Democratic Renewal on Prince Edward Island
Lucy Markunas
November 4,2015
In the lead up to the 1992 New Zealand referendum on electoral reform, the government
appointed a panel chaired by the Chief Ombudsman, Sir John Fraser Robertson, to
design and oversee a nationwide, publicly-funded information campaign.
The Panel published "The Guide to the Electoral Referendum" in 1992 to explain the
referendum and the different types of electoral systems that would be on the ballot.
CRITERIA FOR JUDGING VOTING SYSTEMS
All vOllng system.. ha ....e advantage, and
c.Iisadvant:lges, And " ..hat one person ~ees ah an
:ldv:lnt:tge, another pel'$on will see a~:I
dls3dv:mt:lge, As :l result, there's no ~"Uch thin~ as a
perfect voting system.
There: arc: some slme..... lly accepted crileri:l for
judging voting syst""''' • and people may want 10
ask qU",",lions along tli...... lines
REPREsENTATION OF MINORrnl!S AND
SPEClAL Gaoups
tiow well are the int,:rests of ethnic mlnontJes and
other &"o"P" Ml<:h 3~ hu"in=~ pt:oplc, workers and
women rc:pro;cnlcd in I'arli:lmcnl under V3!'lOU"
"ormg systemS? How well are sudl group;; themselves
LEGmMACY
Do people on the: lo,"ng side accept the resvlt<' I~
the communil',' as :l whole :lc;c;ept the vCYJnR system
as the be,;! possible b:tsis for nmmng the <:ounlly?
Will :l particular votmg s~'5tem help or hinder
repre>erllatiOO of Maori peopk!? Ani! Maon peopl"
PounCAL INTEGRATION
Does 11 voting system unke a rounuy or divtde II?
[)oeo; il promote n:spect for c.Ii1ferent POUlts of view'
EFFECTIVE GoVERNMENT
Can a gOYL-mrnenr cleaL"d under a p:lltlc:ular voting
system achieve what II set:l OUt to do' Will the
government Ja,;r, or will II f:tll bemuse it docs nut
have a majority In Parliament>
repr.....mled>
MAORI RF.PR.ESENTATION
f:urly represented in Parliament? How will diffcn:nt
voting systems alTectlhi~? Hmv ~;II different S)'SIert1S
affect th" exisling S<:pa1'.1te "'pn:sematlon of Maon
peoplC'?
REPaEsENTAnoN OF CoNSlTI'UENTS
Doe; U voclng sySlem encOUl'dge do,,", linkS (JetWl.'eli
people: and 1ht:ir Members of 1'".irliamenr? HO\\.' ="y
w~1 il be for consmuerns 10 jl<!t lheir ideas a~' to
(heir Member" of P'.uih'mrnl under :l panicular voting
systetn'
VOTER. PARTICIPATION
Do .'men. umle,,;tanc.l how Ihe: "ystem ....oos? Ts lhe
EFFECTIVENESS OF PARLIAMENT
Wl1J Cabinet domifUlte P:J1ti:lInetlt under :I partlcul:lr
VOting "-ystem? Doc:s L/~ vexing sy,,~em mean that
Parl,antenl can challenge and debate govcmmenl
poIiaes In !he way It IS nleanllo?
rnelhod of electmg Member\; of P:uU:rmenr
"lJ':Iighrforwatd or is it difficult 10 follow?
EFFECTIVE PounCAL PARTIES
:l voting system gl\'e u.< p<Jf it k-..ll panles tIl:u are
strong or too ...,.,ak? Will a p;>nicular vnting
:i)'5tem help ptudes Usten 10 anc.lllct on votl.'fS' vieWs
and concem... ?
Will
toO
FAIRNF.SS
Do polilic-.1I parties ..v in a share of the sears thaI b
stmilar 10 their .hare of the VOl",,' I" Ihere a malked
diffc:n::ncc between the number of sealS some panIcs
gel lind the votes they win?
