Sanitation is more important than independence
He made cleanliness and sanitation an integral
part of the Gandhian way of living. His dream was sanitation for all.
“As an individual I could do nothing.
As a group we could find a way to
solve each other’s problems”
Decentralized Planning &
Swachh Bharat Mission (Gramin)
Er. Abhaya Kumar Biswal
SE, RWS&S, Bhubaneswar Circle
& CEO, WSSO
What is Planning ?
Taking decision for future action with
pre-determined objectives, optimum
use of available resources and in
specified time period
Decentralized Planning
Decentralization is the transfer of power and authority
from the central/state government to the local level
government
Decentralized Planning
• Lower units are given authority to formulate its
own targets and evolve strategies
• Authority to mobilize resources and reallocate
resources
• Lower units participate with higher units in
planning on more equal terms
• Odisha loses Rs. 6500 Crore every year due to open
defecation says World Bank Report
• A person practicing open defecation spends 25 days
in a year to find a private place resulting loss of
productive time

One persons defecates



250 gms /day – per year 90 Kgs
One Family (5 members) : 450 Kgs X I Crore Virus /gm: 450000 Crore Virus
in open air
60 Crore Open defecation : 60 X 90 Kgs x 1 Cr/gm : 54000000000000 Crore
Virus
Health Impact – Inadequate Sanitation in India
1,16,000 Crore
Source: World Bank Report 2009
7
Annual Economic Impact
Rs. 2,40,000 Cr
India : Annual Economic
Impact due to inadequate
sanitation
Monetary Loss
Annual Impact per capita
impact
Source: World Bank Report 2009
Rs. 36,400 Cr
Rs. 2,180
Development Approach
Traditional
Donor funded programs involving
participatory approaches
1980’s WATSAN DECADE
Participatory
2014
2012
2011
2005
1999
1993
1987-88
1986
1985
1974-75
1954
1951
Swachh Bharat Mission
Nirmal Bharat Abhiyan,
increased allocation
Ministry of Drinking Water
and Sanitation
Nirmal Gram Puraskar
Sector Reform Program (67
Districts) / Total Sanitation
Campaign
73rd Constitutional
Amendmentsdecentralisation
Inclusion of rural SAN in
MNP
Transfer of RWS from
Min. of UD to RD
National Drinking Water Mission
CRSP, 20-point program
Minimum Needs
Program
Rural Sanitation Programme
(GoI)
RWS investments First Five Year Plan
Sanitation Promotion in India
Coverage- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Sustainability
Rural Sanitation Programs in India
Program
Incentive
CRSP ( 1986-1998)
Approach / Outcome
Supply driven, infrastructure oriented, high level of
subsidy
for latrine construction, low financial
allocations, behaviour change aspect not addressed,
very low growth during 1990 to 2000 (1%), very low
impact, Odisha Coverage (Census, 2001) : 8%
Total Sanitation
Campaign (19992012)
500,
1200,
2200,
3200,
4600
Focus on Awareness Generation, Community Led,
Demand Driven Approach, also included SLWM,
included personal and environmental hygiene, also
included school and anganwadi sanitation, In 2003
Nirmal Gram Puraskar for Panchayati Raj Institutions
introduced. Odisha coverage : 51%, NGPs: 284
Nirmal Bharat
Abhiyan (20122014)
4600+
4500
TSC renamed as Nirmal Bharat Abhiyan. Fiscal incentive
for household latrine extended to IAPL households
from existing BPL HH. Community led and saturation
approach , program linked with MGNREGS, Incentive
amount Rs. 10000
Swachh Bharat
Mission (2014
onwards)
12000
Nirmal Bharat Abhiyan restructured with target to make
India ODF by 2019
Lessons Learnt
• Without community participation and acceptance by
household adoption an use of toilet is questionable
• Community Participation is Non Negotiable for Rural
Sanitation Program - SBM
• Lack of sanitation facilities is not always due to lack of
resources for families but deep rooted behavior & lack of
priority of household for toilets. Hence need of creating
demand through awareness and IEC.
• Focus should be on all aspects of sanitation rather than mere
construction of toilet.
• Community action can bring sustainable change in individual
behavior.
• Focus on Village as a unit rather than on Individuals.
