Supplemental Data
Supplemental Figure S1. Chemical structures of phenolic acids and flavonoids identified in
leaves of Rosa hybrida in the present study.
1
Supplemental Figure S2. Typical HPLC-PDA chromatograms of aqueous 80% methanol
extracts of leaves of Rosa hybrida at 320 nm for (A) Si-, uninoculated. (B) Si+, uninoculated. (C)
Si-, inoculated and (D) Si+, inoculated. Compound: 1 = unknown phenolic acid; 2 = 3-Ocaffeoylquinic acid (neochlorogenic acid); 3 = 5-O-caffeoylquinic acid (chlorogenic acid); 4 =
quercetin-3-O-gentiobioside; 5 = quercetin diglycoside; 6 = quercetin derivative; 7 = quercetin
pentoside; 8 = quercetin-3-O-galactoside (hyperoside); 9 = quercetin-3-O-rutinoside (rutin); 10 =
quercetin-3-O-glucoside (isoquercitrin); 11 = quercetin-3-O-arabinoside (avicularin); 12 =
quercetin-3-O-rhamnoside (quercitrin); 13 = kaempferol-3-O-pentoside; 14 = kaempferol-3-Orhamnoside (afzelin).
2
100
Powdery mildew severity (%)
90
a
80
70
b
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
0 mM Si (Si-)
3.6 mM Si (Si+)
Supplemental Figure S3. Comparison of powdery mildew severity at 9 dai in the fifth
developed leaf (of every branch) of the cv. Smart (highly susceptible) either treated with 3.6 mM
Si (Si+) or 0 mM (Si-) silicon. Data represent results from one experiment, and each observation
represents means from 22 leaves. All values are presented as mean ± SE. Bars marked with
different letters are significantly different. The findings of the above experiment were confirmed
in a second independent experiment.
3
Supplemental Table S1. Content of total phenolic acids and selected phenolic acids in leaves of Rosa hybrida from plants either
treated with (Si+) or without silicon (Si-) followed by either inoculation with Podosphaera pannosa or no inoculation.
Phenolic acids
Total
Unknown
3-O-Caffeoylquinic acid
(neochlorogenic acid)
5-O-Caffeoylquinic acid
(chlorogenic acid)
1)
Si supply
mg g-1 sample
Pathogen
0 hai 1)
24 hai
72 hai
120 hai
Si-
Uninoculated
0.19 a ± 0.0422)
0.18 a ± 0.025
0.16 a ± 0.007
0.19 a ± 0.005
Si-
Inoculated
0.18 a ± 0.012
0.83 b ± 0.041
0.72 b ± 0.029
0.50 b ± 0.085
Si+
Uninoculated
0.13 a ± 0.026
0.32 a ± 0.092
0.29 a ± 0.061
0.15 a ± 0.012
Si+
Inoculated
0.19 a ± 0.023
1.15 c ± 0.146
1.38 c ± 0.061
1.58 c ± 0.078
Si-
Uninoculated
0.04 a ± 0.036
0.02 a ± 0.001
0.02 a ± 0.003
0.02 a ± 0.002
Si-
Inoculated
0.02 a ± 0.001
0.14 b ± 0.012
0.09 b ± 0.006
0.08 b ± 0.006
Si+
Uninoculated
0.01 a ± 0.007
0.05 a ± 0.035
0.06 b ± 0.019
0.02 a ± 0.001
Si+
Ininoculated
0.02 a ± 0.001
0.15 b ± 0.001
0.09 b ± 0.002
0.13 c ± 0.006
Si-
Uninoculated
0.03 ab ± 0.001
0.04 a ± 0.011
0.02 a ± 0.001
0.04 a ± 0.002
Si-
Inoculated
0.04 b ± 0.001
0.07 b ± 0.003
0.15 b ± 0.008
0.12 b ± 0.019
Si+
Uninoculated
0.02 a ± 0.007
0.05 ab ± 0.006
0.02 a ± 0.001
0.02 a ± 0.002
Si+
Inoculated
0.05 b ± 0.001
0.13 c ± 0.003
0.19 c ± 0.001
0.19 c ± 0.003
Si-
Uninoculated
0.12 a ± 0.038
0.13 a ± 0.015
0.12 a ± 0.005
0.14 a ± 0.003
Si-
Inoculated
0.12 a ± 0.011
0.63 b ± 0.032
0.48 b ± 0.068
0.29 a ± 0.109
Si+
Uninoculated
0.10 a ± 0.013
0.22 c ± 0.064
0.21 a ± 0.041
0.11 a ± 0.010
Si+
Inoculated
0.13 a ± 0.013
0.96 d ± 0.068
1.10 c ± 0.051
1.26 b ± 0.058
hai = hours after inoculation. 2) Data represent results from one experiment, and each value represents means from three extractions. All values are presented as
mean ± SE. Means within each phenolic acid and time point is comparable and different letters indicate significant differences. The findings of the above
experiment were confirmed in a second independent experiment.
