RECLASSIFICATION AND EFFECTIVE MANAGEMENT OF
THE NATIONAL PROTECTED AREAS SYSTEM PROJECT
FINANCIAL VIABILITY OF CURRENT NATIONAL PARKS
AND GAME MANAGEMENT AREAS IN ZAMBIA: A CASE
FOR THE YEAR 2006.
Zambia Wildlife Authority
Private Bag 1
CHILANGA.
April 2007
Financial Viability of Current National Parks and Game Management Areas in Zambia: A
Case for the Year 2006.
Hopeson I. Simwanza
Technical Officer – Secretariat
Reclassification and Effective Management of the National Protected Areas System
Project
Zambia Wildlife Authority
Private Bag 1
Chilanga
ZAMBIA
Email: [email protected]
Phone:
+260 95-887574
+260 1 212517
April 2007
1
TABLE OF CONTENTS
1.
INTRODUCTION................................................................................................8
2.
TASKS ............................................................................................................10
3.
METHODOLOGY ..............................................................................................10
4.
2006 ZAWA MANAGEMENT STRUCTURE ...........................................................11
4.1 Institutional and Management Arrangements at Regional Level. ..................12
4.2 Institutional Arrangements at Area Management Unit Level.........................13
5.
FINANCIAL VIABILITY OF NATIONAL PARKS AND GAME MANAGEMENT AREAS ..12
5.1 CENTRAL REGION ....................................................................................15
5.1.1 Generated Revenues and Sources .......................................................15
5.1.2 Expenditure Components....................................................................17
5.2 EASTERN REGION ....................................................................................19
5.2.1 Generated Revenues and Sources .......................................................19
5.2.2 Expenditure Components....................................................................21
5.3 NORTHERN REGION .................................................................................24
5.3.1 Generated Revenues and Sources .......................................................24
5.3.2 Expenditure Components....................................................................26
5.4 WESTERN REGION ...................................................................................28
5.4.1 Generated Revenues and Sources .......................................................28
5.4.2 Expenditure Components....................................................................30
5.5 CHILANGA HQ ..........................................................................................33
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Financial Viability of Current National Parks and Game Management Areas in Zambia: A Case for the Year 2006
5.5.1 Generated Revenues and Sources .......................................................33
5.5.2 Expenditure Components....................................................................35
5.6 OVERALL ZAWA REVENUE SOURCES AND EXPENDITURE ...........................37
5.6.1 Generated Revenues and Sources .......................................................37
5.6.2 Expenditure Components....................................................................39
5.6.3 ZAWA’s total revenues and expenditure for 2006 .................................41
5.6.4 Comparison of consumptive and non consumptive revenues.................44
5.6.5 ZAWA’s income sources including grants in 2006 .................................48
REFERENCES .........................................................................................................51
Appendix 1: ZAWA Regions and Area Management Units..........................................52
Appendix 2: ZAWA’s Employee Summary List (December 2006)................................53
Appendix 3: Total Community Shares of Concession fees and Animal fees form 2006
Hunting Season. ....................................................................................................54
LIST OF TABLES
Table 1: Current ranking of National Parks in terms of revenue generation in Zambia 13
Table 2: Revenue sources and amounts for Central Region in 2006...........................16
Table 3: Expenditure components for the year 2006 for Central Region.....................18
Table 4: Revenue sources and amounts for Eastern Region in 2006 ..........................20
Table 5: Expenditure components for the year 2006 for Eastern Region. ...................22
Table 6: Revenue sources and amounts for Northern Region in 2006 ........................25
Table 7: Expenditure components for the year 2006 for Northern Region. .................27
Table 8: Revenue sources and amounts for Western Region in 2006.........................29
Table 9: Expenditure components for the year 2006 for Western Region...................31
Table 10: Revenue sources and amounts for Chilanga HQ in 2006 ............................34
Table 11: Expenditure components for the year 2006 for Chilanga HQ. .....................35
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Financial Viability of Current National Parks and Game Management Areas in Zambia: A Case for the Year 2006
Table 12: Revenue sources and amounts for ZAWA in 2006 .....................................37
Table 13: ZAWA’s Expenditure components for the year 2006. .................................40
Table 14: ZAWA’s total revenues and expenditures for 2006.....................................41
Table 15: ZAWA’s Regional Totals of Revenues and Expenditures for 2006................43
Table 16: Comparison of consumptive and non consumptive revenues from Regional
Offices/ AMUs in 2006 ............................................................................................44
Table 17: Ranking of Regional Offices/ AMUs according to hunting revenue in 2006 ..46
Table 18: Ranking of Regional Offices/ AMUs according to park revenue in 2006 .......47
Table 19: ZAWA’s income sources including grants in 2006 ......................................48
Table 20: ZAWA’s income and expenditure for the period 2001 to 2006 ....................50
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1: Structure for ZAWA Senior and Middle Management in 2006 ......................11
Figure 2: Contribution by source of total revenue in Central Region ..........................17
Figure 3: Expenditure components for Central Region in 2006. .................................18
Figure 4: Contribution by source of total revenue in Central Region ..........................21
Figure 5: Expenditure components for Eastern Region in 2006..................................23
Figure 6: Contribution by source of total revenue in Northern Region........................26
Figure 7: Expenditure components for Northern Region in 2006................................27
Figure 8: Contribution by source of total revenue in Western Region.........................30
Figure 9: Expenditure components for Western Region in 2006. ...............................32
Figure 10: Contribution by source of total revenue at Chilanga HQ............................34
Figure 11: Expenditure components for Chilanga HQ in 2006....................................36
Figure 12: Contribution by source of total revenue for ZAWA in 2006........................39
Figure 13: Expenditure components for ZAWA in 2006. ............................................41
Figure 14: ZAWA’s total revenues and expenditure per Regional Office/AMU in 2006. 42
Figure 15: Comparison of consumptive and non consumptive revenues from Regional
Offices/ AMUs in 2006 ............................................................................................45
Figure 16: Hunting revenue from Regional Offices/ AMUs in 2006 .............................46
Figure 17: Park revenue from Regional Offices/ AMUs in 2006 ..................................48
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Financial Viability of Current National Parks and Game Management Areas in Zambia: A Case for the Year 2006
Figure 18: ZAWA’s income sources including grants in 2006 .....................................49
5
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ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS
AMU
Area Management Unit
CITES
Convention for International Trade in Endangered Species
DANIDA
Danish International Development Agency
ELAMU
East Luangwa Area Management Unit
FINIDA
Finnish International Development Agency
GEF
Global Environmental Facility
GMA
Game Management Area
GRZ
Government of the Republic of Zambia
MTENR
Ministry of Tourism, Environment and Natural Resources
NORAD
Norwegian Agency for International Development
NP
National Park
NPWS
National Parks and Wildlife Service (ZAWA’s predecessor)
PAs
Protected Areas
SIDA
Swedish International Development Agency
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Financial Viability of Current National Parks and Game Management Areas in Zambia: A Case for the Year 2006
SLAMU
South Luangwa Area Management Unit
UNDP
United Nation Development Programme
UNEP
United Nations Environmental Programme
WPO
Wildlife Police Officer (ZAWA)
ZAWA
Zambia Wildlife Authority
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Financial Viability of Current National Parks and Game Management Areas in Zambia: A Case for the Year 2006
1. INTRODUCTION
Seven types of public-managed protected areas (PAs) are legally recognized in Zambia.
These are forest reserves, national parks, wildlife sanctuaries, game management
areas, fishery areas, Ramsar sites and heritage sites.
The most important PAs in Zambia are the 19 National Parks (NPs) and 34 Game
Management Areas (GMAs) – together they cover 30% of the territory of Zambia. The
NPs form the core of the PA system – parks alone cover 8.5% of the country. National
Parks are natural areas established for the purpose of protecting the integrity of one or
more ecosystems for present and future generations and the provision of a foundation
for spiritual, scientific, educational, recreational and visitor opportunities which are
environmentally and culturally compatible with conservation objectives. Conventional
tourism based on game-viewing is the main economic use permitted within the NP.
Game Management Areas are protected areas in communally owned lands (i.e.
customary or traditional lands) that are used primarily for the sustainable utilization of
wildlife resources, through regulated hunting and/or non-consumptive tourism
concessions, for the benefit of the nation, local communities and the wildlife resource.
However, other land uses, such as agriculture, forestry and mining, are allowed in
GMAs. A full 85% of the GMA were intentionally created as buffer areas to NPs – in
total, they cover over 22% of the territory. The rationale is that NPs should protect
nucleus breeding populations of wildlife; spillover populations may then be utilized in
GMAs, generating benefits and incentives for local communities in these zones. Trophy
hunting is an important economic activity in GMA that have viable wildlife populations.
The final transition stage from the Department of National Parks and Wildlife Service
(NPWS) to ZAWA left an institution with inadequate staff relative to the work to be
done, particularly at field level. At the time of transformation there were more than
1,500 wildlife police officers manning the wildlife estate but after the transformation
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Financial Viability of Current National Parks and Game Management Areas in Zambia: A Case for the Year 2006
these were reduced to around 800. This resulted in the decimation of wildlife
populations in many NPs and GMAs. The establishment of ZAWA took off without
recapitalization which would have enabled it to carry out effective and efficient
resource protection, monitoring programmes and infrastructure development. This has
continued to have a negative bearing on ZAWA’s operations.