Volt..s u,,/I haw 10 malA? up tbei,.own ",int/!; ,m which
cnterla a'" imJ1'Ortam to rbetn. DiJlerent poinls WtIi be
important to dljfi.'Tf!Ilf people.
Legislative
A~~lllbl~
Assembl)
ofOnt'lIiu
dl' rOmano
Icgi,lathe
Criteria (pages 13-20) :
SELECT COMMITTEE ON
ELECTORAL REFORM
REPORT ON ELECTORAL REFORM
2nd Session. 38th Parliament
54 Elizabeth II
1.Legitimacy
2.Fairness of representation
3.Voter choice
4.Effective parties
5.Stable and effective government
6. Effective parliament
7.Stronger voter participation
8.Accountability
TIE PREfERENTIAL VOTING SYSTEM (PV)
TIlls I. 'h, fcunh or ,he OPllOn.- In I'ART II of
vo~i'"'Et fl;lf'C'r.
'''0
fai y deep (0 fir.d that majoril)'
I'V >1'>lcm:- or" used ,n AU5lr:ll13 ~nd lrebnd.
In AUSlI:Iha. 'hey are u~ ror dOClIllJl the redenl
Hou.~ of Rep~~ntalivcs(lite lower house of the
"""""Iian l'arli.,,,,,,nl) for I""...r-hou.'!(' ek'ction. in
Th<: PV ~)'S!<'''l') tI!M:S !lIingk.... nlatlher e1«tnr:ale):.
I' is designed ""
:he ".mliwIlO WI,,, ;. fin. Ill'
c:lcet=.l tr.1:; rh.: t:ul>pon of dte maioril)' or voters •
lhoi, "" Ihe ""pport of more d"n holr of the
'ha'
fj\'C
of Lhe
s~ AUSff3I!;an stmes (~>:cludinlt
Tasm3n;Jl. for )owcr-hnuse ciCCII"". in lh<:
Nonhcm TCfTilOI)·. and fur upper· !lou"" clOCIion<
in Tum"'n... The Republic of Jrelond ust'S • PV
,ystem for"" presklenU:1I cfCCllotlS.
c:1c.:doraIC
indlC"Jlin~
Ih. o~ of their
rrefcren,cr; (or the C".Jnc.hda(c.~. The,.' \\Tite -1' nc,.;l
to Ih,,~tr most preferred C':mdid:ltc. -2" n~xt (0 lhl.:lt
_nod cholu:; ·3- n,,,,' Iheir third dlOia:, uruJ >u
on
'0
How Till! VOT1NG WOllXS
lbe following ...n c.. mplc or a I'V l>'JIIOl poper
fur a hyporhC'fiC".u Nt:1A· labnd e:«lorat~.
~11C
P\" -,)'sh.:nu nul' ~uin! VOl~rs to C1~~
:l fuU ~tuc:
rm~(ercnces - dUI is. 10 v.i11C;,i
p·re(t.'ft.-nct" numher OItylinSC c:vc=ry l';lmJitble un rhe
or
-
h.llot I»pcr Tht< c< wh:1! happens In AU&lr:lli:l. 1'0
c.~ , ",~.hu YUle: there. \·ote:t') arc: n..'qui~ (0
i:'U11C.tf~ the: order of I'~r pn.ofcfl:nce", fnr an1hc
c:lndKb,,,.
