Section 3
TERMS OF REFERENCE
Grid Integration Study to Assess the Expansion of the Electricity
Generation Capacity with Variable Renewable Energy Resources into the
electricity grid on Espiritu Santo, Vanuatu
I.
BACKGROUND
The International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA) is an inter-governmental organisation,
mandated by member states around the world to promote the widespread and increased adoption, and
sustainable use of all forms of renewable energy. In accordance with its Statute, IRENA’s objective is
to “promote the widespread and increased adoption and the sustainable use of all forms of renewable
energy”. These concerns all forms of energy produced from renewable sources in a sustainable manner.
These forms include bioenergy, geothermal energy, hydropower, ocean, solar, on and off-shore wind
power.
Given the availability of resources and the economic benefits, Small Island Developing States (SIDS)
have unique opportunities to carry out and demonstrate successful transitions towards a renewable
energy based electricity supply. Several Small Island Developing States (SIDS) have already set
ambitious RE targets and have started a rapid transition in their power sector. In SIDS this process has
been also motivated by the vulnerability to the effects of climate change and the commitment of their
governments with the global effort against it.
The transition in the power sector involves in many cases the integration of electricity generated by
variable renewable energy (VRE) technologies, like wind power and solar PV, into the existing
infrastructure. The physical characteristics of the power produced with the VRE are defined by the
variability of the available input primary energy, the location-specificity of natural resources, and the
interface with the electricity grid through power electronics converters. Furthermore, these resources
can be deployed in both distributed and centralised manner. These characteristics differ from the
conventional generation traditionally used in islands. The integration of the new VRE brings physical
changes in the existing power supply infrastructure. These physical changes impose new challenges to
the network operators and the energy authorities in the islands, which must guarantee the reliability and
efficiency of the supply of electricity.
To support SIDS in planning how to overcome the technical challenges associated with the integration
of high shares of VRE, IRENA is facilitating the realization of technical grid integration studies. These
studies aim to identify the technical constraints associated with the integration of expected targets from
variable renewable generation in the electricity grids and the possible measures to overcome the
potential problems.
Country Context
The Republic of Vanuatu is an archipelago of more than 80 volcanic islands in the South Pacific. It has
a population of about 240,000 distributed in about 50,000 households (2009 data). Around 25% of the
population lives on the main island of Efate, which hosts the capital city Port Vila. 15% of the
population lives in the island of Espiritu Santo, which hosts Luganville the second largest urban area.
Around 75 percent of the population lives in rural areas.
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It is estimated that 33% of all households in Vanuatu have access to electricity. Only around 9% of the
households in rural areas have access, while this rate in urban areas is 82% ((IRENA, 2015) and (CIF,
2014)).
Electric power in Vanuatu is supplied either through urban grids or by off-grid power systems in rural
areas. Four of the islands have urban grid systems, covering certain areas of the island in each case. The
grids are operated under concession arrangements, where the local concessionaire undertakes
generation, distribution, dispatch, billing and settlement activities for consumers within its jurisdiction
(CIF, 2014).
More than 90% of electricity in the country is currently generated and delivered in the grid concessions.
Union Electrique du Vanuatu Limited (UNELCO), a subsidiary of the ENGIE group, serves the entire
island of Efate (which includes Port Vila, the capital and largest city) and the urban areas of Tanna and
Malekula. Vanuatu Utilities and Infrastructure (VUI), a subsidiary of the Pernix Group, operates in
Luganville, the second largest city in the country, located in the island of Espiritu Santo..
Within the concessional areas, the Utilities Regulatory Authority (URA) has the mission of regulating
the utilities to ensure the provision of safe, reliable and affordable electricity services. The URA
regulates prices and services standards, monitoring the concession contracts between the government
and the utilities ( (SMEC , 2014) and (URA, 2016)).
The generation of power with diesel in Vanuatu has fallen in the last decade. This is due to increased
hydropower capacity in Luganville, more CNO replacing diesel fuel, and the installation of a 3 MW
wind farm near Port Vila together with smaller PV generation projects (IRENA, 2015). In 2015 the
shares of renewable energy (RE) in the concessional grids was around 29% (URA, 2016).
