a11oo' 0111 en!j has don
-n
h u boid'GlSb
w. le-xibility r m b k L~ also surpti ing.
:Banks in Uttar Prade b 6a t uc:cl:!~srnll)" issu d" sit r die ,"
ur.l line r rOO'I1:O gro ps b' d on a ing. Ii ~a. {h~ l'uri
ranch 0 rhe.B n - 0 India, issues 'top- .' loans, wh re
groups have
bur
app]
But Do]
rl ?
[or more
E'1!d.i
as
their or'in
ffertbe n i~ip;;1t'd imp4 t
es linkin.g
them to- banks rncr1;::Jse prosperity?
recen ~ud r commissioned by N~'1cBARD of 5 0 hol.! ehold ' om 21 s Jf-n 1
group'
11 SIne . d' :'li;eS <In emphari "yes [Q both 'luesri os. Accon:ling to, the stu~ • 7% 0 m b~rs li..nk.t!d t: bank'
by U..ht'lp promo-tloP' i..nsr.iruLion. were marginal armt'r , d
34-% of mem eI
ere il1i~erate {puh".zhelldi
III asa:i, _oeo ,
CR partn r:s locat d In trlbal <LI"Ca,s (cov rin' about O. 0
m mbl:l's) r~port tbat more 'l.h.m h' ]f the me.mb rship i land·
1 dill o l e [ m ,ne)'lenders.
cord.ing 0 {be STUdy self-help groupS' linkr.:d to banks
have prod .c::ed bene, ir 0 membel.:S, An~r ~C' assets incrC'CIIsca
by 73% fr m lU • .6 84.3,' $12.5 prior l:O ioinin an"H
()
Rs. 11 79
' ·25) after ioillin u" ,G in the study p iod
ning-.UL ". rJg~ f thre years. Av !'a.ge dunuaJ income
increased b r 3.3% 'lnd sa ings tripled hom &$. 60 U'" 9) iCO
Rs. 1,4
5 0).
impof ~m: as e anomlc tlldic:lw l.l social me sur so'
success, Befor joining sel.-h Ip groupS' ow' % of members
e'. ud d conti cOt "\\'hil~
-[cr MLicip ~ioll 8'
id.
Volume 4-
umber 2
]ounnl
hi e onl
2':1% uf members d
Ih ,'" ould
eonfi end; f ce
ELI, Edt they
p .Cmt of sur1 er th n ree
llnmd 1 cri i!;" bet fe ·oinin a h~lr ronp:i
uJd. c n£idend [) 0 ll[H; inlng. Fif y- ."{
vey d member ho sehold in s:elf·b
group (
y an) crossed t1Le PO\'uty line (PuhazhcndJ &
Interes- in Findin.
ayOlS·
i, _vC·O).
nd Trends
Recently ('IS more proCl:h'OJler • ba.n1":er, ODors. ~nd ~chol s
b3YE soldiere-d orth inro die wo Id of s ·i-help
oups. man +
h.ule reponed in in Wfl h notin~_ Here are ju ;l, few:
In K rnllt
• CR P rtner OOP
JJQue lend r "uti
J't'po..n h in ur disrrict~ Dear t . re, mOlle. lender rate
h:rve dropped £rom 11 II/a per ear to 36%..in ",·illuu("s here
mes.
OOP "Oll 0
Uli:.
GroKps helping ath s.lmy
toups v.~rh m~ntber rh:JIt
.in 1ud die po r i.n J'ills e ext tid hem elve to he- v~ •
poore.st. Tbe. - . a so in s~~C'ntl WJys. Groups in Jharkh.a.nd
'port rh'lt member S3Vl;' u handful of rice e 1 day. t the end.
o the monrb l members s£' 1 th coU lVe flce to [heir poorest
nei h.bol"s for a all
- hi!' prite
t {"he
would s: 11 I [Q
.m.uker 'c.ndor .
In ri sa ~·v ml gr u.p fClced· he prohl IT! pf My I
rEf
(the poori:'
t 0
the poor and
f'tt:n
memb-ers
f
11<~dlJl
d
res) . ehlg Ull3ble 0 save die same amm.illt as owe.r group
D1embf'rs in
i11a.g~. Further, th~se po er com.muni y Inc.'mhe
u)d flOtart rid (h arne III e.cillo~ 115 ["he herr ['-off ones.
ml!('tin. Ii.me..s 1:Tl! mCDDYr.nicn. df-net gr up hJ 'ee hdlJ
th poore ( womell (0 £ tm rhdr own group '. l.n rhe flew
groups, members S<I"'· liS JjL ~ as Rs . .3 pcr mouth. Lreadt'TS sen
rue T'
j es when members ca;n 411
e·1; often E;arly m he
mormng_
Social ! stmng. ., I.th ~ G $l,IppO . groups duster hemselves. s part 0 more po -erful, vill ge-Le e1 ntltles.