Otlu:r !iy!\I~m. m;l)' make' il option:ll tD
dc:d:U'~ onc='ot bier prcft."1"l:nCt'S. In the Irish
prc:.<id<onu.1 "Ieellon.<. ror """mplc. votc" do nOl
_a1__a1""_a1
_
.....-ilIIl...
their firsc
r>",f=l1<.., oolj·. 'hi> .fT""" <he ><.'COnd and I.ter
(OOnl:- iI\ :,,, e\"...1ton - as an be SC!iCn in Ike
..""mple of lhe 19')0) Irish I...,.idl:nli:ll Election
( _ I1oll0m or P:SllC l4). Ju-'ot under I~ of Cum....'
rIN-pre(cn..-ncc vOlC3i h:uJ nn ~um.c.'"'qucnr
prcf~!\C,,':- hs:.c.od, :.lnd W could nO( be Ir.lnsftrred
Wltt:n
\'oc.~ :!r~ COlJflteQ,
i1
(rl,.~ll~nd~'
hil~
;I,
m;)jor~ • more
IKlptJCIL'(j llloll no
('"ndid.lt.:
~"",.
.. _.
<:tmditkt~
Harvey
Votes
Vtlle!
VOle>'
ISO
350
+S -ISS
-IS -170
--30 -:180
300
-20 -320
125
75
-20 -145
-75 -0
.80 -.(60
.SO -370
-145 -0
-170 -0
+80 -540
Kalene
M011'iJon
~
JUSlice
Unillod People'.
Rcpubllaan
Sl:Iironl
Wadswonlt
Total
Conserv.lllon
iOOO
..,""""",
"'. . . . N~\.a.1.. 1.1I'Cl1 ....
............. QIOI1IM..,....n
CII'didIIII.abfti:lQ . . . ." , .
h:llf • of ,he VOl"" ClsI. If thi.< is the case. 1h<.'11
Ihe sc.-cond prer~nc~l' of Ihe: ~:II!l\ ~ucc~.d'ul
(;Intlic.bl'r ('he c:muldlle Wilh the fewe'l first-
AU C4ndJdtINs ttnd parrlllr au«J
On ~ lim counl, non~ of Ihe: flVl! ClntJid:'I~
te('eivoo ~ nuJOril)' .. 31 Ic;)st ~ .. I of the Votes
--90 -460
10015
EFI'I!CTS ON PARUAMENT AND
GoVEaNMI!NT
The Prd"~renlial V()(in~ J4ip.:c='Ol L'" nOi .. (ofm of
pRlpOr'ti01\;l.t n:.-presc."~t\l:arinn Ho~r. untler a
pv s\'>1em. peo~Je who VOle for ml!1Ot'p:lIty
c.mhdlle::.-;: ato tt-.clr fifSt p:c(t:r~nu: ::lf~ $d\'en 2
chance: It> inOucncc Ihe n.."SUIl> of the elt."(.11()f\
Ihrough Iheit ","'COnd. lhIrd, etc. "",I.,cnce.,.
Qat.
r\~erthele~. Ihu. 5YSl~na j",
In Au<itr.Ji•• tOr eJ<:lmple, the DentOCtUIK:
labcX' Pan)' ;.tnd rh\.' Au."Ir"Jlhm O¢mlXnlJi have
n..~cr won .. :'C:.lt in the Hou:iC: nf Rq'>rescntali\'L~.
for "'hieh rhe I'V SYlllem i.< used ([joth pani""
h3\"e wun SC'ab in the Au.~Ir:dbn Sc:nacr. but Sc:nate
So. founh count took place. in "'h!ch (11<'
polling at the:: 3 tt=maining c;lOdldareo
(H,rvc\'1 had hcr '001 of 170 r<:distrihulcd .nd on
'hls counl J(a(me pined more than ,he SOl \.",,,,,
nc:cdcd and
unlikely to
inae3:iC minor·pan)' re:pl'C:'C:ntarion .0 ParfjilmcmL
IO\\'~'
50 " .. s d~t:tf
e:cCllOlU uo<
A real·lif. clClImplc of a PV 5l':llem " ...011< is
the 1990 Irl<h Pre<idcnt••1 election (sec belowl.
