Models and
Designs
Everyday Mysteries
• System – Two or more objects
that work together in a
meaningful way.
• Black box – A
system in which
structure and
behavior are not
completely
understood.
• Atom – The
smallest
particle of an
element.
Atoms are the
building
blocks of
matter.
Atoms Video (0:51)
• Model – An
explanation of
an object,
system, or
process that
cannot be
easily studied.
• Conceptual Model – Taking
form in the mind, like an idea,
explanation, or image.
• Physical
Model – A
concrete
model that
can be seen,
touched, and
manipulated.
• Scale Model - A
scale model is a
representation
of an object
with all the
parts in the
same proportion
to their true
size.
Models to Illustrate the Scale of
Space (3:42)
• René
Descartes –
French
mathematician,
scientist, and
philosopher
who believed
the Earth was
surrounded by
a substance
called ether.
• Ether – A
hypothetical
substance
thought to be
filled with
chains of
invisible
particles
which was
believed to fill
outer space.
• Jean Bernoulli –
A Swiss
mathematician
and scientist
who believed
that outer space
was a fluid filled
with tiny
whirlpools.
• Today, scientists believe that
the Earth is surrounded by a
gaseous atmosphere and
energy in the form of
electromagnetic radiation.
• James Watson & Francis Crick
– The scientists who identified
the structure of DNA, the
double helix.
• DNA – A
material that
carries the
traits or
characteristics
from parents to
offspring
through genes.
• Deoxyribonucleic Acid
• Trait – A characteristic or
condition that is determined
by one’s genes.
The color of an animal’s coat and the
shape of a plant’s leaves are physical
traits. Nesting in birds and burrowing in
rodents are examples of behavioral traits.
Scientists And Models
• Gnomon – A rod
used to cast a
shadow, used by
the Babylonians
to measure the
lengths of
shadows and
therefore, days.
• Astronomer – a scientist who
studies the universe and the
objects in it.
• Ptolemy – Second century A.D.
Greek astronomer and
mathematician who believed
that all heavenly bodies
(planets) revolve around Earth.
• Nicolaus Copernicus – A Polish
lawyer, doctor, and part-time
astronomer who concluded
that the Sun was at the center
of the universe and the Earth
and other planets revolved
around it.
• Infinity – A
space, extent
of time, or
quantity that
has no limit;
never ending.
• Galileo Galilei – An Italian
scientist who used a
telescope to observe Jupiter
and Venus and determined
that the planets did revolve
around the Sun, as Copernicus
had suggested.
Copernicus & Galileo Video (0:46)
Galileo’s Telescope (3:45)
Our Solar System
Solar System Mnemonic Peg
• My
• Very
• Excellent
• Mother
• Just
• Served
• Us
• Nachos
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
• Mercury
• Venus
• Earth
• Mars
• Jupiter
• Saturn
• Uranus
• Neptune
• Inner Planets:
• Mercury
• Venus
• Earth
• Mars
Asteroid Belt
Regular Belt
• Outer Planets:
• Jupiter
• Saturn
• Uranus
• Neptune
http://kokogiak.com/solarsystem
bodies_metric.jpg
Drought Stopper
• Siphon – A tube
that moves liquid
out of a
container by
gravity, provided
the outflow end
is lower than the
intake end.
• Collaboration - To
work together,
especially in a
joint intellectual
effort.
• Consensus - An
opinion or position
reached by a
group as a whole;
to come to an
overall agreement.
• Rube Goldberg –
A cartoonist
who drew
designs of
complicated
inventions that
performed
simple tasks.
Rube Goldberg Cartoon Video (2:19)
Carbolic acid (A drops on string (B causing it to break and release elastic of bean
shooter (C which projects ball (D) into bunch of garlic (E) causing it to fall into syrup can
(F) and splash syrup violently against side wall. Fly (G) buzzes with glee and goes for
syrup, his favorite dish. Butler-dog (H) mistakes hum of fly's wings for door buzzer and
runs to meet visitor, pulling rope (I) which turns stop-go signal (J) and causes baseball
bat (K) to sock fly who falls to floor unconscious. As fly drops to floor pet trout (L) jumps
for him, misses, and lands in net (M). Weight of fish forces shoe (N) down on fallen fly
and puts him out of the running for all time.