ZAWA’s main objective is to reverse the decline in wildlife resources by improving the
overall estate management and to establish an organization which is financially self
sustainable within a ten year time frame. The other main objectives are improved
estate management that leads to development of the tourism sector and sustainable
use of the wildlife resources for socio-economic development and employment
creation.
Various models are thrown around suggesting what it should cost to manage a
protected area. However, real evidence is scanty. This problem is compounded by the
unsustainably wide mandates of protected area agencies. Secondly, it is often
extremely difficult to link expenditure to results. Thirdly public agencies may be
inefficient so that measures of financial performance represent a worst case-scenario
rather than best practice – for example, almost no park in Southern Africa is viable and
park agencies claim they need subsidizations, yet there are 5 – 7,000 viable private
reserves. In short, it is extremely difficult to be able to account for the inputs and
outputs of park or conservation dollars.
This prompted the need to study (using activity-based budgeting) the financial
performance and costs of park management. In the main this assess the results and
costs (i.e. inputs and outputs) of the core functions, namely law enforcement,
ecological monitoring, infrastructure investment, infrastructure maintenance and
tourism management, and administration. In particular a careful analysis has been
made of the size and effectiveness of management overheads, particularly at the
Regional, AMU and national level. Various important ratios have emerged from this
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Financial Viability of Current National Parks and Game Management Areas in Zambia: A Case for the Year 2006
work e.g. personnel costs, capital replacement, law enforcement, research and
monitoring, etc.
2. TASKS
The objective of this study was to analyze the current financial viability of the current
National Parks and Game Management Areas in Zambia with particular reference to the
year 2006.
The specific tasks were:
1.
Compilation of the present staffing levels for the Zambia Wildlife Authority;
2.
Compilation of the sources of revenue from NPs and GMAs in Regions and
Areas Management Units (AMUs);
3.
Compilation of the total revenues generated from NPs and GMAs in Regions
and AMUs;
4.
Compilation of how much is being spent to manage each Region and AMUs;
5.
Ranking of NPs according to generated park revenue;
6.
Ranking of GMAs/ Hunting blocks according to generated hunting revenue.
This report is an input to natural resource economic analysis to PA to better define
priority setting for PA conservation and management which will lead to the
development of natural resource economics and business planning tools for enhanced
PA management efficiency.
3. METHODOLOGY
ZAWA provided raw data (i.e. pre audit preparation for its 2006 financial year). This
included the costs
of law enforcement,
ecological
monitoring, infrastructure
investment, infrastructure maintenance and tourism management, and administration.
Substantial effort was put into sorting and organizing the data. Field visits were
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Financial Viability of Current National Parks and Game Management Areas in Zambia: A Case for the Year 2006
conducted to Regional Offices to gather information which was not centrally available
at Chilanga HQ. Relevant literature especially ZAWA documents were used as sources
of information.
4. 2006 ZAWA MANAGEMENT STRUCTURE
ZAWA is the institution mandated by the Government of the Republic of Zambia to
conserve and manage the wildlife estate in Zambia. It is a statutory body established
under the Zambia Wildlife Act No. 12 of 1998, which commenced operations in 2000
and guided in its operations by the National Parks and Wildlife Policy of 1998. ZAWA
was created through a Commencement Order (Statutory Instrument) of 1999.
Zambia’s
wildlife
estate
includes
nineteen
National
Parks,
thirty-four
Game
Management Areas, two wildlife sanctuaries and one bird sanctuary covering
approximately 233,900 km2 representing about 30% of the country’s total area.
Based on the provisions of the Zambia Wildlife Act, No. 12 of 1998, the Government
appoints a Board of Directors that reports to the Minister of Tourism, Environment and
Natural Resources to govern ZAWA. The Board is responsible for inculcating good
corporate governance practices in ZAWA, buttressed on corporate discipline,
transparency, independence, accountability, responsibility and fairness.
The ZAWA Act initially provided for 18 members representing a cross section of
stakeholders in the wildlife sector. The first Board was appointed on 1st November
1999 and members were drawn mainly from the public sector. The current Board
comprises 9 non-executive members appointed in pursuant to Part I of the Zambia
Wildlife Act. Board members are appointed by the Minister for Tourism Environment
and Natural Resources and have tenure of 3 years and may be reappointed for a
further period.
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Financial Viability of Current National Parks and Game Management Areas in Zambia: A Case for the Year 2006
ZAWA operates under the traditional functional structure where departments are
arranged by function. The Authority is supervised by an independent Board and
administered through Head Office, Regional Offices and the Area Management Units.
Head office basically provides supervisory roles and backstopping services to the
Regional Offices and the Area Management Units. The Regional Offices also supervise
the Area Management Units under their jurisdiction and implement some activities. The
Area Management Units mainly implement the Authority’s activities through out the
country.
At Head Office there is a management structure which is headed by a Director General
who is the Chief Executive Officer and has the overall responsibility for the day-to-day
management of ZAWA under the direct supervision of the Board. In 2006 there was a
line management of six Directorates namely, Conservation and Management;
Research, Planning and Information; Commercial Services; Game Management Areas;
Finance and Corporate Services; and Board Secretary and Legal. These together with
Administration and Human Resources Manager, Head Intelligence and Investigations,
Chief Internal Auditor and Projects Coordinator comprised the senior management
structure of ZAWA. The ZAWA Senior Management is based at the Head Quarters
(HQs) in Chilanga. Directors are assisted by various managers of various Departments
and units.
The ZAWA senior and middle management structure for 2006 is shown in Figure 1.
4.1 Institutional and Management Arrangements at Regional Level.
ZAWA is run under a decentralized system, with four (4) geographical regions (Eastern,
Western, Northern and Southern and with their offices in Mfuwe, Mumbwa, Kasama
and Mazabuka respectively). Each region is subdivided into AMUs.
Each region is
headed by a Regional Manager who is assisted by an Area Warden, a Regional
Accountant, an Extension Officer, Park Ranger, Senior Investigations Officer. Although
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Financial Viability of Current National Parks and Game Management Areas in Zambia: A Case for the Year 2006
the ZAWA organizational structure is said to be decentralized most of the management
decisions (i.e. procurement, disbursement of funds, etc.), are still very much
centralized at HQs. In practice, most decisions have to be referred to HQs, a legacy
from the then centralised NPWS.
4.2 Institutional Arrangements at Area Management Unit Level.
The AMU is headed by either a Park Manager or an Area Warden. Park managers and
Area Wardens are assisted by Ecologists, Rangers, Accountants/Accounts Clerks,
Investigations Officers, and Senior Wildlife Police Officers.
ZAWA’s employee summary list by December 2006 is shown in Appendix 1.
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Financial Viability of Current National Parks and Game Management Areas in Zambia: A Case for the Year 2006
BOARD
DIRECTOR GENERAL
Chief Internal Auditor
Head of Investigations
Administration/ Human
Resources Manager
Public Relations Officer
Director
Conservation &
Management
Board Secretary
& Legal Council
Regional
Managers
(Central,
Eastern,
Western &
Northern)
Head
Prosecutions
Area
Wardens
(12)
Senior
Prosecutor
Park
Rangers
Prosecutors
Manager
Technical
Services
Director Research,
Planning &
Information
Head Planning
Monitoring &
Evaluation
Head
Research
Senior
Planning
Officer
Senior
Wildlife
Ecologist (4)
Planning
Officers
Wildlife
Ecologists
Director
Commercial
Services
Head
Information
System
Analysts
Commercial
Manager
Commercial
Officers
Director Game
Management
Areas
Manager
GMA
Operations
Compliance
Officer
Manager
Extension
Services
Extension
Officers
Director Finance
& Corporate
Services
Chief
Accountant
Management
Accountant
Regional
Accountant
Figure 1: Structure for ZAWA Senior and Middle Management in 2006
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Financial Viability of Current National Parks and Game Management Areas in Zambia: A Case for the Year 2006
5. FINANCIAL VIABILITY OF NATIONAL PARKS AND GAME MANAGEMENT
AREAS
The basic organization structure had been designed to respond to the strategic
challenges of ZAWA as a business oriented institution with substantial capacity for
generating internal revenues from sustainable consumptive and non-consumption
activities.
Indeed, ZAWA was premised on being self sustaining in the very near
future. The creation of ZAWA was premised on ZAWA developing and implementing
internal revenue strategies that would make ZAWA financially self-sustaining.
The
challenge for ZAWA is to promote wildlife based investments and products that are
consistent with the primary objective of sustainable biodiversity.
ZAWA’s major source of revenue has been consumptive tourism. There are strong
possibilities still to be exploited in photographic tourism. ZAWA has been working with
Zambia National Tourist Board in marketing Zambia as a prime wildlife-based tourist
destination. ZAWA’s responsibility is to develop suitable wildlife products for marketing
campaigns.