the S'TV sy>Icm )
lk!~U$e
it Is unhkeh' to
Inae1~ minor-p31'ty
rt:fJ~nt;,llior. in
?.. rh.lR~r. 1h~ Jln..of't."1't.."nu31 Vollnj.!:
!i)':ilcm mc.:~n.1 th;J1 a tcn\·tomlllCnt (':In usu;llI)" he::
formed \\'llMUI the nc."Cd for coalUt.(In:; Or
agr~n'lC:I11_~
bt.,.\\ ...~n p:u1if:S
\\·"h the hll\h<:Sl numi>er or I'rint:lry VOl.... .... the
firM eX:1mpl~ ,how~, firg-placed c",ndidJt" :u~
oflC:'\ Ihe rNin bcncflCl.3rie:t of dl::.lrinulcd
c:lOdlcbl~
"",ferenees.
\,·Of..:':
4th Count.
lli"'ribuuon
of H.:uvcy's
'If elIU t!lU1mp1, 41,. .,Uf,.tyJk:ttcPtat.
preference \'Ole,) .,,, .110'::11,"<1 10 the 11Ig!let·poIIUlll
Th\:
lOOO
"1000
The cw:nlu:rl "-'loner, Rnblruon. ""''3.~ c:1fl:'d1:C
dc:Jllltc lrtili31ly tnilins the Olhcr main candidtte,
Lenih...., 1»' nlOre: Ih.n 80.000 first'pn:f,'rmc" VOlc:'.
II io WOrth rKllillg (h.1 ,,",cond.placed
candidates do nor m.'i.\..."'<.Santy oYCrtake cnndidate.i
Ih:rn
3'" Count:
DlSlribulion
of StafTORI'.
Nota: Number of YlIlid v""'" - 1000.
Number o(VOlei needed fo< .Iectlon (SO% +1). SOl.
s«'Ond ('aunl. sun R(\ One obc:alRed d.e nUl1\hct or
votes neces.sary (or election..
Con.'""luc:nlly•• Ihird eount look pLtce.
.Suaff'crd's 145 ~'OIe5 ...~ red~1rl1.xJled to che .3
remaining c3cKticbte~ In lhe rJce. but 3pin no one
~"C:ei"L~ a lnalonty
Mornington Electorate
have 10 indlQl~ Ih~lr second. third. etc,
in<.lic:lt~
Znd Count:
DIsln'butlon
of W.d...'O!th'.
..... """'k. Ih. lowc>I-poIling clOd,darc
lWad>WOIthI had hlS 75 VOles tcdi!ilribule<l on ,he
PreferentialVOllng
Ballot Paper
pr~{t;:rcll(t:'(j
If VClleTS dl."<:ldc: 10
hI Count
So ""'reI.ful and,,,",,,, Mil ha"" ffi'JOC.lY
~upport In lhei" eJeetor:lte::- ~ even if on~ has to dig
How THE SvSTE.\( WORKS
P.:oplc VOl" by
CllUmNG Vcrt& IN .. K ~ ~ V01'IMO (PY) I1ucnJMft
ure now courued 3g:lin (chis
(he .st."C'Ond (ount l,
If lht.:r~ :lr~ onh Ihrt!C' C"Jndicbcelli, then Ihe
pJUf.:CS!I 4mcl)o ht."Tt.' • wilh 0I1t! c.".U'ldid:.lte no....· h:l\'11"Ilt
j,'(j
.I
m:t;Clfil)"
D S~l"
or rhe \'Ole' caN..
~I'dy
If Ihett' ate mot" 'hen lhnx: C1ndid...... (hen
Ihe pIlll:e:toS lI1ay
nm 1990 WsH ~ I!ulI:noK aau.,..
Lonltnu~.