Odisha Challenge 2019
 Household without toilets as per Baseline
Survey 2012-13: 76 Lakh approx
 Non Functional / Broken Toilets : 4.75 Lakh
 Time Period: 5 Years
 Project Outlay : Rs. 9120 Crore
Swachh Bharat Mission (Gramin)
• Swachh Bharat Mission launched on 2nd Oct,
2014 by Hon’ble PM.
Objectives
– To make India Open Defecation Free (ODF) India by
2019, by providing access to toilet facilities to all;
– To provide toilets, separately for Boys and Girls in all
schools by 15.8.2015;
– To provide toilets to all Anganwadis;
– Villages to be kept clean with Solid and Liquid Waste
Management
Swachh Bharat Mission (Gramin)
• SBM aims to end
– Open Defecation
– Open Urination
– Solid & Liquid Waste Management (Also
includes animal excreta)
Provisions under Swachh Bharat Mission
Component
Features
Incentive IHHL
All APLs belonging to all SCs/STs, Small and Marginal Farmers,
Landless Laborers with Homestead, Physically Handicapped
and Women Headed Households, and all BPLs, Individuals
benefited from housing schemes (IAY, Mo Kudia etc.)
Enhanced IHL
Incentive
IHL incentive is enhanced from Rs. 10,000 to Rs. 12,000.
Additional Rs. 2000 is for Water Supply provision
Convergence with
MGNREGS
Discontinue the part funding from MGNREGA
Community Sanitary
Complexes
CSC to be Rs. 2.00 lakhs at a sharing ration of 60:30:10. Such
Solid and Liquid
Waste Management
(SLWM
Rs. 7/12/15/20 lakh to be applicable for Gram Panchayats
having up to 150/300/500/ more than 500 households on a
Centre and State/GP sharing ratio of 75:25. Additional cost
requirements to be met by State/GP.
Complexes can be made at public places, markets, bus stands
etc., where large congregation of people takes place.
Community/ GP owns up the responsibility of their O & M.
Provisions under Swachh Bharat Mission (Gramin)
• Emphasis on behavior change communication /
participatory tools
• Triggering ‘Behaviour change’ by intensifying IEC
campaign and Inter Personal Communication (IPC).
• Outputs (Construction) and Outcomes (Usage) will
be monitored.
The 73rd Constitution Amendment
makes provision for assigning the
responsibility of providing drinking
water to the Panchayat Raj
Institutions through local planning,
effective
implementation
and
monitoring of programmes.
SBM Delivery Structure through Decentralised Planning
Centre
State
District
Block
Village
Government of India
State Government
Funding, technical support, M&E,
training and inter-sectoral
coordination
Funding, technical support,
development of state action plan,
inter-sectoral coordination, training,
M&E
Zila Panchayat –
DWSM
Facilitate and support overall
implementation, development of
action plan, inter-sectoral
coordination, training, M&E
Panchayat Samiti
Institution building (e.g., GPs, Watsan
committee), facilitate supply chains,
hygiene education, monitoring
Gram Panchayat
(Motivators)
Community
Institution building, mobilisation,
facilitate construction of hardware,
hygiene education, monitoring, O&M
Components of Decentralization
Decentralization Planning in SBM
Functional Decentralization
Identification of areas which
come under decentralized plan
Identification of Gram Panchayats / villages
in a democratic process with discussion
with GPs. GPs finalize areas of intervention
Financial Decentralization
Govt incentive transferred to Gram
Provision for Budget preparation Panchayats based on budegt prepared by
at lower level
GPs. GPs mobilise community contribution
and other resources as per (through CLTS
Method) need
Administrative Decentralization
Authority with responsibility
meant for planning for
implementation
GPs plan for implementation modality,
community procurement through
procurement committee, vigilance
committee for monitoring (VWSC /GKS)
Democratic Decentralization
Palli Sabha / Gram Sabha organised for
Ensuring peoples participation in 100% consensus for ODF taking care of
development program
equity, gender. Baseline Survey (Revision
allowed till 30th June2015), Construction of
toilets pnly by the community
Institutional Arrangement
DWSM
(Collector & CEO,)
OLM / NRHM
BLOCK RESOURCE
CENTRE
GRAM PANCHAYAT
SUPPLY CHAIN
MANAGEMENT
GPLF /VWSC/GKS
HOUSEHOLD
SANITATION
MOTIVATOR
Creating Demand & Supply
Capacity Building :
Participatory
Approaches
Behavior Change
Communication
Sanitation Supply
Chain
• Facilitator Triggering
• Community Ignition
• Mass Media
• Community Events
• Household Visits
• NGOs / Suppliers
• Construction &
Sanitation
Materials
SBM : FOCUSSED APPROACH
COMPONENT
PROCESS
ACTION POINTS BY DWSM
CATALYZING
Strategy
