1
Extending
the Scope of Agricultural
to Become
a Social
If the science
Science
of agricultural
up to what the world
profession,
what
Boulding
latter
has called
science.
Isaac Newton,
actions
"natural
within
relations.
it must
are viewed
order"
The
thought
of
by Sir
conceptualization
is the very mode by which
from
trap."
articulated
as interferences.
is,
To become
also escape
the "equilibrium
which
Economics
science
is a part of the i~pact upon Western
the mechanical,
action
from the
A social
of human
of human relations
is to measure
at the core it is a
relations.
by definitionJ a science
a science
a social
science;
of commodity
economics
needs and expects
it must become
is not "now a social
science
Economics
all public
Yet, political
publio
policies
function.
Economics
is based upon the great
in a world
of scarcity,
the use of resources
Scarcity
basic
question
and the social.
world
insight
and proportioning
are both necessary
in the natural
in the universe
choices
rational
of the interrelations
In our interpretation
in
and productive.
leads to social
of human relations.
that
conflict
This raises
the
of the physical
of these
2
human
relations
as uses not as things.
an economic
analysis
how "order"
is achieved
social
upon
conflicts.
a variety
through
administrative
achieved
and sustained
states,
systems.
of order
constructed
formulating
and enforcing
what
not do.
has hit
conflicts
judiciaries,
Yet the security
is a procedural
order--political,
social--are
specify
social
of
so
over much of the world.
ingredient
All forms of social
must understand
humanity
legislatures,
and penal
that
in a universe
Over the centuries
is fragile
The generic
of human relations
of ways to contain
tribes,
This means
individuals
The character
out.of
economic,
experience
procedural
mayor
rule.
or
by
rules which
may not, must
of the society
or must
and the status
of
people
in it depend
upon the emphasis
of the procedural
rules:
in a society
honoring
the primary
emphasis
is upon rules
totalitarian
which
societies,
specify
function
individual
without
avoidance;
primary
performances.'
upon specific
on public
avoidances;
emphasis
both emphases--both
zones of discretion
action
for specific
it is a question
the emphasis
freedom,
is uppn rules
No society
performance
of proportions.
avoidances
in
which
can
and
But it is
creates
the
for both individuals and social
policies.
The choices which promote
3
efficiency
in resource
for freedom
is an almost
to understand
modified,
or stabilized,
economies
as systems
understand
evident
policy
must
advice
Africa
within
and Eastern
physical
The profession
families,
There
if not
that economic
analysis
order
economic
acute
in
Since the
has taken
order as
must also come to understand
concept
and human
firms,
they
is
useless
as a part of contemporary
smith economic
things
need
Europe.
is virtually
does not recognize
the same general
If they
of the Marxian-oriented
as well as much of Latin America.
a "given."
is created,
to each other,
But the need is also becoming
time of Adam
for
order
This professional
by economists
be established
need
relations.
articles
in Russia
which
policies.
that
both.
orders
misleading
scope
as well as to understand
of commodity
in the collapse
national
absolute
how economic
are to do more than write
must
substantial
of choice.
In 1992, there
economists
use require
how the uses of
relations
and nations
are integrated--so
become
genuine
wholes.
It took the genius
understand
relations
of John R. Commons
how economies
as systems
could be integrated
to analyze
and
of commodity
with the analysis
of
4
economies
as systems
honoring
the basic
in a world
human
relations.
and pronounce
least contained,
This basic
analyses
analytical
to integrate
as systems
"Institutional"
comprehending
economics
concept
observed
articles
economists
but will require
struggling
with
relations.
the
analysis--but
the
science.
and therefore
ever
science.
of
a social
in economics.
be accomplished
that it is
is not something
economic
that if there
or at
on.
to understand
to become
it will be a social
cannot
resolved,
of human
is the more general
social
the conflict
relations
of economies
to conventional
key of extending
scope
effort
of
is to devise
the analyses
of'economies
aspect
become
suggests
of commodity
antithetical
science
rules by which
as systems
"institutional"
as systems
of such judgments
achievement
Thus the professional
somewhere
choices
can be avoided,
are
used the basic
economies
so that life can move
theretore
economies
Commons
to analyze
procedural
that
and proportioning
In the latter,
consideration
possible
choices
The function
This while
of economics--namely,
and productive;
of economics
judgments.
under
concept
of scarcity,
both necessary
insight
of human relations.
the
John Dewey has
is a general
This extension
by a few theoretical
generations
with the brute
of hard work by
facts of life;
of
5
economists
ways
at the World
to inject
credit
Bank,
for example,
must devise
into the development
processes
..
Third World
countries.
This necessity
agricultural
is particularly
economists.
have constructive
development
survival
natural
For the world
suggestions
policies
now depends
land; where
significant
upon manual
Although
us: simple
industrialization
cooperative
am confident
it can be done.
economies.
upon a
without
restorative
of the commodity
If this
I wculd
to a trade
relations
to guide
the experience
farms as firms,
economists,
to be reduced
of experience
forms of group
of devising
analysis
where
and the use of
crowds
in place,
long history
profession
us to
the task may seem to be a hopeless
is a vast reservoir
by agricultural
societies,
of population
one, there
of introducing
expects
skills
world worn down by overuse
practices.
·for
for agricultural
for pre-state
the growth
,'. of
action,
the
among many.
is not achieved
expect
skilled
the
in the
in industrialized
I