An dcclll"Jt:I:c: nuy h%Yc. fur c.umrle, 5 6. or
'i Clndid:lI,.,.. And al tfu, end of 111c oecond coun' •
with the low,",(.poIlir.g ('.•ndid:l(. 31.....dl.
t:hnunat~d - nane: of rhe rernaininp; C'"o1nc.Jic:b(~ f!U)
yo:! h,ve h<...", .b1c '0 Itel • lI1ajOnll' of the \'01...
oS( $0 lhe PN.~~ i.... fq>,:::ued' the M:COf'IGo
1""'t:"1'OIhn~ Clnd'ldalc i' dropped olf ond 'ltor
pn:fcn,nccs ,'" diSlnbuled among Ihe ",n'lllnlng
c...... ndid:Jlt:3l
This proces.< ronlinoc> olllil or.e nnd:da'<'
II:l5 A nulOrily of the v<xcs COOl 1I1 the "ICClotaIC.
PrimatyVOlel
Cume's
~ediwibulcd
Total
s.:c-ond P<clcrcnc".
Currie
r.Vo-J
267,902
Lenlhon
Robinson
candllJatt>S
.'\cl~
All CA1ldfdata a'uJ pa~
l.sed
Itt Ibis c:(runpk CU\"
I1flltrWl'rll1trHlIl1.
How TilE SEATS WORJ( OUr
The MY ,n ...hoch VOIers' pr.. re~nce< moy bo:
dhlriboled dur,ng an <'Iection I'2n be: .~'Ct\ on the
lop of p'lle 14·
13
Non Jr<I"ffemble'
Total
('If>)
(fIio.J
-267,902
694,484
170
..... 1
612.265
38.9
1.574.651
+36.789
+205.565
+25.548
(96J
101
(16)
B7
76.7
731,273
472
817.630
52,8
9.6
25.548
1,574,651
100.0
100.0
1000
Note: • No funher preferences Indl<:aled on ballot paper.
(.V<J)
The question for the 1992 New Zealand Referendum on Electoral Reform as it
appears in the "Guide to the Electoral Reform Referendum"
THE VOTING PRICEDURE
E"'ery re,gistef('d
"Oler
kls
~WU \ ol~" ;il tb~
i9
S~ptcnlh.er Rr,:fcH:ndu1l1
1l1c voting p,lpr,:r <:on~i-;;ts
of two :,;;cp;lmtc pk:c<,:.s of pap,;r; P;\HT A and
PART B.
PAR1' A (.'oTl!;lins 'Wha! :.Ife ('all~d the n\,otinn.
,~'slcm
Voting in PART A of the \oling p.lpcr b
sin,ple. The voteT IU:-t put... " lick t.,/) nt:xl to
t'l.'I.'O
\'o!crs
.11'1;;
c...llhxl lh..: .. c..·k'I'nl
Illay \ olt; for on.; of th ...: 1'0 II'
n:fonn uplions hUI thev
uu no!
have to.
A VOleI' C<ll) lore i1,e.aJns/ changing our I'n:senl
Fir~t-PaSI-Thc-PostSY~I(:'lll
11 l'AHT A Hnd al,s·o
{.~.st
a J'()wj'or-onc of the four rd<':mn option.s in
propoS<lls....
of the: I.-,)Jowi..~
PART B .;-nnl;tin:- \vh.11
op,!ons",
PART 13.
D1W
VOl! l;g In PART B of the VO(trlg P~IJ>c:.T b abo
TI1C \,oh:r ,u",t P~lts ;1 tid..: (../,
simple
"'l;lte rat'nt.,:
nt.~Xl to oJle of I ht~ fol!o\villS fOllr
StalL'lll~nh:
Vote Here
I VOTe TO RETAIN THE PRESENT
FIRST-PAST-THE-POST SYSTEM.
I VOTE FOR A CHANGE TO THE
VOTtNG SYSTEM.
,...
....
,...
...
""lI
""lI
.....
,..
Vote Here
I VOTE FOR THE SUPPLEMENTARY
MEMBER SYSTEM (SM).
I VOTE FOR THE SINGLE
TRANSFERABLE VOTE SYSTEM (STV).
I VOTE FOR THE MIXED MEMBER
PROPORTIONAL SYSTEM (MMP).