ClU5ter" g. Or lh grouping 1.)[ roupl>' is u,kin_ .13 e 51:) tbilt
groups c n sol e ~ommunity prob ems .and hring ill marer ·some
~lfidend '. So ial d st rs ha e
orked 'l:O stem
C';l
• he New .[\ iCJ:o m:lOce
murdO' (Mad,;) PJ.1desh),
sc:h oIs
'.cra!a),
to
Ie)
top I'lpe
(Jharkhand),
1
impro y
ma.fiag '\'iHenhed dnd i IlCO IDe 'g nt:ra .ion
projeCL (R js, a·), and
t
re i '
land (Unar IJ r desh •
Pr rile of he 01' a d e
Tab}!.: 5 s mm:a.riu:s s ml! 01 the major di.f£crenc~s in tlpproath
b
he new·cfofin.l ce
tW
.~
ld.
Ch Un' s Ah ad
mic.rofimUlCc! aa, il.njPy d.an uS KIOUS eginnillg.
But h:t lI.·s ahead :s: self-hel toups multiply and the b k
]in.k<.lge programs continue!
Are J GOsboule11. ck tDt itl ()'17mmrmf
1 ey rol for
N GOs is to brin iniol-marion ro group about' [0 ...l oppcrun' i . ba k credir -kill aining, d w ys
pardci {!. e i.n
1.11
g VernanCl;! strnctun? .A. growing cOn ern r RS
i th om pa er ID•• be ,jlhholding informatiq ill .. i
im:on 'cemcnt for t.hem to snaD with the: roup's. For eXiIl.lIIplc.
one C
parmer's silll
erin s 1 . elp group cr di om it
own pool 0 loan funds. Groups an: unawa.re hat the Lan barow'
I" r inc r
rue r m I itl b;w.l~. Th
n r
claims ~n:oup do n9t use b. nking s~n'ic s. In reo ity I groups
kno Ji lie abou[ he serv'c:e d wh t lhey do kno-w ·omes
'tom b.iased remal"ks deLiver,ed b} [he rutTIer. This Sltu.ar10n
sks his' 'Ie ion~ ( vrhal: exte-m; should G s ~(:reen pporwries and in unation?
The nl!
"magi!
I
n m mbe
T (l
I/o)' t (l·vP.fei r gnnJpi{ T b.is i '. econ; ch I-
Jen:ge, Most: ~d -help gr'9ups evaluated b - RS do [Jot milk
provisions in [h~ir b]
far
member to c it: dIe ITroup.
until
m. m er nually
wanu
[0
leave r n d, to le~ve_
,
for:J. ;ml:t) of reason
lth mit>,f', ti n
nd a riage comn, nly -i ed. I r ups 1J ke provision fo 'I
mc:mb£'r's. exit on an as-llec d basis_ A rack 0' a dear means
discussed in dl"aoce, for worn n to Jc.v a fOUp m kes ,"thdr w I. di' icuIt_ omen 0 en report fedin sh1l..me when the
do Le v b emS the bll!h • he
e' hre, kin th,e.rut .
MI:l.tJ.bel" must lea
Volum
~
U1lI
r
,r::
2
Table' :;,;
r nn:mce
Od
RuIn "
Iii lru: te,
<10(1
In~titutiontl.l
~T fi'~ 'ce
Id
nd
omp'lrison of! e"\
In-etC'&.!
"\1Ft
Single m:or providin" emil ~ps.Jili2mg ~nd m:di.
hl'us[
~
l"\'l;t:S
Rdj.mc~ aLi
G ~cw[h Strate
Ali
p lid
1.'l)0l II:l1IQ IlY
J
DIlll.nOIS'
fidel WOIkcr3}
oem 'r' to p~TlII.'~p.alC'
1I1
0-
'h
I'D!:
Sdf'51lUideo 'Y wugb[ ilt il:JS"litutilJn;;] l(:",dl
I fl~ll 1101 on
~=
Tun
~,1:eR "of
ti
fl./;
Pr "'i ers
to l; ove:r.;aIl
O~T
rh Ill.ugh
1Jl~er-n.il
LnCOJlU!