ZAWA categorises the national parks from a revenue generating perspective and
classifies GMAs according to their viability i.e. on their performance in producing
revenue from hunting. In this regard GMAs are classified as prime, secondary,
specialised, understocked and depleted. The terms mentioned above are construed to
mean:
Prime: areas with species that are fairly abundant and include highly valued trophies
namely lion, leopard, roan, sable and can accommodate five or more classical safaris
and seven or more mini safaris per hunting season;
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Financial Viability of Current National Parks and Game Management Areas in Zambia: A Case for the Year 2006
Secondary: areas with species not so abundant but can generally sustain safari
hunting of three to four classical safaris and a minimum of five mini safaris per hunting
season;
Specialised: areas where any of the three species namely lechwe, sitatunga and
tsessebe dominate and are restricted in their distribution;
Under stocked: areas with species assemblages that are intact but populations are
too sparse. Sometimes one or more species may be exterminated while other species
are available. Such areas can either allow room for a minimum hunting quota or no
quota at all.
Depleted: areas with species assemblages that are fragmented and much of the
wildlife generally demised. The recommendation is that Safari hunting and indeed any
other form of hunting should not take place in these areas e.g. Bbilili and Chibwika
Ntambu GMAs.
Table 1: Current ranking of National Parks in terms of revenue generation in
Zambia
High
Medium
Low
South Luangwa
Mosi Oa Tunya
Lower Zambezi
Kafue
North Luangwa
Kasanka
Lochinvar
Blue Lagoon
Liuwa
Nsumbu
Luambe
Sioma Ngwezi
Mweru Wa Ntipa
Lukusuzi
West Lunga
Lavushi Manda
Lusenga Plains
Isangano
Nyika
Park based non-consumptive tourism in Zambia is estimated to generate approximately
US$40million indirect turnover of which 75% is generated in Livingstone and much of
the remainder generated in South Luangwa and Lower Zambezi. ZAWA currently earns
US$2.7million from Tourism. Consumptive tourism or safari hunting over the recent
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Financial Viability of Current National Parks and Game Management Areas in Zambia: A Case for the Year 2006
years has only generated between US$1.3 – 1.6million while about US$1million is
mainly from non consumptive tourism representing about 60% and 40% respectively.
The rate at which expenditure is increasing has in general been greater than the rate
at which incomes are coming in. The current trend may continue for the foreseeable
future and therefore the deficit of incomes over expenditure is likely to continue. Over
the years there has been notable increase in ZAWA’s incomes other than grants.
However, this still falls short of the increase in expenditure. Grants make up about
40% of the total income stream of ZAWA. This signifies the extent to which ZAWA’s
operations are dependent on support as opposed to generation of its own resources.
Although ZAWA was created to be a self-sustaining institution, there was no significant
capitalisation strategy to make ZAWA self-sustaining. Inadequate initial capitalisation
and poor annual Government subventions to ZAWA have led to serious financial
difficulties for ZAWA. It is also observed that the standard practice around the world is
for national governments to take primary responsibility for funding the wildlife
management agencies.
ZAWA has made good progress in improving internal revenue streams, financial
management systems and controlling costs, but ZAWA’s revenues are still far below
realistic expenditure budgets.
Donors’ contributions and Government funding have
helped to narrow the deficits. Unfortunately Government funding has been inadequate
and declining.
In 2006 the organization of field personnel was based on 4 regions and 11 area
management units.
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Financial Viability of Current National Parks and Game Management Areas in Zambia: A Case for the Year 2006
5.1 CENTRAL REGION
The Central Region comprises of Mosi Oa Tunya and Lower Zambezi AMUs. The
Regional HQ is located in Mazabuka while the AMU offices are in Livingstone and
Chirundu for Mosi Oa Tunya and Lower Zambezi AMUs respectively. The Wildlife
estates comprise of Mosi Oa Tunya NP, Sioma Ngwezi NP and West Zambezi Lower
GMA for the Mosi Oa Tunya AMU, and Lower Zambezi NP, Rufunsa GMA, Chiawa GMA
and Luano GMA for Lower Zambezi AMU. There are four hunting blocks in the Region
all of which are secondary except for Upper Luano which is understocked. This is
reflected in Appendix 1. The Region had, by December 2006, a total staff strength of
303 with 257 uniformed and 46 non-uniformed respectively. This is as shown in
Appendix 2.
5.1.1 Generated Revenues and Sources
Table 2 below shows the sources and total amounts of revenue generated in the year
2006 for Central Region. The main source of income was from non consumptive
tourism contributing nearly 80% of the total revenue in the form local park entry fees
(26.88%), variable fees (23.61%), fixed lodge lease fees (17.14%) and international
park entry fees (11.74%). Consumptive tourism contributed about 18% of the total
revenue from concession fees (9.15%), safari animal fees (5.68%) and local animal
fees (2.77%). Figure 2 below is a graphical representation of the contributions by
source of the total revenue in Central Region.
Kafue Flats AMU got more revenue from concession fees and animal fees compared to
fixed lodge lease fees, variable fees and park entry fees. Local visitors to the Lochinvar
NP brought in more revenue than international visitors (See Table 1).
Lower Zambezi AMU got more revenue from variable fees, park entry fees and fixed
lodge lease fees compared to concession fees and animal fees. Local visitors to Lower
Zambezi NP brought in more revenue than international visitors.
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Financial Viability of Current National Parks and Game Management Areas in Zambia: A Case for the Year 2006
Table 2: Revenue sources and amounts for Central Region in 2006
Revenue Source
Park Entry Fees - Local
Variable Fees
Fixed Lodges Lease fees
Park Entry Fees - International
Concession fees
Animal Fees (Safari)
Animal Fees (Local)
Other Income
Game Drives
Bird Licence (Safari)
Animal Fees (Open Area)
Bird Licence (Local)
Hunting Rights Fees
Certificate of Ownership
Import/ Export Permits
Permit - Animals in Captivity
CITES Tags/Stamps
TOTAL REVENUE
%
TOTALS
Kafue Flats Lower Zambezi Mosi Oa Tunya
AMU
AMU
AMU
474,919,988 1,030,933,767
26.88 1,533,233,905 27,380,150
23.61 1,346,550,084
8,313,900 1,106,544,790
231,691,394
977,735,075 88,305,500
17.14
124,477,000
764,952,575
669,909,748
4,342,135
393,196,252
272,371,361
11.74
521,720,050 120,530,000
9.15
401,190,050
324,027,563 66,445,250
5.68
200,949,755
56,632,558
157,793,625 91,159,390
2.77
58,036,585
3,743,680
128,477,721 40,699,250
2.25
23,725,215
63,932,936
22,185,650
22,185,650
0.39
10,948,500
0.19
390,000
9,882,500
676,000
4,476,790
0.08
4,476,790
3,480,780
0.06
304,740
2,491,320
1,614,450
528,750
1,085,700
0.03
1,226,020
0.02
120,960
413,140
691,920
410,569
0.01
410,569
320,280
0.01
20,040
300,240
11,931
0.00
11,931
5,704,122,741 448,520,025 2,822,931,575 2,427,012,131
Central
Region
4,853,970
120,320
684,720
5,659,010
Mosi Oa Tunya AMU got more revenue from variable fees, park entry fees and fixed
lodge lease fees compared to concession fees and animal fees. Local visitors to Mosi
Oa Tunya NP brought in more revenue than international visitors.
16
ZMK (000,000)
Financial Viability of Current National Parks and Game Management Areas in Zambia: A Case for the Year 2006
1700
1600
1500
1400
1300
1200
1100
1000
900
800
700
600
500
400
300
200
100
0
CITES Tags/Stamps
Permit - Animals in Captivity
Import/ Export Permits
Certificate of Ownership
Hunting Rights Fees
Bird Licence (Local)
Animal Fees (Open Area)
Bird Licence (Safari)
Game Drives
Other Income
Animal Fees (Local)
Animal Fees (Safari)
Concession fees
Park Entry Fees - International
Fixed Lodges Lease fees
Variable Fees
Park Entry Fees - Local
REVENUE SOURCE
Figure 2: Contribution by source of total revenue in Central Region
5.1.2 Expenditure Components
Salaries and administrative costs dominated on the expenditure components with
57.34% and 16.54% respectively. Community shares from hunting revenue
represented about 5% of the total expenditure. Excluding labour and administrative
costs about 10% of the total expenditure went to resource protection in the form of
patrol fuel (3.14%), combat uniforms (2.63%), patrol field equipment (1.51%) and
ammunition (0.71%). The information did not reflect any expenditure item relating to
research and monitoring.
Table 3 shows the expenditure components for the year 2006 for Central Region.
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Financial Viability of Current National Parks and Game Management Areas in Zambia: A Case for the Year 2006
Table 3: Expenditure components for the year 2006 for Central Region.