Most of the electricity outside the concession areas is produced by small diesel generators operated by
communities or government stations. Diesel-powered mini-/micro-grids are typically used in tourism
facilities. The objective of the government is to provide 100% of rural households with electricity access
by 2030 through individual home systems, micro-/mini-grids ( (Republic of Vanuatu, 2013) (IRENA,
2015) (Republic of Vanuatu, 2016)).
Project Background
In 2013 the Government of Vanuatu released its National Energy Road Map (NERM (Republic of
Vanuatu, 2013)), which sets the national energy policy. The NERM was updated in 2016 (Republic of
Vanuatu, 2016).
In the NERM 100% access to electricity in 2030 is set as a target. Achieving this target requires:
 Providing access to all the households within or close to the concession grid areas (in 2015
access was around 62% of all households in the covered areas)
 The expansion of the existing grids (where it is the least cost option)
 The deployment of off-grid systems in remote locations
Climate Investment Fund’s (CIF) SREP Investment Plan for Vanuatu (CIF, 2014) includes a component
for increasing electricity access in rural areas, the “Off-grid rural electrification project”. This project
will be integrated to the ongoing Vanuatu Rural Electrification Programme (VREP), which is managed
by Vanuatu’s Department of Energy with oversight support from the World Bank using a grant from
the Government of New Zealand.
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Through a grant from the CIF as well as additional leveraged resources, the “Off-grid rural
electrification project” would target 80 percent of the dispersed off-grid customers in Vanuatu with
stand-alone solar systems and, where feasible, renewable energy based micro- or mini-grid systems.
The project would increase electricity access in Vanuatu to around 85%, covering nearly all customers
outside existing concession areas with renewable energy resources (CIF, 2014).
There are two types of initiatives that are helping to increase the rate of new connections in areas within
or close to the existing grids. The first type corresponds to the grid extensions plans from UNELCO
and VUI. The second type are financial initiatives intended to support the increase of connections. In
these cases, financial support is provided for new consumers to pay for the connection fees. The
financial initiatives include the Global Partnership for Output Based Aid (GPOBA) and investment
support funds for Port Vila and Loganville. These two initiatives are financed through collected tariffs.
If the financial initiatives achieve their new household connections goals, Vanuatu would have 71
percent of households within and close to the concession areas connected by 2020 (Republic of
Vanuatu, 2016).
In 2013, the NERM set a target of 65% renewable energy share in the total electricity production by
2020 (Republic of Vanuatu, 2013). This target was updated to 100 % by 2030 in (Republic of Vanuatu,
2016), making it consistent with the country’s Intended Nationally-determined Contribution under
UNFCCC.
In the concession of Luganville the annual demand of electricity is around 9.5 GWha (URA, 2016),
with a peak load of 1.7 MW (CIF, 2014). According to (SMEC , 2014), the demand for electricity could
grow up to 11.9 GWh, and have a peak demand of 2.24 MW by 2032. This demand growth assumes
that 95% electricity access is achieved in the grid through new connections of customers.
The installed power generation capacity in Luganville is currently 4.1 MW. The run of the river hydro
power plant on Sarakata with an installed capacity of 1.2 MW is the major source of electricity. In 2015,
this hydro power plant provided around 75% of the electricity consumed in the concession (URA, 2016).
The remaining demand is covered with the diesel generators from a single power plant located in the
town. The installed capacity of the diesel power plant is 2.9 MW. It includes 5 generators with different
ratings and number of operating hours.
Previous studies such as (SMEC , 2014) and the Climate Investment Funds’ (CIF) SREP Investment
Plan for Vanuatu (CIF, 2014) identified the expansion of the hydropower plant of Sarakata as the most
suitable option to increase the shares of renewable energy in Luganville. In (CIF, 2014), other variable
renewable energy resources like solar PV and wind power were also identified as feasible options,
especially the former. Nonetheless, both options were found less suitable when compared to the run-ofriver option. Therefore, the investment plan from SREP recommended the capacity expansion of the
Sarakata run-of-river power plant by 300 kW.
