SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL
Methods & Analyses
Decision value computation in DLPFC and VMPFC
adjusts to the available decision time
Sokol-Hessner, P., Hutcherson, C., Hare, T., Rangel, A.
Stimulus Sorting. As we had 249 stimuli and two conditions, images had to be distributed
asymmetrically. Therefore, in one condition (randomized across participants), 75 images were
presented twice, and 50 presented once, and in the other condition, 76 images were presented
twice, and 48 once (because one condition had 125 images, while the other had 124). This was
done to increase the number of trials for reasons of statistical power.
Stimulus Randomization. An error in the code used to randomize and present stimuli did not
reset randomization seeds, leading some participants to experience the same randomization
orders. This manifested in the order of images for the Day 1 ratings task, and various
randomization techniques for the Day 2 scan.
On Day 1, twelve participants experienced identical stimulus orders for the ratings task;
the remaining 16 participants had unique stimulus orders. Mean liking, healthiness, and
tastiness ratings were not different between the two groups (two-sample t-tests, all p’s n.s.).
In the fMRI session on Day 2, eight participants shared the same randomization seed.
The remaining 20 participants had unique seeds. As stimuli for the scan session were sorted in
part on participants’ idiosyncratic ratings, stimulus order was different for all participants,
including those with the same randomization seed. Beyond stimulus ordering, randomization
processes controlled inter-trial intervals and short/long condition ordering within scans.
1
Figure S1. ‘Neural Estimate’ FIR model estimates of responses by condition
a) DLPFC
b) VMPFC
Estimates of the “neural response” (e.g. deconvolved signal) for each response (Strong Yes,
Yes, No, and Strong No). Error bars are standard error of the mean calculated across
participants. See main text and Figures 3-5 for analyses using these response curves. Black &
Magenta bars at the bottom of the graphs indicate the viewing period of the trial.
2
Figure S2: BOLD FIR model estimates of responses by condition
a) DLPFC
b) VMPFC
Estimates of the BOLD signal for each response (Strong Yes, Yes, No, and Strong No). Error
bars are standard error of the mean calculated across participants. Black & Magenta bars at the
bottom of the graphs indicate the viewing period of the trial.
3
Table S1: Contrast table, GLM 1, Decision Value Regressor (R2).
Brain Region
(+/- indicates contrast value)
+ Ventromedial prefrontal cortex
+ Middle cingulate gyrus
+ R middle frontal gyrus
+ L insula
+ L posterior insula
+ Brainstem
+ L middle temporal gyrus
+ L precuneus
+ L lingual gyrus
+ L precuneus
+ L parietal lobe
+ R insula
+ L middle temporal gyrus
+ L precuneus
+ L precentral gryus
+ R cerebellum
+ L cerebellum
+ R caudate tail
+ L postcentral gyrus
+ L dorsolateral prefrontal cortex
+ L supplementary motor area
+ R angular gyrus
+ R anterior cingulate cortex
+ R superior temporal gyrus
+ L middle temporal gyrus
+ L hippocampus
+ L precentral gyrus
- R middle occipital gyrus
- L inferior occipital gyrus
Brodmann’s
Area (BA)
MNI Coordinates (x,y,z)
25/32
24
8
13
13
12, 29, -5
3, -10, 31
30, -1, 43
-39, 2, -11
-36, -16, 4
-6, -37, -50
-33, -46, 19
-9, -43, 43
-21, -43, 4
-9, -58, 22
-33, -25, 34
39, 8, -8
-33, -58, 19
-12, -79, 58
-54, -4, 28
42, -52, -41
-30, -58, -44
18, -31, 19
-21, -28, 52
-36, 44, 13
-9, -10, 61
39, -61, 28
15, 29, 25
51, -55, 22
-54, -37, -14
-18, -19, -17
-30, -1, 43
-18, -94 -2
-33, -82, 11
39
23
30
31
13
39
19
6
3
10
6
39
32
39
21
6
18
18
Number of
voxels
(1mm3)
1160
156
121
48
44
41
37
29
25
23
21
15
14
16
15
10
10
8
8
7
7
6
6
6
5
5
5
6
5
Clusters are reported if they passed a threshold of p < 0.001 (unc); cluster threshold = 5
contiguous voxels.