Expenditure Item
%
Kafue Flats
AMU
TOTALS
57.34 3,806,862,663
16.54 1,098,029,372
331,461,020
4.99
309,750,728
4.67
3.41
226,348,127
Direct Labour (Salaries)
Administrative costs
Community Share
Consultancies
Patrol fuel
Motor vehicle repairs,
maintenance & fuels
Combat uniforms
Patrol ration
Training & Workshops
Patrol/ Field equipment
Other
Ammunition
Office Equipment
Office Building
TOTALS
Lower Zambezi Mosi Oa Tunya
AMU
AMU
Central
Region
745,076,196 1,394,448,310 1,271,697,784 395,640,373
82,373,168
199,564,494
644,983,838 171,107,872
60,981,505
220,433,365
50,046,150
309,750,728
35,128,505
64,900,032
98,359,718 27,959,873
183,432,184
2.76
35,770,372
62,636,791
69,054,277 15,970,744
174,326,828
2.63
47,473,404
35,959,234
8,179,869 82,714,321
2.44
162,127,337
33,393,900
52,885,160
72,400,707
3,447,570
128,592,858
7,164,500
121,428,358
1.94
100,174,058
1.51
27,460,599
21,230,426
6,096,647 45,386,385
64,072,777
195,000
10,200,000
53,677,777
0.97
46,961,000
1,650,000
31,721,000
9,910,000
3,680,000
0.71
5,302,425
0.08
940,000
180,000
3,819,425
363,000
1,669,200
0.03
72,000
1,018,200
579,000
100 6,639,110,576 1,070,514,649 2,101,323,312 2,720,423,477 746,849,138
Figure 3 below is a graphical representation of the various items for the total
ZMK (000,000)
expenditure for Central Region in 2006.
4000
3800
3600
3400
3200
3000
2800
2600
2400
2200
2000
1800
1600
1400
1200
1000
800
600
400
200
0
-Office Building
18
-Office Equipment
Figure 3: Expenditure components for Central Region in 2006.
-Ammunition
-Other
-Patrol/ Field equipment
Training & Workshops
-Patrol ration
-Combat uniforms
-Motor vehicle repairs,
maintenance & fuels
-Patrol fuel
Consultancies
Community Share
Administrative costs
Direct Labour (Salaries)
EXPENDITURE ITEM
Financial Viability of Current National Parks and Game Management Areas in Zambia: A Case for the Year 2006
5.2 EASTERN REGION
The Eastern Region comprises of East Luangwa and South Luangwa AMUs. The
Regional HQ is located in Mfuwe which is also the AMU office for South Luangwa AMU.
The offices for East Luangwa AMU are located in Chipata. The wildlife estates comprise
of Lukusuzi, Luambe and Nyika NPs and Lumimba and Musalangu GMAs for East
Luangwa AMU. There are six hunting blocks in East Luangwa AMU namely ChanjuziLumimba, Mwanya-Lumimba and Chifunda-Musalangu which are prime and NyamingaLumimba, Chikwa-Musalangu and East Musalangu which are secondary. South
Luangwa AMU has South Luangwa NP and Lupande, West Petauke and Sandwe GMAs.
There are six hunting blocks in South Luangwa AMU namely Lower Lupande, Upper
Lupande, Nyalugwe-West Petauke and Luembe-West Petauke which are prime and
Msoro-Lupande and Sandwe which are secondary (see Appendix 1). The Region had,
by December 2006, a total staff strength of 328 of which 252 were uniformed and 76
non-uniformed as shown in Appendix 2.
5.2.1 Generated Revenues and Sources
Table 4 below shows the sources and total amounts of revenue generated in the year
2006 for Eastern Region. Safari hunting was a major revenue source contributing about
25% for the region in 2006 and about 16% coming in the form of concession fees. Non
consumptive tourism generated about 47% of the total revenue for the Region in the
form of international park entry fees (17.66%), variable fees (13.48%), fixed lodge
lease fees (9.71%), game drives (2.81%), local park entry fees (2.34%) and escort
fees (0.84%).
East Luangwa AMU got more revenue from safari animal fees and concession fees
compared to fixed lodge lease fees, variable fees and park entry fees. International
visitors to Nyika, Luambe and Lukusuzi NPs brought in slightly more revenue than local
visitors (Table 3).
19
Financial Viability of Current National Parks and Game Management Areas in Zambia: A Case for the Year 2006
On the contrary South Luangwa AMU got more revenue from international park entry
fees, variable fees, fixed lodge lease fees, game drives and local park entry fees
compared to safari animal fees, local animal fees and concession fees. International
visitors to South Luangwa NP brought in a lot more revenue than local visitors.
Table 4: Revenue sources and amounts for Eastern Region in 2006
Revenue Source
Animal Fees (Safari)
Park Entry Fees - International
Concession fees
Variable Fees
Fixed Lodges Lease fees
Other Income
Game Drives
Park Entry Fees - Local
Animal Fees (Local)
Exchange Gain/ Loss
Deferred Income-Amortisation
Escort Fees
Guest House Income
Bird Licence (Safari)
Vehicle Fees
Bank Interest
Hire of Machinery
Sale of T-Shirts
Bird Licence (Local)
Angling
Import/ Export Permits
Hunting Rights Fees
Certificate of Ownership
Crocodile Eggs/ Live Capture
CITES Tags/Stamps
TOTALS
%
24.66
17.66
16.15
13.48
9.71
4.60
2.81
2.34
2.07
2.00
1.10
0.84
0.79
0.65
0.53
0.28
0.23
0.04
0.02
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.00
0.00
100
TOTALS
2,953,693,255
2,115,675,061
1,934,648,900
1,614,310,528
1,163,195,676
550,711,528
337,063,590
280,063,410
247,482,520
239,659,011
131,378,648
101,116,925
94,021,500
78,305,500
63,496,350
33,935,400
27,126,000
4,392,600
1,986,240
1,727,300
1,275,480
881,250
611,640
137,970
55,160
11,976,951,443
SLAMU
1,176,783,755
2,094,667,574
654,873,200
1,604,921,428
735,740,818
531,672,928
337,063,590
263,087,305
124,906,280
239,659,011
131,378,648
101,116,925
94,021,500
12,148,000
63,496,350
33,935,400
27,126,000
4,392,600
East Luangwa
AMU
Eastern
Region
1,776,909,500
21,007,488
1,279,775,700
9,389,100
427,454,858
19,038,600
16,976,105
122,576,240
66,157,500
1,986,240
1,727,300
1,275,480
881,250
611,640
137,970
8,232,856,582
55,160
3,744,094,861
Figure 4 below is a graphical representation of the contributions by source of the total
revenue in Eastern Region.
20
Financial Viability of Current National Parks and Game Management Areas in Zambia: A Case for the Year 2006
3200
3000
2800
2600
ZMK (000,000)
2400
2200
2000
1800
1600
1400
1200
1000
800
600
400
200
0
Certificate of Ownership
Hunting Rights Fees
Import/ Export Permits
Angling
Bird Licence (Local)
Sale of T-Shirts
Hire of Machinery
Bank Interest
Vehicle Fees
Bird Licence (Safari)
Guest House Income
Escort Fees
Deferred Income-Amortisation
Exchange Gain/ Loss
Animal Fees (Local)
Park Entry Fees - Local
Game Drives
Other Income
Fixed Lodges Lease fees
Variable Fees
Concession fees
Park Entry Fees - International
Animal Fees (Safari)
INCOME SOURCE
Figure 4: Contribution by source of total revenue in Central Region
5.2.2 Expenditure Components
Salaries and administrative costs dominated on the expenditure components with
35.62% and 18.09% respectively. Community shares from hunting revenue
represented about 13% of the total expenditure. Excluding labour and administrative
costs about 8.3% of the total expenditure went to resource protection in the form of
patrol fuel (3.19%), patrol ration (2.29%), combat uniforms (2.01%), patrol field
equipment (0.48%), ammunition (0.29%) and firearm expenses (0.04). The
information did not reflect any expenditure item relating to research and monitoring.
11% of the expenditure went on road maintenance for tourism development.
The expenditure items for Eastern Region HQ only reflected salaries and administrative
costs because it was difficult to separate other expenditure items from those of SLAMU
since the two are both located at Mfuwe with one cost centre.
21
Financial Viability of Current National Parks and Game Management Areas in Zambia: A Case for the Year 2006
Table 5 shows the expenditure components for the year 2006 for Eastern Region.
Figure 5 below is a graphical representation of the various items for the total
expenditure for Eastern Region in 2006.
Table 5: Expenditure components for the year 2006 for Eastern Region.
Expenditure Item
Direct Labour (Salaries)
Administrative costs
Community Share
Motor vehicle repairs,
maintenance & fuels
Road maintenance, Heavy
Equipment
Patrol fuel
Training & Workshops
Road maintenance, Fuels &
Lubricants
Patrol ration
Combat uniforms
Other
Subsistence Allowance, Roads
Casual Wages, Roads
Office Building
Patrol/ Field equipment
Ammunition
Road maitenance, Materials
Office Equipment
Firearm expenses
TOTALS
35.62
18.09
13.07
3,938,596,718
2,000,533,671
1,445,379,478
2,720,266,242
1,857,400,538
675,152,643
East Luangwa
AMU
1,116,168,024
142,919,222
770,226,835
9.09
1,005,371,345
956,689,242
48,682,102
6.85
3.19
2.74
757,030,399
352,664,413
303,391,819
311,998,713
291,126,383
302,889,875
445,031,686
61,538,030
501,944
2.30
2.29
2.01
1.50
254,740,406
253,668,258
222,549,649
166,025,866
254,740,406
210,834,828
195,125,549
160,385,866
42,833,430
27,424,100
5,640,000
0.87
0.57
0.53
0.48
0.29
0.23
0.22
0.04
100
96,057,000
62,481,060
58,899,578
52,831,547
32,360,000
25,035,702
23,779,107
4,939,000
11,056,335,017
96,057,000
62,481,060
58,899,578
52,831,547
32,360,000
25,035,702
21,874,107
4,939,000
8,291,088,282
%
TOTALS
22
SLAMU
Eastern
Region
102,162,452
213,911
1,905,000
2,662,870,372
102,376,363
Financial Viability of Current National Parks and Game Management Areas in Zambia: A Case for the Year 2006
-Firearm expenses
-O ffice Equipment
-Patrol/ Field equipment
-O ffice Building
-Casual Wages, Roads
-Subsistence Allowance, Roads
-O ther
-Combat uniforms
-Patrol ration
-Road maintenance, Fuels &
Lubricants
Training & Workshops
-Road maintenance, Heavy
Equipment
-Motor vehicle repairs,
maintenance & fuels
Community Share
Administrative costs
4200
4000
3800
3600
3400
3200
3000
2800
2600
2400
2200
2000
1800
1600
1400
1200
1000
800
600
400
200
0
Direct Labour (Salaries)
EXPENDITURE ITEM
-Patrol fuel
23
-Ammunition
Figure 5: Expenditure components for Eastern Region in 2006.