The 7 million USD SREP funding proposal for Energy Access in Vanuatu, from October 2015 (SREP,
2015), which is based on the investment plan from (CIF, 2014), requests funds to expand the country’s
renewable energy generation and increase the energy access by constructing the Brenwe Hydropower
Plant in Malekula and extending distribution grid in both Malekula and Espiritu Santo (SREP, 2015).
Although recommended in the investment plan from (CIF, 2014), resources for expanding the Sarakata
hydro power plan have not yet being identified. A mission from JICA is currently assessing feasibility
for possible grants from the Japanese Government. The output of this work, which may include the
expansion of Sarakata is not yet known.
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In order to ensure the achievement of the targets set in the NERM, the Government of Vanuatu, through
the Department of Energy (DoE), is assessing different options to increase the share of renewables in
the island of Espiritu Santo and the concession of Luganville. Although solar PV was identified as a
cost effective solution for the concession’s grid, operational constraints related to stability and reliability
(including not successful past experiences) have decreased its priority in the ranking for the investment
plan from (CIF, 2014). In the same analysis, technical grid integration studies are recommended in order
to optimize investments.
In this context, the DoE has requested IRENA’s support to conduct a grid integration study to assess
the limitations of the current grid infrastructure of Luganville’s concession to host variable renewable
resources (solar PV and wind), and the required measures to guarantee an efficient, reliable and costeffective, operation of the grid when these technologies are connected to the system.
The cooperation between IRENA and the DoE will also include a neutral technical peer review of the
grid stability studies conducted by UNELCO for Port Villa’s concession. The review of the studies will
be done internally by IRENA and is therefore out of the scope of the study requested in these TOR
II.
OBJECTIVE
The “Grid Integration Study to Assess the Expansion of the Electricity Generation Capacity with
Variable Renewable Energy Resources in Espiritu Santo, Vanuatu”, from now on called the study, aims
to support the scaling up of renewable energy in the power sector in Vanuatu to achieve the targets set
in the NERM (Republic of Vanuatu, 2013) and (Republic of Vanuatu, 2016).
The specific objective of this study is the identification of feasible options, from the technical and
economic prospective, for increasing the shares of renewable energy in the electricity production in the
island of Espiritu Santo, Vanuatu. The study will be focused on variable renewable energy resources
(VRE), concretely solar PV and wind power.
III.
SCOPE OF WORK
The study will assess, from a techno-economic prospective, different alternatives for increasing the
shares of renewable energy in the power system concession of Luganville in the island of Espiritu Santo,
Vanuatu.
The study will focus on identifying alternatives to increase the shares of renewables in Luganville,
based on the so-called Variable Renewable Energy (VRE) resources, specifically solar PV and wind
power.
The alternatives to increase the shares of renewable energy will be presented through different possible
scenarios for the development of the power system in Luganville.
The supplier will be responsible for developing the possible scenarios for the deploying of VRE based
on the quantitative assessments requested in this TOR.
For each scenario proposed by the supplier the following outputs are expected:
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









Conditions and constraints that define each scenario, together with a description and
justification of the main assumptions taken (justification of the feasibility of the proposed
scenario)
Optimal mix of generation sources (PV, wind, hydro and diesel), according to the conditions
and constraints set for each scenario
Required investments in generation, transmission, distribution and grid integration measures
for VRE (i.e. enabling technologies)
Expected operational costs for selected years
Expected levelized cost of energy
Expected diesel consumption for selected years
Expected renewable energy shares for selected years
Identified technical constraints for the integration of VRE
Required grid integration measures for VRE (i.e. enabling technologies), including an initial
concept for dimensioning and implementation of the most relevant components. This also
includes relevant grid support functions and range of operation (frequency, voltage, etc.) to be
requested for PV and wind generators
Expected level of curtailment (spillover), and recommendations on how to manage and
implement this levels of curtailment.