MP wmpTcd t WlTh.hold info aUI II Q.cCr:Q
in I:tlm ml\'e To!.: I~. l1K~ (I!. !UVJer
m
Sud
d
T
r Jo-JR!l)
i'otFh rr "id~ gmllp M~.m·Z:L."g f\ln~ loti, r d; •
1I,Cd. in ~Qml: l;lL!.e5. S!I-:i.I!l"'S LInd ms.ur.lllt,c
i IUUrall(;1:
,,'un pro
Ik hr !l:lIn~
~ m~'
wi tb savi n~ -Sf: r\"ic~s in 5'OLnf' Cll~
ledit lPH) mum high in rd r [ CLlve
Crc-di t-I!:d
rrllmJrn 0 n eorts . oorrDW'U
ooil: uilorC'd
me' nt~~
U! UJlJl.ncu.1
ifihn'" fOf ~O fJnl r 5dl 1 .in t ..-.rm3 ~ lI.l
rc-p IlI(!Jlt p:rJ.;-Ti~ b3$eJ n iA Titllril,'>~1L!
Viilbilil 'j d.l n:lore ri~ld r(!~1 I'l!'l;uLar
p.a ~n[J; of pnm:qililol
I
"'tl",II,.;1''-
pi ,.IL
en nUll" purp05:£:!
~-ul
cd TJ
c:q 'r ~
e, 1 'IH~
of
r
LD't;lI1W
:p~ro 1D5I'U1nOn
plUli LIL,,:irmiUlUI • .m1 in'',l:,st;IJI: DeN ['Ir rl:'lUrn
1[J'!i' ~meQr; rar & oft ~ r nglng fro
lJ[J
(CR }.fuj
]()~n JIltOOn[1; (.'It It':l:!ll: Sl:: pl!:r
IIIC'mbu) pT 'C'ming r~mm~ ~hQ poor-1!'511 ilbo,
H''¥;h. mirt.1mum
jOi 'dhy 1[1 n:pa
'm Ilt
I
prill
ipJJ ex I d ,
,5cil5l3D:1 i t.as h flaw p-JUI:Til5 -of F oon:St
rap
u,
WIl
P-rO-lInLn'lS
t11l:D.lIl1 In'\'~stmf:[1
pcr
CI~ell
1fI"
m
;to lhnw5 11 %
r.;;l~ £lmlt'
,md oppo rTunitJo' CIJSU n4gh; ill uti jol]
I~ as bi II
S3CO l'C'r
I ncludtn~ openr.lllf, \l ~[d.' plus I .in. Glopir..1
Dr
rt"C' "r.an invC'umen[
c.litoflt.
1rrn'~
j~h 3CIfu
Table
&ulu
ont'd
f l)
0"
el
Simple:
1ll:!OtitUlio:Dll.1 Thru.st
rlllt'"10
11,.1\lllpl~
fit:!
mil.de }/ tro uJ»
\Jeton
PHlVIID[I"
org~mzmr.. 5',l"Lr.].!;S.
f't"dlr '1:'1"111" ~
GJG~ h offt'D ~sultHlI!: }rmll "nppl.. "He: '1'"
g ups rQr'Il:1~n~ new ~tiu"~l 10 I .... ~hu1[1!1! _
sprl!JJilJli tnto,moEtjo[l
If- uf I
j~ll~ ~ lI,gbr
t
~IlP
1 -tli
Uup
J
II!
to tt!"~r rmL thrOu~ ml:mbc:rs' I.bol'..1 d
'll~el'nlllJr gl! IH!I'.l~
c.l5b
GO$ h
n
'II
mI.oTm.J Ion IlD
r iQ::
hold bmdr
Ilnp-onotllt
kt
b~H
bl!