4
Supplemental Table S2. Content of total flavonoids and selected flavonoids in leaves of Rosa hybrida from plants either treated with
(Si+) or without silicon (Si-) followed by either inoculation with Podosphaera pannosa or no inoculation.
mg g-1 sample
Flavonoids
Si supply Pathogen
0 hai 1)
24 hai
72 hai
120 hai
Total
Si-
Uninoculated
2.39 a ± 0.215 2)
1.95 a ± 0.336
1.75 a ± 0.032
1.98 ab ± 0.058
Si-
Inoculated
2.34 a ± 0.286
4.88 b ± 0.410
3.97 b ± 0.376
3.66 b ± 0.556
Si+
Uninoculated
2.34 a ± 0.770
2.77 a ± 0.440
2.37 a ± 0.229
1.58 a ± 0.161
Si+
Inoculated
2.01 a ± 0.288
7.00 c ± 0.192
5.24 c ± 0.445
6.47 c ± 0.745
Si-
Uninoculated
0.02 a ± 0.001
0.02a ± 0.001
0.01 a ± 0.004
0.01 a ± 0.006
Si-
Inoculated
0.02 a ± 0.003
0.04 b ± 0.006
0.05b ± 0.002
0.02 a ± 0.003
Si+
Uninoculated
0.01 a ± 0.005
0.01a ± 0.001
0.01 a ± 0.005
0.01 a ± 0.004
Si+
Ininoculated
0.02 a ± 0.004
0.07 b ± 0.003
0.09 c ± 0.017
0.05 b ± 0.005
Si-
Uninoculated
0.03 a ± 0.001
0.02 a ± 0.005
0.02a ± 0.001
0.03 a ± 0.005
Si-
Inoculated
0.04 a ± 0.002
0.02a ± 0.003
0.04 a ± 0.010
0.02 a ± 0.003
Si+
Uninoculated
0.03 a ± 0.004
0.04 a ± 0.010
0.02a ± 0.002
0.03 a ± 0.004
Si+
Inoculated
0.03 a ± 0.011
0.03 a ± 0.004
0.04 a ± 0.010
0.03 a ± 0.003
Si-
Uninoculated
0.02 a ± 0.002
0.01 a ± 0.003
0.001a± 0.000
0.001 a ± 0.000
Si-
Inoculated
0.001 b ± 0.000
0.12 b ± 0.006
0.09 b ± 0.007
0.06 a ± 0.021
Si+
Uninoculated
0.001 b ± 0.000
0.02 a ± 0.018
0.03 c ± 0.009
0.001a ± 0.000
Si+
Inoculated
0.004b ± 0.003
0.17 c ± 0.006
0.21 d ± 0.011
0.18 b ± 0.044
Si-
Uninoculated
0.07 ab ± 0.010
0.07 a ± 0.023
0.04a ± 0.002
0.05 a ± 0.007
Si-
Inoculated
0.07 ab ± 0.006
0.04 a ± 0.004
0.09 b ± 0.007
0.21 ab ± 0.183
Si+
Uninoculated
0.05 a ± 0.007
0.08 a ±0 .022
0.03a ± 0.002
0.06 a ± 0.007
Si+
Inoculated
0.09 b ± 0.010
0.69 b ± 0.062
0.08 b ± 0.010
0.62 b ± 0.097
Quercetin-3-Ogentiobioside
Quercetin diglycoside
Quercetin derivative
Quercetin pentoside
5
Supplemental Table S2, Continued
Flavonoids
Si supply
mg g-1 sample
Pathogen
0 hai 1)
Quercetin-3-O-galactoside
(hyperoside)
Quercetin-3-O-rutinoside
(rutin)
Quercetin-3-O-glucoside
(isoquercitrin)
Quercetin-3-O-arabinoside
(avicularin)
Quercetin-3-O-rhamnoside
(quercitrin)
ab
24 hai
72 hai
a
120 hai
Si-
Uninoculated
0.51 ± 0.034
0.50 ± 0.108
0.39 ± 0.039
0.49 a ± 0.072
Si-
Inoculated
0.76 b ± 0.180
0.50 a ± 0.021
0.56 a ± 0.056
0.53 a ± 0.077
Si+
Uninoculated
0.39 a ± 0.079
0.56 a ± 0.054