The least cost (‘optimal’) mix of generation resources for each scenario must be estimated using
appropriate quantitative planning tools for hybrid-/mini-grid systems. In finding the least cost mix of
generation, investment and operational costs, including those for grid integration enabling technologies,
must be considered.
The selection of the hybrid-/mini-grid planning tool to be used to identify the least cost option on each
scenario, will be decided by the supplier. The supplier must inform IRENA about the selection of tool.
The choice of tool must be clearly stated in the methodology description as part of the technical
proposal.
The definition of the scenarios for the analysis must take into account the following pathways for the
possible development of the power system in Luganville:
a) The current infrastructure remains without major changes in the future
b) The electrical network is expanded to increase access of consumers in- or near the concession
area (with the corresponding growth in electricity demand) takes place
c) The installed capacity of the existing hydropower plant in Sarakata is expanded, according to
SREP investment plan and findings from JICA analyses.
The supplier must propose and analyse a set of scenarios based on a combination of the expected
evolution pathways of the system, as per the three conditions described above, and the following
considerations and constraints:
I.
II.
III.
Optimization of the total system costs until the year 2030 i.e. optimal generation mix of PV,
wind and diesel with fixed hydropower capacity,
100% shares of renewable energy by 2030 i.e. optimal mix of solar PV and wind, with fixed
hydropower capacity, to reach (and maintain) a share of 100% of the total electricity consumed
in the concession generated with renewable energy
Expansion of the grid concession area to interconnect the north-east of the island (Port Orly)
and exploit the wind power potential identified by previous studies there i.e. optimal generation
mix including expansion of the grid to Port Orly
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IV.
Optimization of expansion with solar PV and wind constrained by the technical limits imposed
by current infrastructure i.e. shares of solar PV and wind constrained by technical limits of
current grid
Combining the four conditions for deployment of solar PV and wind above, with the three possible
paths for the evolution of the power system, an initial set of scenarios to propose within this work would
be as in Table 1:
Scena
rio
1
2
Grid Expansion
Hydro Power
Expansion
Expansion
of No expansion
concession grid to
increase access as
in (SREP, 2015)
3
4
300 KW in
Sarakata as in
(SREP, 2015)
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
Expansion
of No expansion
concession grid to
increase access as
in (SREP, 2015) +
Expansion
on
concession grid to
connect North East
(Port Orly)
300 KW in
Sarakata as in
(SREP, 2015)
VRE (solar and wind) + Diesel Expansion mix
based on quantitative planning tool assessment
Optimal mix of solar, wind and diesel to cover
expected demand by year 2030, including required
enabling technologies
Optimal mix of solar PV and wind to cover 100%
of electricity demand with renewable energy by
year 2030 and beyond, including required
enabling technologies
Maximum possible amount of solar PV and wind,
constrained by current technical limits (no major
enabling technologies implemented)
Optimal mix of solar, wind and diesel to cover
expected demand by year 2030, including required
enabling technologies
Optimal mix of solar PV and wind to cover 100%
of electricity demand with renewables by year
2030 and beyond, including required enabling
technologies
Maximum possible amount of solar PV and wind,
constrained by current technical limits (no major
enabling technologies implemented)
Optimal mix of solar, wind and diesel to cover
expected demand by year 2030, including required
enabling technologies
Optimal mix of solar PV and wind to cover 100%
of electricity demand with renewables by year
2030 and beyond, including required enabling
technologies
Maximum possible amount of solar PV and wind,
constrained by current technical limits (no major
enabling technologies implemented)
Optimal mix of solar, wind and diesel to cover
expected demand by year 2030, including required
enabling technologies
Optimal mix of solar PV and wind to cover 100%
of electricity demand with renewables by year
2030 and beyond, including required enabling
technologies
Maximum possible amount of solar PV and wind,
constrained by current technical limits (no major
enabling technologies implemented)
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Table 1 IInitial set of scenarios to be considered in the study
The final set of scenarios to be analysed in the study will be defined by the supplier in agreement with
IRENA and Vanuatu’s DoE. The final selection will be based on the list of twelve (12) possible
scenarios from the table 1 above. The supplier is free to propose additional scenarios, not considered in
table 1, in the Methodology part of the technical proposal.