Open window (A) and fly kite (B). String (C) lifts small door (D) allowing moths (E) to
escape and eat red flannel shirt (F). As weight of shirt becomes less, shoe (G) steps on
switch (H) which heats electric iron (I) and burns hole in pants (J). Smoke (K) enters
hole in tree (L), smoking out opossum (M) which jumps into basket (N), pulling rope (O)
and lifting cage (P), allowing woodpecker (Q) to chew wood from pencil (R), exposing
lead. Emergency knife (S) is always handy in case opossum or the woodpecker gets
sick and can't work.
• Nate’s Honda Accord Ad (2:00)
• YouTube Version:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=USc
bWzhieNc&feature=related
Rube Goldberg YouTube Videos
• Office Contraption:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0J16dyV4Du8
• Japanese Contraption:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DtVkzgKObv0&fe
ature=related
• Nintendo Rube Goldberg:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7_4VZOjKRxA&fe
ature=related
• Myth Busters Goldberg Machine:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lCYg_gz4fDo&fea
ture=related
• Star Wars Rube Goldberg:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rspYOxcnaTk&fe
ature=related
• Japanese Rube Goldberg Comercials:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EJz6ls58rRU&fea
ture=related
• Domino Pool:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jFI3FOOzyDY&fe
ature=related
• Patent – A
document
that gives an
inventor legal
ownership.
• “Building a better mousetrap”
involves taking a simple,
everyday item and improving
it.
• The invention
process
includes,
brainstorming,
choosing an
idea, designing a
model, testing it,
and making the
necessary
changes.
Life Without Inventions Video (2:48)
Humdingers
• Collaborate –
To share
ideas and
solutions.
• Circuit – An
unbroken
pathway along
which
electricity
flows.
• Switch – A device that opens
and closes a circuit.
Circuits Video (1:55)
Models & Designs Part One
Lesson Review
• What is the term for two or more objects that work
together in a meaningful way?
• What is a system in which structure and behavior
are not completely understood?
• What is the smallest particle of an element and
serve as the building blocks of matter?
• What is the term for an explanation or
representation of an object, system, or process
that cannot be easily studied?
• Which type of model takes form in the mind, like an
idea, explanation, or image?
• Which type of model is a concrete model that can
be seen, touched, and manipulated?
Models & Designs Part One
Lesson Review Continued
• Who was the French mathematician, scientist, and
philosopher who believed the Earth was
surrounded by a substance called ether?
• What is the name of the hypothetical substance
thought to be filled with chains of invisible
particles which was believed to fill outer space?
• Who was the Swiss mathematician and scientist
who believed that outer space was a fluid filled
with tiny whirlpools?
• What do scientists believe the Earth is surrounded
by today?
• What are James Watson & Francis Crick known for
discovering?
Models & Designs Part One
Lesson Review Continued
• What is the term for the material that carries the
traits or characteristics from parents to offspring
through genes.
• What is the term for the rod used by the
Babylonians to measure the lengths of shadows
and therefore, days?
• What does an astronomer study?
• What did Ptolemy believe about the planets?
• What did Nicolaus Copernicus believe about the
planets?
• Who did Galileo Galilei agree with? Why?
• What is a siphon?
Models & Designs Part One
Lesson Review Continued
• What is Rube Goldberg known for?
• What is the term for the document that gives an
inventor legal ownership?
• What does it mean to collaborate?
• What is an unbroken pathway along which
electricity flows known as?
• What is a switch?
Models and Designs
Part Two
• Internal combustion engine –
An engine that produces
mechanical energy by the
explosive combustion
(burning) of fuel.
• Steam engine An engine that
produces
mechanical
energy by
using the
energy of hot
steam.
• Horseless
carriage –
The term
used to
describe the
first
automobiles.
A Brief History of Automobiles
Video (1:58)
• Automobile manufacturers
continue to make inventions
or improvements on cars
every year.
Octoauto
Eliica
• Idea car/concept car –
Experimental cars which are
developed as physical models
to test certain features and
new ideas.
• Force – An interaction
between objects causing
movement; a push or a pull.
Introduction To Forces Video (3:15)
• Gravity – A
force of
attraction
between
objects; The
force that
pulls all
objects
toward the
center of the
Earth.