0.36 a ± 0.040
0.46 a ± 0.065
Si+
Inoculated
0.68 b ± 0.064
0.74 a ± 0.052
0.31 a ± 0.236
0.94 b ± 0.207
Si-
Uninoculated
0.02 a ± 0.008
0.02a ± 0.003
0.01a ± 0.002
0.02 a ± 0.001
Si-
Inoculated
0.02 a ± 0.002
0.55ab ± 0.157
0.33 a ± 0.083
0.24 a ± 0.119
Si+
Uninoculated
0.02 a ± 0.005
0.08ab ± 0.052
0.08 a ± 0.027
0.02 a ± 0.009
Si+
Inoculated
0.01 a ± 0.001
0.91 b ± 0.292
1.04 b ± 0.269
0.97 b ± 0.283
Si-
Uninoculated
0.05 a±0.014
0.03a±0.015
0.01a ± 0.002
0.01a ±0.006
Si-
Inoculated
0.01b ±0.006
0.18b±0.084
0.33 a ± 0.083
0.10 a ±0.063
Si+
Uninoculated
0.01b ±0.003
0.04a±0.022
0.08 a ± 0.027
0.01 a ±0.005
Si+
Inoculated
0.01b ±0.006
0.32 b ±0.046
1.04 b ± 0.269
0.29 b ±0.073
Si-
Uninoculated
0.07 a ±0.006
0.08 a ±0.028
0.05 a ±0.003
0.06a ±0.002
Si-
Inoculated
0.05ab±0.005
0.63 b ±0.044
0.39 b ±0.028
0.26 a ±0.037
Si+
Uninoculated
0.04 b ±0.009
0.12 c ±0.054
0.11 a ±0.052
0.04 a ±0.038
Si+
Ininoculated
0.05ab±0.002
0.84 d ±0.037
0.90 c ±0.005
0.87 b ±0.219
Si-
Uninoculated
0.82 a ±0.180
0.62 a ±0.139
0.56 a ±0.033
0.60 a ±0.043
Si-
Inoculated
0.59 ab ±0.033
1.74 b ±0.137
1.48 b ±0.108
1.52 b ±0.090
Si+
Uninoculated
0.40 b ±0.097
0.96 c ±0.146
0.83 a ±0.073
0.47 a ±0.055
Si+
Inoculated
0.56 ab ±0.008
1.90 b ±0.049
1.37 b ±0.048
1.64 b ±0.036
6
a
Supplemental Table S2, Continued
Flavonoids
Kaempferol-3-O-pentoside
Kaempferol-3-O-rhamnoside
(afzelin)
1)
Si supply
mg g-1 sample
Pathogen
0 hai 1)
24 hai
72 hai
120 hai
Si-
Uninoculated
0.04 a ± 0.003
0.03a ± 0.002
0.03 a ± 0.001
0.03a ± 0.001
Si-
Inoculated
0.03ab ± 0.004
0.15 b ± 0.016
0.10 b ± 0.004
0.09 b ± 0.007
Si+
Uninoculated
0.02b ± 0.006
0.06 a ± 0.026
0.06 c ± 0.016
0.02a ± 0.001
Si+
Inoculated
0.03ab± 0.001
0.16b ± 0.005
0.14 d ± 0.003
0.13 b ± 0.027
Si-
Uninoculated
0.73 a ± 0.050
0.56 a ± 0.024
0.62 a ± 0.013
0.68 a ± 0.006
Si-
Inoculated
0.73 a ± 0.070
0.89ab ± 0.025
0.71 ab ± 0.044
0.77 a ± 0.015
Si+
Uninoculated
0.48 a ± 0.031
0.79 a ± 0.211
0.80 b ± 0.066
0.47 a ± 0.022
Si+
Inoculated
0.52 a ± 0.228
1.18 b ± 0.041
0.75 ab ± 0.031
0.64 a ± 0.273
hai = hours after inoculation. 2) Data represent results from one experiment, and each value represents means from three extractions. All values are presented as
mean ± SE. Means within each flavonoid and time point is comparable and different letters indicate significant differences. The findings of the above experiment
were confirmed in a second independent experiment.
7