The optimization of the VRE generation mix, to construct the scenarios, will consider both operational
and investment costs. Investment cost will consider investments in generation, transmission,
distribution and integration enabling technologies. Integration enabling technologies will consider
among others, control systems for the dispatch and the allocation of spinning reserves on the generators,
energy storage solutions (for different time scales), demand management, and dump loads.
The identification of the technical limits for shares of VRE according to current infrastructure, required
transmission and/or distribution reinforcements, and suitable enabling technologies to allow the
integration of the recognised mix of wind and solar PV power will be done through grid modelling
analyses, using steady state and dynamic simulations of the mini-grid power system in Luganville.
For all the assessments, the supplier is free to select the appropriate analysis tools and models. The
choice of tools and models must be included in the technical proposal, as part of the description of the
methodology, that the supplier must submit to IRENA.
In building the scenarios and for the optimisation of the energy mix, the expansion of distribution grid
must be reflected as an increase in electricity demand, according to (SREP, 2015). For the grid
modelling component, the grid expansion must be reflected as an expansion of the distribution network
according to priority plans from VUI. This information will be provided to the supplier by IRENA.
All the necessary assumptions to carry out the studies will be proposed by the supplier and agreed with
IRENA and the DoE.
Aspects to be considered when planning the methodology to prepare the
technical proposal
The following considerations must be taken into account when preparing the technical proposal for the
study:
a) The data listed in Annex 1 of this TOR has been already collected in preparation for this TOR.
Additional information, necessary to carry out the assessments will be collected by the supplier
during the site visit. If basic information is not available, the supplier in agreement with IRENA
and the DoE will take the necessary assumptions. All the necessary assumptions to carry out the
studies will be proposed by the supplier and agreed with IRENA and the DoE.
b) It is important to take into account that one of the major challenges for grid studies in isolated
systems is the availability and quality of input data. The supplier must have enough experience to
work around these issues.
c) High time resolution measurements of grid events or load acceptance/rejection tests are not
available. Therefore, the dynamic models of the conventional generators and their controllers must
be based on standard parameters of similar equipment. In previous studies to work around this
limitation IRENA has worked with two sets of parameters to represent a possible region of dynamic
7 of 13
response on the system. It is expected that the supplier, reflecting its extended expertise, will
propose a similar or better approach to work around this issue. The technical limitations and the
implications for the accuracy of the results of the study are well understood by IRENA. It is
expected that in future updates (beyond the scope of this study), measures will be available and
models will be validated.
d) Additional data required by the supplier would be subject to availability from Vanuatu’s DoE and
VUI. Measurement campaigns are out of the scope of the study.
e) Time series of solar radiation and wind speed (or generation profiles) for limited selected sites
within the analysed geographical area will be provided by IRENA to facilitate the statistical
analyses to determine operational reserve and ramp rate requirements and to inform dynamic and
steady state simulations. The time series will be synthetically generated using a weather prediction
model, validated with available field measurements.
f) In the Methodology part of its technical proposal, the supplier will explain its approach to carry out
the tasks described in the scope of this TOR. This includes the selected tools and models to do the
assessments.
g) A site visit to collect input data is planned for this project. The expected duration of the site visit is
3 days.
h) . To perform the steady state and dynamic calculations, a simulation model in an industry standard
power system simulation software (like PowerFactory, PSS, NEPLAN, ETAP, PSFL or
MatLab/Simulink ) should be implemented and used by the supplier. The supplier is free to use the
simulation software of its preference. At least two working days to support IRENA staff in
implementing the developed model in the simulation software used by IRENA must be planned.