-Road maitenance, Materials
ZMK (000,000)
Financial Viability of Current National Parks and Game Management Areas in Zambia: A Case for the Year 2006
5.3 NORTHERN REGION
The Northern Region comprises of Bangweulu, Nsumbu and Luapula AMUs. The
Regional HQ is located in Kasama with offices for the AMUs located in Mpika for
Bangweulu, Nsumbu for Nsumbu and Mansa for Luapula. The wildlife estates comprise
North Luangwa and Lavushi Manda NPs and Munyamadzi, Mukungule, Musalangu,
Chisomo and Bangweulu GMAs for Bangweulu AMU. There are six hunting blocks in
Bangweulu AMU namely Luwawata-Munyamadzi and Nyampala-Munyamadzi which are
prime, West Musalangu which is secondary, Bangweulu which is specialised, and
Mukungule and Chisomo which are understocked. Nsumbu AMU has Nsumbu and
Mweru Wa Ntipa NPs and Tondwa GMA. There are two hunting blocks in Nsumbu AMU
namely Tondwa which is secondary and Kaputa which is depleted. Luapula AMU has
Kasanka and Lusenga Plains NPs and Bangweulu (Kalasa Mukoso), Mansa and Kafinda
GMAs. There are three hunting blocks in Luapula AMU namely Kalasa Mukoso which is
specialised and Kafinda and Mansa GMAs which are understocked. Isangano NP and
the two understocked hunting blocks Luwingu and Chambeshi GMAs are administered
directly by the Northern Region HQ in Kasama, (see Appendix 1).
The Region had, by December 2006, a total staff strength of 402 of which 369 were
uniformed and 33 non-uniformed as shown in Appendix 2.
5.3.1 Generated Revenues and Sources
Table 6 below shows the sources and total amounts of revenue generated in the year
2006 for Northern Region.
Safari hunting was the major source of revenue for the Region contributing about
53%. A further 27% came from concession fees and about 3% came from local animal
fees. Non consumptive tourism generated about 14% of the total revenue for the
Region in the form of international park entry fees (9.43%), fixed lodges lease fees
(3.4%) and local park entry fees (1.09%).
24
Financial Viability of Current National Parks and Game Management Areas in Zambia: A Case for the Year 2006
Table 6: Revenue sources and amounts for Northern Region in 2006
Revenue Source
%
Animal Fees (Safari)
Concession fees
TOTALS
Bangweulu AMU
53.26
27.18
1,298,300,341
662,522,700
1,232,000,091
662,522,700
9.43
3.40
2.86
1.24
1.09
0.92
0.49
0.09
0.02
0.02
0.00
0.00
100
229,977,882
82,908,335
69,763,940
30,191,830
26,498,290
22,492,000
12,058,250
2,251,660
425,160
387,360
29,400
20,200
2,437,827,348
218,336,024
77,238,335
54,271,600
490,000
13,679,375
22,084,500
12,058,250
1,144,980
Park Entry Fees - International
Fixed Lodges Lease fees
Animal Fees (Local)
Other Income
Park Entry Fees - Local
Bird Licence (Safari)
Hunting Rights Fees
Bird Licence (Local)
Import/ Export Permits
Animal Fees (Open Area)
CITES Tags/Stamps
Certificate of Ownership
TOTALS
Nsumbu
AMU
Luapula AMU
Northern
Region
66,300,250
109,650
5,670,000
53,500
28,115,330
8,476,100
11,532,208
13,286,650
1,116,500
4,342,815
407,500
2,152,190
470,000
1,106,680
425,160
387,360
29,400
20,200
2,293,846,056
42,424,580
98,479,963
3,076,750
Bangweulu AMU got more revenue from animal fees and concession fees compared to
park entry fees and fixed lodge lease fees. International visitors brought in more
revenue to North Luangwa NP (and Lavushi Manda?) than local visitors.
Nsumbu AMU got more revenue from park entry fees and fixed lodge lease fees than
animal fees. Local visitors brought in more revenue to Nsumbu NP (and Mweru Wa
Ntipa?) than international visitors.
Luapula AMU got more revenue from safari and local animal fees compared to park
entry fees. International visitors brought more revenue to Kasanka NP (and Lusenga
Plains?) than local visitors.
The Northern Region HQ administered revenue for local animal fees from the Luwingu
and Chambeshi GMAs.
Figure 6 below is a graphical representation of the contributions by source of the total
revenue in Northern Region.
25
Financial Viability of Current National Parks and Game Management Areas in Zambia: A Case for the Year 2006
1,400
1,300
1,200
1,100
ZMK(000,000)
1,000
900
800
700
600
500
400
300
200
100
0
Ownership
Certificateof
CITESTags/Stamps
Area)
Animal Fees (Open
Import/ Export Permits
BirdLicence (Local)
Hunting Rights Fees
BirdLicence (Safari)
Local
Park Entry Fees -
Other Income
Animal Fees (Local)
fees
FixedLodges Lease
International
Park Entry Fees -
Concessionfees
Animal Fees (Safari)
REVENUE SOURCE
Figure 6: Contribution by source of total revenue in Northern Region
5.3.2 Expenditure Components
Table 7 shows the expenditure components for the year 2006 for Northern Region.
Salaries and administrative costs dominated on the expenditure components with
70.23% and 6.68% respectively. Community shares from hunting revenue represented
about 13% of the total expenditure. Excluding labour and administrative costs about
7.4% of the total expenditure went to resource protection in the form of patrol fuel
(4.21%), patrol ration (1.72%), combat uniforms (0.86%), ammunition (0.52%) and
patrol field equipment (0.09%). The information did not reflect any expenditure item
relating to research and monitoring.
26
Financial Viability of Current National Parks and Game Management Areas in Zambia: A Case for the Year 2006
Table 7: Expenditure components for the year 2006 for Northern Region.
Expenditure Item
Direct Labour (Salaries)
Community Share
Administrative costs
Patrol fuel
Patrol ration
Motor vehicle repairs,
maintenance & fuels
Combat uniforms
Other
Training & Workshops
Ammunition
Office Building
Patrol/ Field equipment
Office Equipment
TOTALS
%
Bangweulu
AMU
TOTALS
Nsumbu
AMU
Luapula AMU
70.23 4,377,663,028 2,184,088,856 524,178,288
12.71 792,338,078 660,445,026 61,512,250
6.68 416,285,725 152,045,243 56,542,999
4.21 262,395,305 128,650,593 44,889,580
1.72 106,932,650
57,253,300 17,662,420
1.60
0.86
0.62
0.57
0.52
0.14
0.09
0.06
Northern
Region
863,966,282 805,429,602
70,380,802
107,782,909 99,914,575
46,140,462 42,714,670
25,118,120
6,898,810
99,909,438
50,466,900
6,613,180
33,119,840
9,709,517
53,567,621
38,393,871
13,917,760
1,255,990
1,051,000 34,717,772
947,000
1,979,200
38,694,972
35,676,788
32,016,788
3,660,000
32,382,750
18,842,250
13,540,500
4,899,000
2,102,500
1,628,000
25,000
8,654,500
5,529,982
4,114,876
240,106
1,175,000
3,693,300
650,000
2,393,300
650,000
6,233,724,136 3,300,900,915 750,612,289 1,209,448,568 972,762,364
Figure 7 below is a graphical representation of the various items for the total
ZMK (000,000)
expenditure for Northern Region in 2006.
4,750
4,500
4,250
4,000
3,750
3,500
3,250
3,000
2,750
2,500
2,250
2,000
1,750
1,500
1,250
1,000
750
500
250
0
27
-Office Equipment
Figure 7: Expenditure components for Northern Region in 2006.
-Patrol/ Field equipment
-Office Building
-Ammunition
Training & Workshops
-Other
-Combat uniforms
-Motor vehicle repairs,
maintenance & fuels
-Patrol ration
-Patrol fuel
Administrative costs
Community Share
Direct Labour (Salaries)
EXPENDITURE ITEM
Financial Viability of Current National Parks and Game Management Areas in Zambia: A Case for the Year 2006
5.4 WESTERN REGION
The Western Region comprises of Ngoma, Chunga and Lunga AMUs. The Regional HQ
is located in Mumbwa with offices for the AMUs located in Itezhi-tezhi for Ngoma,
Mumbwa for Chunga and Solwezi for Lunga. The wildlife estates comprise of Kafue NP
South and Nkala, Bbilili, Namwala, Sichifulo and Mulobezi GMAS for Ngoma AMU. There
are six hunting blocks in Ngoma AMU namely Nkala and Mulobezi which are prime,
Sichifulo and Bilibili-Mulobezi which are secondary, Namwala which is understocked
and Bbilili which is depleted.