4
Table S2. Full list of food items used in experiment. The full stimulus set is available
from the website of the Rangel Neuroeconomics Lab (www.rnl.caltech.edu).
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6.
7.
8.
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10.
11.
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18.
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20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
31.
32.
33.
34.
35.
36.
37.
38.
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44.
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47.
48.
49.
50.
51.
52.
53.
54.
55.
56.
57.
58.
59.
60.
61.
62.
63.
64.
100 Grand Candy Bar
3 Musketeers Candy Bar
Bumblebee Albacore Tuna
Almond Joy Candy Bar
Oven-Roasted Almonds w/ Cinnamon & Brown
Sugar
Iced Animal Crackers
Barnum's Animal Crackers
Dora Animal Crackers
Apple
Apple Fritter
Apple Jacks cereal
Hostess Apple Pie
Apple Pie
Cinnamon applesauce
Artichoke Hearts
Avocado
Gerber Green Beans
Whole Baby Clams
Cut Baby Corn
Baby Ruth Candy Bar
Banana
Oberto Beef Jerky
Whole beets
Blackberries
Blackberry pie
Blueberry Yogurt
Broccoli
Broccoli and Cauliflower
Brussel Sprouts
Butterfinger Candy Bar
Quaker Caramel Crisps
Gerber Carrots
Carrots
Honey Roasted Cashews
Cauliflower
Celery
Cheese & Peanut butter sandwich crackers
Cheese & Crackers
Nacho Cheese Doritos
Cheetos
Cheez-Its
Cherry Vanilla Haagen Dazs Ice Cream
Vons Cherry Pie
Cherry Pie
Chicken spread
Campbells Chicken soup
Chocolate chip muffins
Chips Ahoy
Chocolate cake
Chocolate muffins
Chocolate M&Ms
Hostess Chocolate Frosted Donettes
Chocolate dipped pretzels
Chocolate pudding
Beef-flavored Chow Mein
Two-bite glazed cinnamon rolls
Cinnamon twists
Campbell's Clam Chowder
Clam Juice
Canned Chopped Clams
Coca-Cola
Cheddar Cheese & Pretzel Combos
Chips Ahoy Candy Bites
Breyer's Cookies & Cream Ice Cream
65.
66.
67.
68.
69.
70.
71.
72.
73.
74.
75.
76.
77.
78.
79.
80.
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85.
86.
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96.
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113.
114.
115.
116.
117.
118.
119.
120.
121.
122.
123.
124.
125.
126.
127.
Vons Canned Corned Beef
Kellogg's Corn Pops
Cracker Jacks
Dried Cranberries
Orange Creamsicle
Nestle Crunch
Hostess Cupcakes
Diet Coke
Hostess Donettes
Cool Ranch Doritos
Dots Candy
Le Petit Ecolier Dark Chocolate Biscuits
Le Petit Ecolier Milk Chocolate Biscuits
Famous Amos Chocolate Chip Cookies
Raspberry Haagen Dazs Sorbet
Fig Newtons
Fritos
Froot Loops
Frosted Shortbread Animal Cookies
Frosted Cheerios Cereal
Frosted Flakes cereal
Vanilla Raspberry Swirl Haagen Dazs Frozen
Yogurt
Welch's Fruit Snacks
Funyuns
Canned Garbanzo Beans
Ghirardelli Milk Chocolate with Almonds
Ghirardelli Milk Chocolate
Goldfish
Graduates Chicken Sticks
Granny Smith Apple
Oats & Honey Granola Bar
Red Grapefruit Cup
Grape & Strawberry Nerds
Gushers
Vanilla & Almonds Haagen Dazs Ice Cream
Bar
Deviled Ham spread
Haribo Raspberries Candy
Light Hawaiian Punch
Hershey's Milk Chocolate Kisses
Hershey's Milk Chocolate Bars
Hostess Ho Hos
Honey Roasted Peanuts
Vanilla Flavored Ice Cream Sandwiches
Blue Raspberry Jolly Ranchers
Apple Jolly Ranchers
Grape Jolly Ranchers
Cherry Jolly Ranchers
Banana Laffy Taffy
Junior Mints Candy
Keelber Fudge Striped Cookies
Keebler Rainbow cookies
Kit Kat
Kiwi
Cherry Laffy Taffy
Gerber Lamb
Lays Potato Chips
Lindt bittersweet chocolate
Liver Paté
Liverwurst Spread
Tootsie Roll Lollipops
Lucky Charms cereal
Turkey & Cheddar lunchables
Gerber Mac & Cheese
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128.