i)
j)
The supplier must prepare its technical proposal and the different deliverables of the work, taking
into account that the expected outputs include:
1. Site visit to complete collection of information
2. Identification of penetration limits for Variable Renewable Generation in the current
system according to grid modelling study
3. Definition of feasible scenarios for the development of the power system in 2030 in
Luganville, according to the conditions described in the scope of work and using
information about demand growth, fuel prices etc. from existing studies in the country. For
each proposed scenario, the following outputs are expected:
o Conditions and constraints that define the scenario and justification for the
assumptions (justification of the feasibility of the proposed scenario)
o Optimal mix of generation sources (PV, wind, hydro and diesel), according to the
conditions and constraints set for each scenario
o Required investments in generation, transmission, distribution and grid integration
measures for VRE (i.e. enabling technologies)
o Expected operational costs for selected years
o Expected levelized cost of energy
o Expected diesel consumption for selected years
o Expected renewable energy shares for selected years
o Identified technical constraints
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o
Required grid integration measures for VRE (i.e. enabling technologies), including
an initial concept for dimensioning and implementation of the most relevant
components. This also includes relevant grid support functions and operational
ranges to be requested for PV and wind generators
o Expected level of curtailment (spillover) and recommendations on how to
implement it.
4. A final report and an executive summary, written in English, presenting the findings and
the methodology of the study as well as the recommended investments and actions for each
scenario. The report must follow the style requirements from IRENA described in section
VI
5. Models developed to identify least cost option for each scenario as well as models to do the
dynamic and steady state simulations
IV.
RESPONSIBILITIES OF THE SUPPLIER
During the assignment, the supplier is expected to provide the required deliverables covering the scope
of work presented in section III of this Terms of Reference.
The supplier will be required to discuss the project progress by video or telephone conference with the
project team at the IRENA Innovation and Technology Centre (IITC), Bonn, Germany. This will
typically be on a bi-weekly basis. The supplier shall send material for discussion prior to each call
conference or meeting. In addition, two longer virtual meetings with IRENA’s staff, corresponding to
a kick-off and a closing workshop, will be programmed.
The objective of the kick-off workshop is to introduce the team, assign roles and responsibilities, present
the base elements of the project and clarify the scope of work.
The closing workshop, will be conducted to present the project outputs
The final products of the work will be:
1. A simulation models for planning expansion and operation costs of the hybrid system
2. Simulation models for steady state and dynamic simulation of the system in Luganville
3. A final report, written in professional English, providing results of the studies and clearly
presenting the outputs of the study indicated in the scope of the work. The report must follow
IRENA’s style requirements and anti-plagiarism policy as described in Sessions VI and VII
4. An annex with the plots and descriptions of all conducted calculations
5. A high level ten-page executive summary presenting key findings of the study
A first draft of the final report, including preliminary results should be submitted by the supplier. The
draft it will go through the following review process:
a) IRENA’s internal review, followed by a new version by the supplier incorporating the required
improvements;
b) Review of stakeholders in Vanuatu, followed by a new version by the supplier incorporating
the required improvements;
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The final report and the executive summary will be published, if it is decided as a joint publication from
IRENA and Vanuatu’s DoE.
V.
DELIVERABLES
During the assignment, the supplier is expected to closely work with IRENA and should provide the
required deliverables following the proposed steps:
a) Kick-off meeting to introduce the team, assign roles and responsibilities and present the base
elements of the project. Depending on the location of the supplier the kick-off workshop will
be face to face or virtual. In case of face to face workshop, IRENA will not cover travel
expenses
b) Site visit and collection of necessary input data
c) Submission of the first draft of final report with preliminary results
d) IRENA to provide comments and feedback on the first draft.
e) Second draft of the report incorporating feedback from IRENA
f) Review by stakeholders in Vanuatu
g) Final report incorporating feedback from stakeholders in Vanuatu. Simulation model and
technical Annexes with the performed numerical analyses are to be delivered with the final
report
h) Closing workshop (face-to-face or virtual) to present the project outputs. Depending on the
location of the supplier the closing workshop will be face to face or virtual. In case of face to
face workshop, IRENA will not cover travel expenses
The Table 2 summarizes the deliverables of the work and expected timeframes for delivery:
Deliverables
1
Site visit and finalization of data collection
2
First draft of the report with preliminary results
3
Second draft of the report incorporating feedback from IRENA
4
Final report with, annexes, simulation model and executive summary
Estimated date of
completion
Four (4) weeks after
contract signature
Eight (8) weeks after
site visit
Two (2) weeks after
receipt of feedback
from IRENA
Four (4) weeks after
receipt of feedback
from stakeholders in
Vanuatu
Table 2 Deliverables and expected timeframes
The expected amount of work required from the supplier to achieve the objectives of these TOR is
around 35 working- days of a team.