Chunga AMU has Kafue NP North and Mumbwa
GMA. There are two hunting blocks in Chunga AMU namely West Mumbwa which is
prime and East Mumbwa which is secondary. Lunga AMU has West Lunga NP and
Chizera, Chibwika Ntambu, Musele Matebo, Lukwakwa, Lunga Luswishi and Kasonso
Busanga GMAs. There are nine hunting blocks in Lunga AMU namely Kasonso which is
prime, Lunga Busanga and Kasempa-Lunga Luswishi which are secondary, Chizera and
Musele Matebo which are understocked and Chibwika Ntambu and Lower Lunga
Luswishi which are depleted. Blue Lagoon and Liuwa Plains NP including Kafue Flats
North and West Zambezi Upper GMAs are administered directly by the Western Region
HQ in Mumbwa. This also includes the two respective hunting blocks namely Kafue
Flats North which is specialised and West Zambezi Upper which is understocked (see
Appendix 1).
5.4.1 Generated Revenues and Sources
Table 8 below shows the sources and total amounts of revenue generated in the year
2006 for Western Region. Hunting was the major source of revenue with 43.75%
coming from safari animal fees, 31.63 from concession fees and 3.74% from local
animal fees. Non consumptive tourism generated about 18.65% of the total revenue
for the Region in the form of international park entry fees (6.23%), fixed lodge lease
fees (5.94%), local park entry fees (5.60%) and variable fees (0.88%).
28
Financial Viability of Current National Parks and Game Management Areas in Zambia: A Case for the Year 2006
Ngoma AMU got more revenue from animal fees and concession fees compared to
fixed lodge lease fees, park entry fees and variable fees. Local visitors to Kafue
National Park South brought in more revenue than international visitors.
Chunga AMU got more revenue from park entry fees, fixed lodge lease fees and
variable fees compared to animal fees and concession fees. International visitors to
Kafue NP North brought in more revenue than local visitors.
Lunga AMU got more revenue from animal fees and concession fees compared to fixed
lodge lease fees, park entry fees and variable fees. International visitors to West Lunga
NP brought in more revenue than local visitors.
Table 8: Revenue sources and amounts for Western Region in 2006
REVENUE
SOURCE
Animal Fees
(Safari)
Concession fees
Park Entry Fees
– International
Fixed Lodges
Lease fees
Park Entry Fees
– Local
Animal Fees
(Local)
Bird Licence
(Safari)
Variable Fees
Other Income
Hunting Rights
Fees
Bird Licence
(Local)
Import/ Export
Permits
Certificate of
Ownership
Game Drives
TOTALS
TOTALS
Ngoma AMU
Chunga AMU
Lunga AMU
Western Region
43.75
31.63
2,113,261,750
1,528,130,460
679,818,175
613,790,000
22,475,000
561,885,000
459,669,500
849,083,575
454,670,960
6.23
300,862,662
38,165,820
213,328,507
31,531,460
17,836,875
5.94
286,719,173
69,262,500
208,026,173
5,710,500
3,720,000
5.60
270,346,386
112,242,621
135,849,575
4,520,300
17,733,890
3.74
180,546,635
31,509,320
871,435
32,253,040
115,912,840
0.92
0.88
0.78
44,227,000
42,473,005
37,451,585
18,104,500
5,023,125
32,929,505
310,000
16,551,735
2,762,000
10,814,500
14,998,000
20,898,145
1,760,080
0.38
18,408,000
3,347,750
0.08
3,812,940
0.06
2,719,385
425,160
2,294,225
0.04
0.00
100
1,848,510
15,500
4,830,822,992
400,040
80,650
%
15,060,250
3,812,940
1,605,018,516
600,174,425
1,108,759,175
1,367,820
15,500
1,516,870,875
From Kafue Flats North and West Zambezi Upper hunting blocks the Western Region
HQ in Mumbwa got more revenue from animal fees and concession fees compared to
fixed lodge lease fees, park entry fees and variable fees from the two NPs Blue Lagoon
29
Financial Viability of Current National Parks and Game Management Areas in Zambia: A Case for the Year 2006
and Liuwa Plains. Almost equal amounts were obtained from international visitors and
local visitors to Blue Lagoon NP which may imply that there were more local visitors
than international visitors.
Figure 8 below is a graphical representation of the contributions by source of the total
revenue in Western Region.
2400
2200
ZMK (000,000)
2000
1800
1600
1400
1200
1000
800
600
400
200
0
Game Drives
Certificate of Ownership
Import/ Export Permits
Bird Licence (Local)
Hunting Rights Fees
Other Income
Variable Fees
Bird Licence (Safari)
Animal Fees (Local)
Park Entry Fees - Local
Fixed Lodges Lease fees
Park Entry Fees - International
Concession fees
Animal Fees (Safari)
REVENUE SOURCE
Figure 8: Contribution by source of total revenue in Western Region
5.4.2 Expenditure Components
Table 9 below shows the expenditure components for the year 2006 for Western
Region. Salaries and administrative costs dominated on the expenditure components
with 42.39% and 13.27% respectively. Community shares from hunting revenue
30
Financial Viability of Current National Parks and Game Management Areas in Zambia: A Case for the Year 2006
represented about 11% of the total expenditure. Excluding labour and administrative
costs about 14.6% of the total expenditure went to resource protection in the form of
patrol fuel (6.07%), patrol ration (3.84%), patrol field equipment (2.58%), combat
uniforms (1.55%), ammunition (0.50%) and firearm expenses (0.06%). Apart from
consultancies (9.68%) the information did not reflect any expenditure item relating to
research and monitoring.
Figure 9 below is a graphical representation of the various items for the total
expenditure for Western Region in 2006.
Table 9: Expenditure components for the year 2006 for Western Region.
EXPENDITURE
ITEM
Direct Labour
(Salaries)
Administrative
costs
%
Community Share
42.3
9
13.2
7
11.1
1
Consultancies
9.68
Patrol fuel
Patrol ration
Motor vehicle
repairs,
maintenance &
fuels
Patrol/ Field
equipment
TOTALS
NGOMA AMU
CHUNGA AMU
LUNGA AMU
WESTERN
REGION
4,398,073,787
1,187,464,910
251,616,849
853,475,744
1,105,092,594
1,377,058,397
268,305,079
34,758,816
572,683,045
607,441,860
1,153,085,782
383,856,302
30,974,037
96,310,155
127,284,192
1,004,739,747
458,911,772
6.07
629,852,663
189,005,411
3.84
398,164,895
3.17
328,434,842
73,848,654
73,848,654
3,503,981
135,994,573
139,498,554
147,826,625
1,161,000
64,154,220
65,315,220
79,339,025
5,661,262
136,212,025
141,873,286
146,025,074
146,025,074
2.58
267,467,895
19,611,999
Other
2.48
256,854,131
35,714,671
Combat uniforms
Road
maintenance,
Heavy Equipment
Training &
Workshops
1.55
161,297,923
1.18
122,250,000
1.16
119,931,298
6,295,998
89,933,300
89,933,300
Office Building
0.74
76,811,454
45,050,032
6,768,150
6,768,150
202,000
50,000
252,000
14,375,580
14,375,580
0
Ammunition
0.50
51,978,500
27,078,500
Office Equipment
0.22
23,213,335
1,429,084
Firearm expenses
0.06
6,300,000
TOTALS
100
6,300,000
10,375,514,65
4
2,856,189,414
31
1,260,000
1,260,000
1,960,000
4,573,000
6,533,000
3,553,751,675
1,440,072,100
2,525,501,465
Financial Viability of Current National Parks and Game Management Areas in Zambia: A Case for the Year 2006
-Firearm expenses
-Office Building
Training & Workshops
-Road maintenance, Heavy Equipment
-Combat uniforms
-Other
-Patrol/ Field equipment
-Motor vehicle repairs, maintenance &
fuels
-Patrol fuel
Consultancies
Community Share
Administrative costs
4750
4500
4250
4000
3750
3500
3250
3000
2750
2500
2250
2000
1750
1500
1250
1000
750
500
250
0
Direct Labour (Salaries)
EXPENDITURE ITEM
-Patrol ration
32
-Ammunition
Figure 9: Expenditure components for Western Region in 2006.
-Office Equipment
ZMK (000,000)
Financial Viability of Current National Parks and Game Management Areas in Zambia: A Case for the Year 2006
5.5 CHILANGA HQ
In 2006 Head Office had a management structure headed by a Director General with a
line management of six Directorates namely, Conservation and Management;
Research, Planning and Information; Commercial Services; Game Management Areas;
Finance and Corporate Services; and Board Secretary and Legal. These together with
Administration and Human Resources Manager, Head Intelligence and Investigations,
Chief Internal Auditor and Projects Coordinator comprised the senior management
structure of ZAWA. Directors are assisted by various managers of various Departments
and units namely Protected Areas Planning, Research, Information Services, Technical
Services,
Extension
Services,
GMA
Operations,
Prosecution,
Auto
Workshop,
Nyamaluma Training School, Public Relations, Roads, Purchasing and Supply, Radio
Operations and General Maintenance.