I VOTE FOR THE PREFERENTIAL.
VOTING SYSTEM (PV).
....
,...
...,..
....
,...
.....,
.....
.....
~
~
.....
New Zealand electoral results
FTTP
=First-past-the-post
1993 Election results
using FTTP:
MMP
=Mixed member proportional
1996 Election results
using MMP:
2014 Election results
using MMP:
National
50 seats
National
44 seats
National
60 seats
Labour
45
Labour
37
Labour
32
NZ First
2
NZ First
17
Green
14
Alliance
2
Alliance
13
NZ First
11
ACT
8
Maori
2
United NZ
1
ACT
1
United Future
1
PEl General Election results May 2015
First Past the Post
Liberal 40.80%
PC 37.40%
NDP 110/0
Green 10.80/0
18 seats
8 seats
o seats
1 seat
64%
32%
0%
4%
PEl General Election results May 2015
using the Preferential Voting system
8
9
10
11 17.5
12 11.9
13 0.8
14 3.6
45.
47.7
45.8
43.7
39.4
39
34.3
549
442
360
292
348
265
931
1:54
19:8
14_5
1166
955
1054
1040
826
1338
1031
699
666
1032
821
237
347
295
511
4 6
352
244
The results in District 14 are a classic example of vote splitting. Combining
the results of the NDP and Green would have taken the seat from the Liberal
candidate.
A preferential ballot would prevent vote-splitting.
PEl General Election results May 2015
using the Preferential Voting system
7 candidates won their seats with a majority - over 50% of the vote
Another 7 candidates were very close to a majority and likely would have
won their seats using a Preferential Voting system
5 candidates were more than 10 % ahead of their nearest rivals and likely
would have won their seats
Out of total of 27 seats, 19 would stay the same.
Voting for 8 seats was close. Vote splitting affected the results of two. Of the
remaining seats, there were only 4 really close races and of those, 2 seats
were elected Liberal, another became Liberal on a coin toss, and the fourth
was won by a PC candidate.
If we can assume in a Preferential system that left leaning voters are not
likely to prefer a PC candidate, a seat in a close race would go to a Liberal.
PEl General Election results May 2015
using the Preferential Voting system
Liberal 40.800.4
PC 37.400/0
NDP 11%
Green 10.8%
First Past the Post
18 seats 64%
8 seats
32%
oseats
0%
1 seat
4%
Preferential
18 seats 64%
8 seats
32%
oseats
ODA»
1 seat
4%
19 seats 70%
7 seats
26%
Assumptions made:
. that candidates leading in first choice votes are likely to win the seat (see
Preferential Voting system information page provided by New Zealand Guide to the
Electoral Referendum)
The electoral system
proposed in the White Paper on Democratic
Renewal
• 4 large districts based on the federal electoral boundaries
with 1 candidate elected in each
• 24 individual districts
• Total of 28 seats in the legislature
• Using a Preferential Voting system with ranked ballots
PEl General Election results May 2015
The large districts as proposed in the White Paper
Provincial Stals S
m
NDP
PC
llBERAL
GREEN
POPUlAR
997
OlE
1
2
3
Total
528
256
585
216
258
4
5
6
350
7
211
2404
33478
30664
8850
951
1170
1179
0
1448
145
1060
1095
1173
1453
785
1203
1173
2155
106
152
234
330
1114
8 16
1501
ITl
1144
9444
Cardigan: Ridings 1-7 Votes: 21008
Charlottetown: Ridings 8-14 Votes: 20974
Malpeque: Ridings 15-20 Votes: 21009
Egmont: Ridings 21-27 Votes: 18998
81989 to
YO
Riding Totid ,
21 8
155
PEl General Election results May 2015
An example of a large constituency result using the voting system proposed in
the White Paper on Democratic Renewal
5
6
7
18
9
0
516
243
58
294
29
264
1504
046
13 0
1056
609
1 52
1 54
1033
7218
462
377
32
5 1
8161
3
4126
• Number of voters: 21009
• Votes needed to win large constituency seat: 10505
• The Progressive Conservatives have the most votes for the constituency so
would likely win the 7th seat
PEl General Election results May 2015
using the voting system proposed in the White Paper on Democratic Renewal
Liberal 40.800,4
37.40~
Green 10.8%
NO? 114Yc
First Past the Post
18 seats
64%
8 seats
32%
oseats
0%
1 seat
40/0
Preferential
18 seats
64%
8 seats
320/0
oseats
0%
1 seat
4%
19 seats 70%
7 seats
26%
64%
9 seats
32%
oseats
0%
1 seat
4%
White Paper
proposal
•
PC
18 seats
The number of seats is raised to 28 with 24 ridings and 4 districts based on the
federal electoral districts.