VI.
IRENA/OECD style requirements
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Reports, working papers or other documents prepared for IRENA must conform to IRENA/OECD style
requirements. These requirements are outlined in IRENA’s style guide (IRENA Publications: A Short
Guide – PDF attached) and further elaborated in successive editions of the OECD Style Guide.
All IRENA publications must strive for clarity and accuracy, consistent with building an evidencebased narrative in line with the mandate to promote renewable energy worldwide.
Crucial style details include English-UK spelling, Harvard-style source citations, and full explanation
of abbreviations or acronyms.
IRENA provides a template Microsoft Word document (attached) for the drafting of reports and papers
in a suitable format for IRENA-branded publications.
Texts that do not meet IRENA’s stipulated style requirements will be returned to the commissioned
writer or partner entity with a request for revision. IRENA reserves the right to withhold payment to a
commissioned writer or partner entity until any such revision is satisfactorily undertaken.
VII.
Anti-plagiarism policy
Plagiarism will not be tolerated whatsoever in IRENA publications. Any report, working paper or other
document prepared for IRENA must constitute original work, in which all sources for information or
data receive complete and accurate attribution. Passages taken from prior publications or other works
must either be presented as direct quotations (marked “…”) or paraphrased, with the source clearly
stated in a Harvard-style citation in either case.
IRENA uses plagiarism-detection software to review all draft publications. Passages found to resemble
existing publications too closely may require rewriting and more explicit source citation. Passages
copied from prior publications (by IRENA or other publishers) cannot be accepted as original work and
may be returned to the commissioned writer or partner entity for further revision. IRENA reserves the
right to withhold payment to a commissioned writer or partner entity until any such revision is
satisfactorily undertaken. Plagiarism, including either copy-and-paste text production or failure to cite
sources, may result in rejection of the draft with no financial obligation on the part of IRENA.
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Annex 1 Summary of available data
Current power system information
Current generation fleet
Installed capacity by technology
Maximum output per plant
Fuel used
Location (GIS information and point of
interconnection)
Outage Rate
Mean Time to Repair
Grid Infrastructure
Single Line Diagram at 20kV and 5.5kV levels
Network model at 20kV and 5.5kV level, including:
- Substations
- Cables
- Power lines
- Transformers
- Compensation devices
- Among others.
Or technical and GIS information to generate the
model
Loads connected at 20 kV and 5.5 kV levels
Power system operational practices and Satistics
Operation frequcy ranges for generators (over- and
under-frequency disconnection settings)
Acceptable voltage ranges and 20 kV levels
(kW)
(kW)
(no units)
Is it
available?
Yes
Yes
Yes
(no units)
Partial
(% per year)
(hours)
(no units)
Yes
Yes
Is it
available?
Yes
(no units)
Partial
(no units)
Yes
Units
Is it
available?
(Hz and seconds)
Partial
(kV or %)
Yes
Units
Units
Information required for the constuction of scenarios
Time-series
High resolution wind measurements of models
Household coverage target
Expansion of the Sarakata hydro power plant
Grid Infrastructure expansion plans
Units
Is it
available?
(kW or m/s)
Yes
(% of households)
(kW)
(no units)
Yes
Yes
Yes
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References
Climate Investment Funds. (2014, November 18). SREP Investment Plan for vanuatu.
Retrieved from https://wwwcif.climateinvestmentfunds.org/sites/default/files/Vanuatu%20SREP%20Investment%
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