,&1, Jl ",iui: E1HIV"U giilllziJl IIJI 1 tl;~;
gTlllJPS JlJd b:mks provitie cr«-diT:l bird 1'3niell
pro 'ick- in ut;ll'1ce
S 'rvl,c rrQvi d s
'i'lll
1"0
OPUQIU Ib~c 5p<:
uf group 1lIId rn [~b I
1m r
1.0 Ii
,",son
r
F '"
or
S.."inl; -led, b~sW (to tbr t;:OIll:~t thrlfL~
ro:-di~ mi.llIl'l.ul7t nil ,lis lll'O up b ';US CO:E&'
hn;rtt i~l['Yi' fIr: "bl,".l.l1u ,)~ ol J
po ILyQf
('3th roup ml!DJbr.; terms qIteD De~tliItecl­
~"el1 [ll,d-rt'rftl-Io.
of
lL~ T(1
p~Y9lefi( cil.p~l(~i,},
biJ[TIH't~r
1 a.n .P1l.-PO
bll~i:tl
hn
Cilcu,hlled r ill' lip rQ eelV t " 'oird c(>.(:S~ Oln.d
ViIT ing ilcrording, II) ~Ol.lp D~~d Qr r~l1lrn aD
I',e~t fult
loil.nl rypk II)'
1JS~d 01" ,UI
IIW~5Iltler:t[: groll]> til!vell".ltl!'.J;
..
%-60%~
purpo;:.C
jnm rllD.
B,ank nteS I -1.:%
Low minimum [O.J.ll :LmOWI! :111o",' !:,\'CJl the
m Iris - ","PI! pOGr ro p ni lp.pt~; fit:w:iblC!
I' .lym ot of priJJ~Jpill ~b€lili III: group ~ncllun.k
Jt II 'lI't 'fl~~ ~ Liable ~n ft Qt I j rfl [l fi. [
Dmp Oub
Almtial
11'
'11ll;'C !ml:t
lic:nl
l.~
thaD % po::r
qil,[
d;J, 'IUD. fr m CRS-p,J.rtn
'Ur
(ttl1..claCUID.l:ntnl ffidotlly.
p ru)
In v,"s mc i1o.d [) p rt1;lnit; wsts J'J1;I; ,ID In' iJll
1V 'CM5. invlSSt'ffiJwr UIU law;} nil ( or 5tll-
rep\icalil:l b g'O\lP~) . d
hLgli a
$1:::
p
1
rdl.. r
flU d ~ flor CR /j-Ll,",n r,sup oncd g:rO\lP~)
J
urnil1
f
{'crain
Del!
1$ tb J'e
~h
m.ark lopl c? S rJ1' jay nd
Grameen w
(G
is a government progr~m
,dmlll'- ~T~d tluougb 'All
• GLOUpS ill Y access on time
suosid.ized loans m help widl inc:om seli1!rltion and other purPOS(!s. H
GO nd roup h:f\' dif 'cult}' dO- renti:t.tin: b [ween hi Tognun and he' rIG/bank link. e progc.un,
~('I problems ri _ First gmup' 0 it Ii arm fa we II Ie pu.r·
cst" 0 re:ceiving tb s~ oue.tUnG! cndir:s. Groups armed for
an instant b-e'ne It L:l:'nd w r·e k up. 0 cr rime. Se olld, the£e
g' 't:r.nlIlem pr gr m. hal'/.: [
t
h"llt m nager' fee pr •
Ifed
r plJTted edin pres"Sl}red
receiving G"Y lO[lJ],S,
re th POQtf.'.F.( .rill. o"OlJyJtJ().~ed? While: \j ry poor 'om n
ca.a
d do. parril;ipate in [he s 1 -h 1 IDOV m m rod the
SHG/B III linka I: pro ram, W 111 t1ur ~ me'n the poores'!:
nU exclud.ed.. Exdllsicn presents s i us concerns,
Rigid dlle! r<:;.. aT s vings a. practice: d SioDCd to . thie
balance of -POW~I' ith.in he oup. m y pre nl: the p·oores viJhgers with irr "ular
~b flowsrom pi!: icipatin o , ' e
oUo ing xample whilt:' p ibl-y an tll\:'1:ggerared fonn f tit
prohlem t ill1lStrate$ ",-ba.t can go 'w.n~ for the ry poor. In
,·stern In i . ~n NG w s n ouragin Rroups to ave Rs. 100
per month i order to biJd I.l their iotern .1 loan und.
ile
in 0 itsel 'this 013, be good adT!ric the groups we in en'iewed
reporcl?d that h
[heir members: had 1 fr ~arly on. un blc to
k ep up w'th he high s via. rae.