129.
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135.
136.
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172.
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175.
176.
177.
178.
179.
180.
181.
182.
183.
184.
185.
186.
187.
188.
189.
Mac & Cheese Yakisoba noodles
Mango
Meringues
Pepperidge Farm Milano cookies
Milk Duds Candy
Milky Way Candy Bar
Berries & Cream Yoplait Yogurt
M&M Sugar Cookie
Mr. Goodbar candy
Ms. Fields Chocolate chip cookie
Black & Blueberry Rush Naked Smoothie
Sweet & Salty Peanut bar
Nesquik chocolate milk
Blueberry Nutrigrain bar
Strawberry Nutrigrain bar
Nutter Butter cookie
Pepperidge Farm Soft Baked Oatmeal Raisin
Cookies
Odwalla Pomegranate Juice
Odwalla Vitamin C Citrus Drink
Odwalla Vanilla Protein Drink
Orange
Jello
Oreo Candy Bites
Oreos
Canned Whole Oysters
Canned Hearts of Palm
Payday candy bar
Peach fruit cup
Peanut M&Ms
Pecan Pie
York Peppermint Patties
Pigs Feet
Pineapple fruit cup
Pizza Hut Pizza
Canned Whole Plums
Plum
Plum Sauce
Buttered popcorn
Kettlecorn Popcorn
Cinnamon & Brown Sugar Pop Tarts
Strawberry Pop Tarts
Hostess Powdered Donettes
Sour Cream & Onion Pringles
Cheezums Pringles
Pringles
Sun-Maid Raisins
Roast Beef flavored ramen
Cheddar cheese flavored ramen
Roast chicken flavored ramen
Salsa Picante Chicken Noodles cup
Tomato & Basil flavored Yakisoba Noodles
Raspberries
Red Delicious Apple
Red grapes
Red Velvet Cake
Red Vines
Reese's Peanut Butter Cups
Reese's Pieces
Vons Relish
Rice Krispies Treat
Rip Rolls Green Apple Candy
Ritz Bitz Peanut butter sandwiches
190.
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240.
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244.
245.
246.
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248.
249.
Ritz Snack Mix
Cheddar Sour Cream Ruffles
Original Ruffles
Canned Pink Salmon
Canned Sardines
Sauerkraut
South Beach Whole Wheat Crackers
South Beach Cinnamon Raisin Protein Cereal
Bar
Canned Tiny Shrimp
Skittles Candy
Chocolate Slim-Fast
Vanilla Slim-Fast
Slim Jim
Quaker S'Mores Granola Bar
Smore Brownie
Snickers Bar
Hostess Sno-Balls
Sour Patch Kids
Sour Skittles
Silk Vanilla Soymilk
Soy Sauce
Spam spread
Honey Nut Special-K Bar
Canned Spinach
Sprite
Alfalfa Sprouts
Gerber Squash
Starburst
Strawberries
Hostess Streusel Cake
French Onion Sun Chips
Canned Sweet Peas
SweetTarts Candy
Chocolate Teddy Grahams
Cinnamon Teddy Grahams
Honey Teddy Grahams
Toast & Peanut Butter Sandwich Crackers
Toblerone Bar
Organic Baked Tofu
Tomatoes
Campbell's Creamy Tomato Soup
Tootsie Rolls
Trix Cereal
StarKist Chunk Light Tuna
Twinkie
Twix Candy Bar
Chocolate Two-Bite Brownies
Vanilla Pudding
Canned Vienna Sausage
Sliced Water Chestnuts
Whatchamacallit Candy Bar
Quaker Multigrain Honey Graham Crisps
Wheat Thins
White Grapes
Whoppers Malted Milk Balls Candy
Watermelon & Punch and Wildberry Nerds
Candy
Weight Watchers Chocolate Cake
Weight Watchers Blueberry Muffin
Mixed Berry Yogurt & Granola
Hostess Zingers Cake
6