• Nothing starts to move unless
a force is applied!
• Tension – A
force in a
material that
has been
stretched by
the pull of
opposing
forces.
• Friction – A force acting
between surfaces passing
each other or rubbing
together. Friction acts to
resist motion.
Friction Video (1:33)
• Traction – The friction force
that tends to keep two
materials from slipping past
each other; allowing the
material to grip rather than
spin.
Friction Creates Drag Video (3:09)
Go-Carts
• Design – The way something is
put together.
• Engineer – A
person who
uses scientific
knowledge to
design useful
things.
• Axle – The
rod that
connects the
wheels so
that they
turn
together.
• Hub – The
center part of
the wheel that
is fastened to
the axle.
• Wheel – the
disk that
turns on a
central axis.
Inertia and Momentum
• Matter – Anything that takes
up space and has mass. It can
be solid, liquid, or gas.
• Mass – A measure of the
quantity of matter in an
object. {Different than weight}
Gravity & Mass Video (2:33)
Newton's First Law of Motion:
• Inertia – The
tendency of an
object to resist
a change in its
movement,
whether the
object is
moving or at
rest. Large
masses have a
lot of inertia.
Inertia (1:52)
• Inertia keeps
an object
doing what it
is doing; if an
object is in
motion it
wants to stay
in motion, if
an object is at
rest it wants
to stay at
rest.
• Net force –
The force
applied to
change an
object’s
motion or
overcome
its inertia.
• NET FORCE
CHANGES
INERTIA.
• Velocity – The speed at which
an object moves in a certain
direction. (How much time it
takes an object to move a
certain distance.)
• Velocity =
Speed &
Direction
Velocity & Acceleration Video (1:58)
• Momentum – The amount of
force or energy an object has
when it is moving. The
greater the mass or velocity,
the greater the momentum.
• Acceleration – Change of
velocity (the rate of motion).
Positive acceleration is
speeding up; negative
acceleration is slowing down.
Newton’s First Law of Motion
Video (2:08)
Car Tricks
• Technology –
The enterprise
of using science
to develop
objects,
machines, and
materials that
are of use to
society.
• Five-Phase Product
Development Process –
1. Design: plan how to build
the product.
2. Construction: build a prototype,
or first model of the product.
3. Testing: try it out to see if it
does what it is supposed to.
4. Evaluation: decide if the product
is good enough.
5. Redesign: change the product to
make it better.
Advanced Cart Tricks Options
• A cart that wobbles back and forth
as it travels.
• A cart that bucks up and down like a
bronco.
• A cart that sports a ringing bell like
an old-fashioned fire truck.
• A cart that imitates
the sound of a motor.
• A cart that goes 2
meters and ends up
where it started.
• Variable – Anything that you
can change in a design that
might affect the performance
of the product.
Models & Designs Part Two
Lesson Review
• Which car manufacturer is the largest industrial
company in the world?
• What is the term for an engine that produces
mechanical energy by the explosive combustion
(burning) of fuel?
• What is the term for an engine that produces
mechanical energy by using the energy of hot
steam?
• What term was used to describe the first
automobiles?
• What is the term for experimental cars which are
developed as physical models to test certain
features and new ideas?
• What is a force?
• What is the term for the force of attraction
between masses; The force that pulls all objects
toward the center of the Earth?
Models & Designs Part Two
Lesson Review Continued
• What is tension?
• What is the term for the force acting between
surfaces passing each other or rubbing together?
• What is traction?
• What is the term for the way something is put
together?
• Who is a person that uses scientific knowledge to
design useful things?
• What is the term for the rod that connects the
wheels, so that they turn together?
• What is a hub?
• What is a wheel?
• What is the term for anything that takes up space
and has mass?
• What is mass?
Models & Designs Part Two
Lesson Review Continued
• What is inertia?
• What is the term for the force applied to change an
object’s motion/ overcome its inertia?
• What is velocity?
• What is the term for the amount of force or energy
an object has when it is moving?
• What is acceleration?
• What is the term for a force exerted for a period of
time?
• Surviving a car crash is all about lengthening the
time of impulse to reduce the strength of the force.
• What is technology?
• What is a variable?
That’s All Folks!
Roller Coasters Video
Potential & Kinetic Energy
Video