A second reason 'that the poores rna. feel 'excluded is .he
increasing loan s' ze.. S roup funds baud, loan amOunrs {end
to gl'O~· . A group m~IIl!.be.t mA...' 1u",~ lirrlC! trOll. Je m n gin. ill
loan for :t .f~ bun.dr~d r pees 0 buy c.h.irkt'ns. But .1 IO-nJ f. r
a f, w hou.s~nd rupe·es 0 purchase pigs can b'lund n espec' lly i har-dshlp 'vishs rbe- household. CR hJ5 nared meroller
dropping 0\1 bec:::\u.se-rber ~o1J]d [lot (epa - a low e\>'en th ugll
the)~ f'.J]jo ~d perfecL 103.ll rep yme.m pn~ ...iomly.
Gm SHGs really dO 'e}),thitlg~~' ~GO and ~O\l'e nmem initia 'ves ofren r<'t:ok self-help ·<rroups wi h multiplt~ acti\~ide$
o
t
n1
gr[}up~
lembers h. y
or lite purpose
0
T
The New 1.i
ro£in~ce
1"" Be t a 1~ 1 r ~ ci
ageD , sped 1E: ov rumen ItMge or the 111l..ss-ion of a j>arti,ular ... G '. he ngillE
which allow'S i1 lI-help group
SUStain, lrsel .md, pro id ..l
s ream of bene 'its "Co me bers is lnlUlce-c e j MId saving.
Dis nietioIis om cOte' wandal ac h ittes Can IllIdermllu: their
qualiT. and thus j opardize 0 [ nl:' ,h financial furtcdo ' of
gr01.~p, bur i.s bili
ito enjor 1 ng er
"ial he firs_
Few studi~ sho,w >h tiler r not a group i b« ~r off in
soc:i 1 ~rlormanct. if.it OnCwrr· t~S; OLI per:fecti g finaoc' 1
a-cdviti.es-Ieav:ing soci 1 good. .u; a.n {txpe ted consequenc -or
whether con eISd~. iJ social ';1:15<:0' serve [0 :5l1'tngr;.hen it
ITill.oy of '1.hj b.
roup' finianci 1 l:iyi~·es.
.R. o'lrtnf'r irl a j ling tai
that its own Irk f ·social iJ..D.ilnati n in ~oups has led t
m.emb rs ~ ving :md lending bu lit: Ie else.
?Jlrtne 1
Kamataka asse:rts a~ do its mups th-ar multiple social aet~;"i­
'lies Set, to strengtben OJ:' interest in economic futtcti.OIlS .
., when and h w do eX'[ienud, ;l.gen i~t'1'Odu e
[;i.li cle·
me.IlH? How much an il group- take bl!for it implod s?
ious :rganiz lions e looking into .. hi concern.
oncLu i n
\X/hy- is the new microfJ..I!U.Uc
the world's best kept SL"c.rerl'
Her is br: 'West,ern donors c
at ak substam:i 1 ere it
tb-e sue c:;.s of his model So wh) publ.iciz.e it! Thou.,.h man "
uur.mariOll donors, su h as IFAD, DFID. GTZ, Mi5 r r
d ord Fou.ud~cion h:Iv~ :iUpported he new micro IDO!Dce,
the U .S.~ovemment h betn missing in cion. adJ for
man £0110 ers of poshiv trends in miuo£.i • [lee i the
nire-d
e, .he J-IGlbank lillka-ge sc.heme will gatll curn~.nc· ~n.Iy when
SlllD bles~ i
"b:esr pr,'Lccice." Tha bles'sin
wiJ1 QcC'ur
xpens' ;iJize rha pro"
in in: micro£illance
inn!: miOR. a, he,H pnlcrice of the Qld. nlluofinance come' ro a
handful of 1 tC'SJh.1 lh 1 breaki
e n i
elusive go J
, . d, if ever ea' .
i rea hed b
inue:
. g "act d
hug .uhsidies in srart-u L tsaR capiuL
eo
Volume 4 Num' r 2
Journal
[
ro
Ul
flee'
Thjs css=a'
gu S {or
re [1.1 tI1 [
microfinan t:' Ihat is to improvt' tb~ Ii
.new mer Manc·t. i .t re :ffirm ti n
our
s
on
in
_. poor. The
rnal
.LmeIlI:
I rhe 'C
f ou-r OJ"jginal im.ell!,
.. tnt:d irh
kno] d e abour b o r n ke Our jil.Iem r~..l t
Tht:: n
microfin3IIc IS" bole a1 d.epal't1..m:: [roID. rhc
Id. It r~je
all imported' model of
telopm. at in favor of m
iudi c.i10u ne. It un cr Lands thtn in he:: ~ye u Ul' p oreSl
(]jeDlEs the:: po
0 thtift ~xc.e~ds (he. po tJ" 0 crli.'dit. I recogDi2c~ the
dh r'rsi.