PEl General Election results May 2015
using the Single Transferable Voting system
• Using the White Paper breakdown of large districts
• 7 candidates elected in 4 large districts
• Open list STV
- Voters are able to rank candidates inside and outside of party lists
- Can rank as many or as few candidates as they wish
• Number of votes needed based on the Droop Quota
- Number of votes cast divided by the number of seats plus 1
PEl General Election results May 2015
An example of a large constituency result
using the Single Transferable Voting system
•
~
--
- - -
f~
__ ••.
-- .
I
••••
. --=i?
rI
'f). ~1.i:!
~
J
,
'.'
I
~
~r..
'"
".-6
3187
8932
6413
2 42
• This is an open list STV result
• Number of votes needed to win a seat based on a Droop Quota of 2623.
• Distribution of preferences assumes that the voter would keep preferences inside the
fi rst choice party
• No votes were transferred between parties
PEl General Election results May 2015
using the Single Transferable Voting system inside 4 large constituencies,
with 7 candidates elected in each
First Past the Post
Liberal 40.80%
PC 37AOOA
NDP 11%
Green 10.8%
18 seats 64%
8 seats
3%
oseats
0%
1 seat
4%
Preferential
sea
77 Yo
5 seats
goA
osea
O~
1 seat
4%
Wbi PapeI
proposal
seats 75%
6 seats
21%
osea
0%
1 eat
OOA
10 eas 360/0
3 (4)
11%
(14%)
2 seats
OOAt
Single Transferable 13 (1 )
Vote
sea
46%
(43%)
seat
In conclusion
Legitimacy
Fairness of representation
Voter choice
Effective parties
Stable and effective government
Effective parliament
Stronger voter participation
Accountability
Special thanks to:
Kent Nickerson
Dr. Andre Blais, Canada Research Chair in Electoral Studies, University of Montreal
Photo credits:
PEl Legislative assembly, interior of chamber, opposition side. From Prince Edward Island Legislative Documents
Online. Retrieved November 5, 2015, from http://www.peildo.ca/fedora/repository/leg:28019
Voting place. CBC Prince Edward Island.
http://www.cbc.ca/news/elections/prince-edward-island-votes/p-e-i-election-features-4-rookie-leaders-1.3058854
Bibliography:
Elections Prince Edward Island. Province-wide Summary, Provincial General Election - May 04,2015 - Results.
Retrieved October 12, 2015, from http://www.electionspeLca/provincial/historical/results/201 51
The Guide to the electoral referendum. (1992). Wellington [N.Z.: Electoral Referendum PaneL] (Available at
http://www.ifes.org/sites/default/files/ce01217.pdf )
NEW ZEALAND ELECTION RESULTS. (n.d.). Retrieved October 27,2015, from
http://www.electionresults.govt.nz/
Ontario. Legislative Assembly. Select Committee on Electoral Reform Report on electoral reform (2005)
[electronic resource]
http://www.ontla.on.ca/committee-proceedings/committee-reports/files_pdf/Electoral%20Reformo/o20Final°.lo20Report-Er