5.5.1 Generated Revenues and Sources
Table 10 below shows the sources and total amounts of revenue generated in the year
2006 for Chilanga HQ. Import/ Export permits were the major revenue source and
accounted for 51%. 12.45% of the revenue was not categorized and was simply
referred to as other income. Other sources were sale of trophies (5.95%), certificate of
ownership (4.11%), permit to keep animals in captivity (3.09%) and CITES Tags/
Stamps (1.72%). This income came through the Commercial Services Directorate.
Animal fees, park entry fees, fixed lodge lease fees, variable fees and bird licence fees
appear as sources of revenue at Chilanga HQ when infact these amounts were
supposed to be shown under the respective AMUS to which they accrue despite being
deposited at the Chilanga HQ accounting unit. However this report will not make such
corrections as this will not impact on the general picture from the Regions.
33
Financial Viability of Current National Parks and Game Management Areas in Zambia: A Case for the Year 2006
Table 10: Revenue sources and amounts for Chilanga HQ in 2006
REVENUE SOURCE
Import/ Export Permits
Other Income
Animal Fees (Local)
Sale of Trophies
Park Entry Fees – Local
Certificate of Ownership
Fixed Lodges Lease fees
Permit - Animals in Captivity
CITES Tags/Stamps
Variable Fees
Animal Fees (Safari)
Bird Licence (Safari)
Bird Licence (Local)
Hunting Rights Fees
TOTALS
%
TOTALS
50.89
12.45
9.87
5.95
4.91
4.11
3.78
3.09
1.72
1.07
0.77
0.76
0.44
0.19
100
220,025,104.51
53,817,628.30
42,680,520.00
25,735,500.00
21,229,380.00
17,785,980.00
16,341,900.00
13,360,680.00
7,427,588.99
4,628,370.21
3,312,400.00
3,275,000.00
1,919,940.00
815,000.00
432,354,992.01
Figure 10 below is a graphical representation of the contributions by source of the total
ZMK (000,000)
revenue for Chilanga HQ.
240
230
220
210
200
190
180
170
160
150
140
130
120
110
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Figure 10: Contribution by source of total revenue at Chilanga HQ
34
Hunting Rights Fees
Bird Licence (Local)
Bird Licence (Safari)
Animal Fees (Safari)
Variable Fees
CITES Tags/Stamps
Captivity
Permit - Animals in
fees
Fixed Lodges Lease
Ownership
Certificate of
Local
Park Entry Fees -
Sale of Trophies
Animal Fees (Local)
Other Income
Import/ Export Permits
REVENUE SOURCE
Financial Viability of Current National Parks and Game Management Areas in Zambia: A Case for the Year 2006
5.5.2 Expenditure Components
Table 11 below shows the expenditure components for the year 2006 for Chilanga HQ.
Salaries and administrative costs dominated on the expenditure components with
47.71% and 30.23% respectively. Excluding labour and administrative costs 2.5% of
the total expenditure went to resource protection used by the HQ based Rapid
Deployment Team. Apart from consultancies (7.52%) the information did not reflect
any expenditure item relating to research and monitoring.
Figure 11 below is a graphical representation of the various items for the total
expenditure for Western Region in 2006.
Table 11: Expenditure components for the year 2006 for Chilanga HQ.
EXPENDITURE ITEM
Direct Labour (Salaries)
Administrative costs
Consultancies
Motor vehicle repairs, maintenance & fuels
Training & Workshops
Combat uniforms
Office Building
Patrol/ Field equipment
Office Equipment
Ammunition
Other
Patrol ration
TOTALS
35
%
TOTALS
47.71
30.23
7.52
6.26
5.03
1.97
0.36
0.32
0.30
0.13
0.09
0.08
100
5,981,276,557.12
3,789,527,555.04
943,304,937.40
784,241,640.67
630,115,426.29
247,190,890.79
45,576,770.00
39,842,465.74
37,903,730.35
15,875,000.00
11,214,000.00
10,151,224.40
12,536,220,197.80
ZMK (000,000)
Financial Viability of Current National Parks and Game Management Areas in Zambia: A Case for the Year 2006
6400
6200
6000
5800
5600
5400
5200
5000
4800
4600
4400
4200
4000
3800
3600
3400
3200
3000
2800
2600
2400
2200
2000
1800
1600
1400
1200
1000
800
600
400
200
0
-Patrol ration
36
-Other
Figure 11: Expenditure components for Chilanga HQ in 2006.
-Ammunition
-Office Equipment
-Patrol/ Field
equipment
-Office Building
-Combat uniforms
Training &
Workshops
-Motor vehicle
repairs,
maintenance & fuels
Consultancies
Administrative costs
Direct Labour
(Salaries)
EXPENDITURE ITEM
Financial Viability of Current National Parks and Game Management Areas in Zambia: A Case for the Year 2006
5.6 OVERALL ZAWA REVENUE SOURCES AND EXPENDITURE
A summary of all revenues and expenditures for ZAWA are presented. Revenue is
further summarized into two categories in the form of that coming from hunting and
concessions and that coming from parks (entry fees, lodge lease fees, variable fees,
etc). Donor funds are also shown including government grant.
5.6.1 Generated Revenues and Sources
Table 12 below shows the sources and total amounts of revenue generated in the year
2006 for ZAWA. There were twenty seven recorded sources of revenue and the twenty
eighth referred to as ‘other income’. The term ‘other income’ could include any of the
listed revenue sources including safari administration fees, professional hunters licence
fees, outfitters safari licence fees, boating fees, house rentals, aerial viewing fees,
abseiling fees, research/inspection fees, bunji jumping fees, elephant rides fees and
trophy dealers licence fees depending on how the money was banked at the AMU.
Table 12: Revenue sources and amounts for ZAWA in 2006
REVENUE SOURCE
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
Animal Fees (Safari)
Concession fees
Park Entry Fees – International
Variable Fees
Fixed Lodges Lease fees
Park Entry Fees – Local
Other Income
Animal Fees (Local)
Game Drives
Exchange Gain/ Loss
Import/ Export Permits
Bird Licence (Safari)
Deferred Income-Amortisation
Escort Fees
Guest House Income
Vehicle Fees
Bank Interest
37
TOTALS
%
6,692,595,308.95
4,647,022,110.00
3,316,425,353.61
3,007,961,987.61
2,526,900,159.50
2,131,371,371.00
800,650,292.25
698,267,240.00
359,264,740.00
239,659,010.90
224,855,698.11
159,248,000.00
131,378,648.40
101,116,925.00
94,021,500.00
63,496,350.00
33,935,400.36
26.37
18.31
13.07
11.85
9.96
8.40
3.15
2.75
1.42
0.94
0.89
0.63
0.52
0.40
0.37
0.25
0.13
Financial Viability of Current National Parks and Game Management Areas in Zambia: A Case for the Year 2006
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
Hunting Rights Fees
Hire of Machinery
Sale of Trophies
Certificate of Ownership
Permit - Animals in Captivity
Bird Licence (Local)
CITES Tags/Stamps
Animal Fees (Open Area)
Sale of T-Shirts
Angling
Crocodile Eggs/ Live Capture
TOTAL
33,776,950.00
27,126,000.00
25,735,500.00
21,492,350.00
13,680,960.00
13,451,560.00
7,524,080.39
4,864,150.00
4,392,600.00
1,727,300.00
137,970.00
25,382,079,516.08
0.13
0.11
0.10
0.08
0.05
0.05
0.03
0.02
0.02
0.01
0.00
100
Significant incomes came from safari animal fees (26.37%), concession fees (18.31%),
international park entry fees (13.07%), variable fees (11.85%), fixed lodge lease fees
(9.96%), local park entry fees (8.4%), local animal fees (2.75%), game drives
(1.42%), import/export permits (0.89%), safari bird licence fees (0.63%) and escort
fees (0.4%).
Figure 12 below is a graphical representation of the contributions by source of the total
revenue for ZAWA in 2006.
38
ZMK (000,000)
Financial Viability of Current National Parks and Game Management Areas in Zambia: A Case for the Year 2006
7,250
7,000
6,750
6,500
6,250
6,000
5,750
5,500
5,250
5,000
4,750
4,500
4,250
4,000
3,750
3,500
3,250
3,000
2,750
2,500
2,250
2,000
1,750
1,500
1,250
1,000
750
500
250
0
Escort Fees
Bird Licence (Safari)
Import/ Export Permits
Game Drives
Animal Fees (Local)
Park Entry Fees Local
Fixed Lodges Lease
fees
Variable Fees
Park Entry Fees International
Concession fees
Animal Fees (Safari)
INCOME SOURCE
Figure 12: Contribution by source of total revenue for ZAWA in 2006
5.6.2 Expenditure Components
Table 13 below shows the expenditure components for the year 2006 for ZAWA.