0
[Orali. of probj~m in rnral ccmrnunillEs ~nd tne
S ·luliOD: 'nht:re.t1 in he
If-b 1 m del. It pJil S
gr Upr> at lh cmer f;) 'i e.5 • e of acri: ,i'!:it:s ;and. pr 10 tt:
micro-fin c. a a t':aiI. rost.un rhese ali 'lUes. ilcH <1 ••Luu:U.
umo irMlf. It buil " 0 1oc:lJ TG SIte ,d:lS nd n.,nur;,l! ·a.p;;.rlties wd di itrd uc: co'rl I:'l r..i D f tna fo.r:tni.tlg gra" to [ ,
org. . ti ns in 0 financial i.rJ.sliru,ioilo.
"Besl of 11 {he new mi r lnanc.e •.cknowled e. til de dopment i m~ y. Ir m. b: no e or
reproduce the tid· forlJ. or '[be gloss 1..1f Tbe (lId mi r flnaD , The n~w
mi rof' n DC i 100 'e. u
troll d, f e ngln. Il is
nd unilllre, . im J n.i nbl • It eel bnu:e& ,he many
tons of group ormatlOD and be in' 11" irnp-rovl ed
en .'i f group members, It 10 ks to h Ilk TO pmvid
hu, • n
eo pes-
experi-
ank-ing
eni
and..
er ban e:r: '1 dUli.fic:~r n; y n un i d n b (
gratifying oci:J. comribuuon. he new min 'naD sees the
d'vision of labor as ke 1;0. 'c.ien prog . mming nd look_ 1:0
<1 robus set 0 . aetor~ (] pia rh IT appro riat~ 1"01 s. It honors
in 11 m ..sur he notion 0
e:wardship, h r
b '
i
wise is god!.
Reference
, !I.e', Je
r 001), '1 :ht-t,. gr'l)l'ps '{'1(1lmf8r") h~tmJ1'1l hw1tJpm~I, 13nliJels
'Usily iimd C,UbGLc Relld t:rYlCes.
1't"
Uill
I~(L~'..
I'll
'Lngs'prf/rl CTf (2'1 11M /(10
• J
II' umbai,
flHlbJ \'. i5l:.S;)~.. .
lmp..<rCf ('1}~bh rl()l1_
-
,\_
J,
rJ ma.1'ld PIP"P~U'l.'1! I Dr... T,I.
00) •. a 'Q. ,~r. f' jtJr rim,] {,~P,' ••~"
iOlla!
Afiru:u1Elinl ll;mk lor Rl.Inll
Dl:v.... lop ml!lI[_
I(}h.lm~
1.
umber:'.
~C1Jl-lC~l. i\l1ll1J.nl
R<:!>Jr _ 1i rr J
of HG-bJJn
'ink4r~ J')'n-T'
1). MU:njh31.~
Nillion:ll A,gTicllI tu;.-..l Ean.k fDr Ru l De .,lopm~lH.
R.tmcr.;an (',lB. PrQt, & Amorois~. D". (10:J::'l. &1111,· II i '~~JwJ hm.M r:t,·~JrlP­
m~1'H j'rrlollrii/. ,,- TP'l ".., . F ~hi"1"Y 1;1>. Ulc
oJ: Cross. Dlllo~'1111pr,
l\g~rrd .
Smith. 5. I 002'. ClllTi1lwni lm:rM iIiJ.m['T pr.q::f/'IrrlPolf8J in • nO'J, 1\.01 ..Jr,l,
Cadloli Rdief c:.f'<'-leIl5.
Sri n i a,"ll!. G. C1JOI}). f'1r.IHr idE tl'l ~" i.lt LoifJltdl! R /'J/ t' hdink!. Jj LID! f> . n i. II. \1 0 1.
XX\'ll. N
!.•
n hr. G. (001). Dcofl'Ouu. und radu.u:~5 1.1:5501l5 rom Bm I;ul~!h.
or
.•l.1hr(}b~/fkirJ8 BJJflmn
'olume
1
mnber_
l. pra) l'P, 14-16.