Focus on collective behavior change to use toilets
rather than practice open Defecation
Institutions
Dedicated staff appointed and efforts
made to strengthen capacity at district
and sub-district levels to implement the
rural sanitation campaign
Finance
Funding used for both short- and long term
goals; households motivated to invest own funds
IMPLEMENTING Demand
Creation
All Information, Education and Communication
(IEC) channels used effectively; focus on behavior
change
Supply
Menu of technology options, market creation,
ensuring adequate and timely supply
Scaling up
Phased implementation in geographic and
thematic terms, e.g., move from open defecation
free (ODF) to total environmental Sanitation
SBM : FOCUSSED APPROACH
COMPONENT
PROCESS
ACTION POINTS BY DWSM
S USTAINING
Subsidy
Delivery
Subsidy is NOT used to construct toilets without
commensurate efforts at demand creation
Monitoring Focus on outcomes / ODF only instead of toilets
constructed and budget spent
Rewards
Institute competition-based awards, monetary
and non-monetary prizes and honors to
prioritize sanitation
Panchayati Raj Institutions take the lead
Panchayats
have a pivotal role in the
implementation of sanitation programme.
• PRIs can carry out the social mobilization for the
construction of toilets and also maintain the clean
environment by way of safe disposal of wastes.
• PRIs are custodian of the assets such as the Community
Complexes, environmental components, drainage etc.
created under any sanitation linked scheme.
• Provisions of various incentives shall also be available at the
community level through award schemes like Nirmal Gram
Puraskar, Panchayats must also play a role in the
monitoring of the sanitation status.
Panchayati Raj Institutions take the lead
• Both Block and District level PRIs may also regularly
monitor the implementation, scale up and long term
sustainability of the intervention
• Facilitating the delivery of sanitation outcomes, which
has to go through a process of developing the social
capital of the village.
• GPs are ideally placed to promote total sanitation in
order to ensure public benefits and well suited to
address the issue of scaling up due to their outreach.
• In a good position to undertake or facilitate the longterm monitoring and support of rural sanitation
services to ensure sustainability.
Human Resource Support for SBM:
District & Sub District Level
Direct Resource
• 34 Executive Engineers, RWS&S
• 84 Asst. Executive Engineers / Dy. Exec. Enginers, RWS&S
• 314 Junior Engineers / Asst. Engineer–I, RWS&S
• 314 Junior Engineers –II, RWS&S
• 120 District Consultants
• 314 Block Coordinators (Under Process)
• 314 Cluster Coordinators (Under Process)
• 8000 SEMs
• 6234 Swachta Doots / CLTS Motivators
Supported by
• PRI Members, SHG Members, ASHA, AWW, NGOs, Agencies
Supply Chain Management – 2015-16
State Total
Bricks
Rural Pans
135 Crore
18,74,000
Masons & Un
Skilled Labour
/day
50000
Toilets Per Day: 3300/day
Special Note: Use of local materials should be given priority
always. So also the materials available with the household.
Supply Chain Management : Toilet Construction
Supply and installation of household latrines may be under
taken in either of the ways.
Construction by
Household
Eligible household may
construct his /her latrine
of their own with support
from any sanitary ware
supplier / NGO etc.
Household is directly
reimbursed with IHL
incentive of Rs. 12000/-.
Facilitated by Support
Organisation
Community Approach
Model
In this case the SO
Community decides on
manufactures supplies and method of construction,
installs household toilets.
procurement etc.
All the sanitary ware
procurement is undertaken
by SO / SHGs. The
incentive is reimbursed to
SO by GP
MOST PREFERRED
Implementation Strategy contd.
• Target the community rather than individuals
– Focus on achieving community outcomes, such as
making entire villages, Gram Panchayats, and Blocks
ODF, rather than encouraging individual outputs, such
as the construction of household toilets.
– Behavior change is influenced to a greater extent by
community norms than by individual preferences.
– Targeting the community as a whole also creates a
social pressure among its members, motivating all
people to construct and use toilets.
Implementation Strategy contd.
• Community-led approach
– Campaign would be successful only insofar as it was
community-led.
– CLTS triggering leads to immediate and collective action
– Target population’s expectation of subsidies can seriously
undermine this approach.
– SBM incentive would be provided only to those
households that constructed their toilets themselves.
– Will prompt the community to act immediately after
triggering rather than waiting for government support in
undertaking construction and embracing behavior change.
Implementation Strategy contd.
• No contractors or agencies to be hired to construct the toilets.
• Toilets are to be constructed by the users themselves, according
to their individual preferences and by investing their own efforts
and resources.
• IHL Incentives under SBM to be transferred to GP /
Community Account in phases
• NGOs/ CSOs will support community in social mobilisation/
triggering and facilitate availability of construction materials
• IHL Incentives under SBM to be transferred to GP /
Community Account in phases
• Communication activities are non-negotiable in any village
before undertaking hardware activities.
Standard Working Procedure
I.
Base Line Survey (BLS) of villages to be published in concerned GP
offices.
II. Beneficiary list should be finalized by the concerned EEs, RW&S within a
week.
III. Sufficient application forms shall be available in GP offices / JE-IIs/
Blocks/ DWSM for wide circulation among the beneficiaries.
IV. Status of BLS is final after screening in GP.
V. For taking of work in saturation mode Panchayat Samiti after consulting
RWS&S officials should select 1/5th nos of GPs per year for ODF.
VI. Construction of IHHL should be completed either by Individual/
SHG/Community/Yubak Sangha within 15 days.
VII. Rural Pan will be made available at Block level @ Rs.250/- with P-trap &
footrest.
VIII. Balance material arrangement should be done by community/ SHG/
Yubak Sangha/Individual.
IX. BC & CC/ JE-IIs are to supplement the material availability and monitor
the work.
X. Mason training by DWSM as per requirement
XI. All CLTS training motivators should be engaged in the selected GPs.
Mode of payment
• Photo uploading with latitude and longitude & bill should be submitted by
BC & CC within 3 days to JE-II/ JE-I
• JE-II/JE-I to check the toilet. 100% within 4 days
• AEE of RWSS/Block will check randomly 10% within 4 days.
• BDO/EE to pay within 4 days through online transfer/ check payment.
• There will be one account at District level with joint signature of Member
Secretary, DWSC and Collector cum District Magistrate (Chairman, DWSC)
• As per decision of Chairman, DWSC Member Secretary, DWSC/BDO will
release incentives.
• BDO’s signature will be attested and they will be allowed to issue cheques
only against completed IHHLs.
• Weekly report will be submitted by Member Secretary, DWSC/BDOs to the
Collector cum D.M. for verification.
• Member Secretary, DWSM will ensure timely entry of Cash Book and
submit the cash book to the Chairman, DWSC by 5th of next month.
• The entire process from date of construction to date of payment should be
within one month.
Monitoring Mechanism
• Periodic / Monthly review of the program at GP / Block /
District levels
• Inter-Block / GP verification of ODF Status :
• 10% by inter- GPs and 2% by inter-districts
• Community Monitoring & Social Audit
• Will serve as a third-party verification of ODF claims,
• Provide opportunity for exposure visits
• Monitor nothing but the number of ODF villages
• Monitoring Board at Collector / EE, RWS&S, / BDO Office
with all GPs and highlighting those of ODF GPs in Green
Program Monitoring Mechanism
Out of Administrative Cost (2%)
• State & District Monitoring Unit to be made
functional.
• Third Party Inspection by State Sponsored
Agencies / Institutions / Independent
Evaluators
• Review Meetings
– Monthly Review Meeting at DWSM,
– Bi-Monthly Review Meeting at SWSM,
– Quarterly Review Meeting by Governing Body
Policy Support by RD Deptt.
• Engagement of CLTS Motivators in Gram Panchayats @ 4 Nos /
GP with outcome based incentive mechanism. DWSMs to
engage these resources.
• Identification of vendor for supply of rural ceramic pans
across the districts for Rs. 250/-.
• Release of advance money (20:40:40) in case
Community Procurement & Construction under CLTS
Saturation Approach
• Additional IEC & S&H Consultants for each eight Blocks.
• Model standard estimate for IHL construction
• 4 nos of IHL Application Forms Developed to expedite SBM
(Available with JE-II & GP Office)
• Beneficiary Eligibility as per SBM Baseline Survey 2014 data
• Financial dele gation to Executive Engineer, RWS&S in case of
districts with two divisions
A promise to make
Odisha ODF by 2019
Miles to go before we sleep