Salaries and administrative costs dominated on the expenditure components with
48.04% and 18.53% respectively. Excluding labour and administrative costs 8.35% of
the total expenditure went to resource protection through patrol fuel (3.14%), patrol
ration (1.99%), combat
uniforms (1.83%),
patrol field
equipment (0.99%),
ammunition (0.38%) and firearm expenses (0.02%). Apart from consultancies (4.82%)
the information did not reflect any expenditure item relating to research and
monitoring.
39
Financial Viability of Current National Parks and Game Management Areas in Zambia: A Case for the Year 2006
ZMK3,722,264,357.50 representing 7.95% of the total expenditure was remitted as
community shares as shown in Appendix 3.
Figure 13 below is a graphical representation of the various items for the total
expenditure for ZAWA in 2006.
Table 13: ZAWA’s Expenditure components for the year 2006.
EXPENDITURE ITEM
Direct Labour (Salaries)
Administrative costs
Community Share
Motor vehicle repairs, maintenance & fuels
Consultancies
Patrol fuel
Training & Workshops
Patrol ration
Road maintenance, Heavy Equipment
Combat uniforms
Other
Patrol/ Field equipment
Road maintenance, Fuels & Lubricants
Office Building
Ammunition
Subsistence Allowance, Roads
Office Equipment
Casual Wages, Roads
Road maintenance, Materials
Firearm expenses
TOTAL
40
TOTALS
%
22,502,472,752.62
8,681,434,721.12
3,722,264,357.50
2,401,389,449.00
2,257,795,413.06
1,471,260,509.11
1,217,708,189.81
931,044,364.74
879,280,399.31
858,932,911.80
536,861,746.17
465,845,948.02
254,740,406.40
191,611,502.30
179,557,250.00
96,057,000.00
93,891,898.26
62,481,060.01
25,035,701.90
11,239,000.00
46,840,904,581.13
48.04
18.53
7.95
5.13
4.82
3.14
2.60
1.99
1.88
1.83
1.15
0.99
0.54
0.41
0.38
0.21
0.20
0.13
0.05
0.02
100
ZMK (000,000)
Financial Viability of Current National Parks and Game Management Areas in Zambia: A Case for the Year 2006
24,000
22,000
20,000
18,000
16,000
14,000
12,000
10,000
8,000
6,000
4,000
2,000
0
-Firearm expenses
-Road maitenance, Materials
-Casual Wages, Roads
-Office Equipment
-Subsistence Allowance, Roads
-Ammunition
-Office Building
-Road maintenance, Fuels &
Lubricants
-Patrol/ Field equipment
-Other
-Combat uniforms
-Road maintenance, Heavy
Equipment
-Patrol ration
Training & Workshops
-Patrol fuel
Consultancies
-Motor vehicle repairs,
maintenance & fuels
Community Share
Administrative costs
Direct Labour (Salaries)
EXPENDITURE ITEM
Figure 13: Expenditure components for ZAWA in 2006.
5.6.3 ZAWA’s total revenues and expenditure for 2006
Table 14 below shows ZAWA’s total revenues and expenditures for 2006 while figure
14 is a graphical representation of the same.
Table 14: ZAWA’s total revenues and expenditures for 2006
Regional Office/ AMU
South Luangwa AMU
East Luangwa AMU
Lower Zambezi AMU
Mosi Oa Tunya AMU
Bangweulu AMU
Ngoma AMU
Western Region Office
Lunga AMU
Chunga AMU
Kafue Flats AMU
Chilanga HQ
West Zambezi AMU
Luapula AMU
Nsumbu AMU
Central Region Office
Nyamaluma
Northern Region Office
Eastern Region Office
TOTALS
INCOME
8,232,856,582.42
3,744,094,860.50
2,822,931,574.50
2,427,012,131.35
2,293,846,055.50
1,605,018,516.50
1,269,252,380.00
1,108,759,175.00
600,174,425.80
448,520,025.00
427,143,602.01
247,618,495.00
98,479,962.50
42,424,580.00
5,659,010.00
5,211,390.00
3,076,750.00
0.00
25,382,079,516.08
41
%
32.44
14.75
11.12
9.56
9.04
6.32
5.00
4.37
2.36
1.77
1.68
0.98
0.39
0.17
0.02
0.02
0.01
0.00
100.00
EXPENDITURE
8,291,088,281.71
2,662,870,372.34
2,101,323,312.27
2,720,423,477.10
3,300,900,914.86
2,856,189,413.63
2,195,663,519.94
1,440,072,099.85
3,553,751,674.98
1,070,514,649.03
12,430,269,680.19
329,837,945.43
1,209,448,568.30
750,612,288.81
746,849,137.67
105,950,517.61
972,762,364.22
102,376,363.19
46,840,904,581.13
%
17.70
5.68
4.49
5.81
7.05
6.10
4.69
3.07
7.59
2.29
26.54
0.70
2.58
1.60
1.59
0.23
2.08
0.22
100.00
ZMK (000,000)
Financial Viability of Current National Parks and Game Management Areas in Zambia: A Case for the Year 2006
13,200
12,800
12,400
12,000
11,600
11,200
10,800
10,400
10,000
9,600
9,200
8,800
8,400
8,000
7,600
7,200
6,800
6,400
6,000
5,600
5,200
4,800
4,400
4,000
3,600
3,200
2,800
2,400
2,000
1,600
1,200
800
400
0
INCOME
EXPENDITURE
Eastern Regional Office
Northern Regional Office
Nyamaluma
Central Regional Office
Nsumbu AMU
Luapula AMU
West Zambezi AMU
Chilanga HQ
Kafue Flats AMU
Chunga AMU
Lunga AMU
Western Regional Office
Ngoma AMU
Bangweulu AMU
Mosi Oa Tunya AMU
Lower Zambezi AMU
East Luangwa AMU
South Luangwa AMU
REGIONAL OFFICE/ AMU
Figure 14: ZAWA’s total revenues and expenditure per Regional Office/AMU
in 2006.
South Luangwa AMU generated 32.44% of ZAWA’s total revenue flowed by East
Luangwa AMU (14.75%), Lower Zambezi AMU (11.12%), Mosi Oa Tunya AMU
(9.56%), Bangweulu AMU (9.04%), Ngoma AMU (6.32%), Western Region (5%),
Lunga AMU (4.37%), Chunga AMU (2.36%), Kafue Flats AMU (1.77%) and Chilanga
HQ (1.68%). The remaining Regions and AMUs each contributed less than 1% of
ZAWA’s generated revenue in 2006. As earlier mentioned under Western Region some
significant income is recorded because the Regional office directly manages Kafue Flats
North which includes Blue Lagoon NP and the North Bank GMA. The highest
expenditure was at Chilanga HQ (26.54%) followed by South Luangwa AMU (17.7%).
42
Financial Viability of Current National Parks and Game Management Areas in Zambia: A Case for the Year 2006
The rest of the Regions and AMUs each spent less than 10% of ZAWA’s total
expenditure in 2006.
East Luangwa AMU and Lower Zambezi AMU generated more revenue than
expenditure and South Luangwa AMU almost broke even. The rest of the Regions and
AMUs had their expenditures totaling more than the generated revenues.
Table 15 below is a summary of ZAWA’s regional totals of revenues and expenditures
for the year 2006
Table 15: ZAWA’s Regional Totals of Revenues and Expenditures for 2006
Regional Office/ AMU
INCOME
EXPENDITURE
Totals
427,143,602.01
5,211,390.00
432,354,992.01
12,430,269,680.19
105,950,517.61
12,536,220,197.80
Eastern Regional Office
South Luangwa AMU
East Luangwa AMU
Totals
0.00
8,232,856,582.42
3,744,094,860.50
11,976,951,442.92
102,376,363.19
8,291,088,281.71
2,662,870,372.34
11,056,335,017.24
Western Regional Office
Lunga AMU
Chunga AMU
Ngoma AMU
West Zambezi AMU
Totals
1,269,252,380.00
1,108,759,175.00
600,174,425.80
1,605,018,516.50
247,618,495.00
4,830,822,992.30
2,195,663,519.94
1,440,072,099.85
3,553,751,674.98
2,856,189,413.63
329,837,945.43
10,375,514,653.83
Central Regional Office
Lower Zambezi AMU
Mosi Oa Tunya AMU
Kafue Flats AMU
Totals
5,659,010.00
2,822,931,574.50
2,427,012,131.35
448,520,025.00
5,704,122,740.85
746,849,137.67
2,101,323,312.27
2,720,423,477.10
1,070,514,649.03
6,639,110,576.07
Northern Regional Office
Bangweulu AMU
Luapula AMU
Nsumbu AMU
Totals
3,076,750.00
2,293,846,055.50
98,479,962.50
42,424,580.00
2,437,827,348.00
972,762,364.22
3,300,900,914.86
1,209,448,568.30
750,612,288.81
6,233,724,136.19
25,382,079,516.08
46,840,904,581.13
Chilanga HQ
Nyamaluma
ZAWA TOTALS
43
Financial Viability of Current National Parks and Game Management Areas in Zambia: A Case for the Year 2006
5.6.4 Comparison of consumptive and non consumptive revenues
Table 16 below shows generated revenues from the two major sources namely
consumptive or hunting revenue (safari animal fees, concession fees, local animal fees,
import/ export permits, safari bird licence, hunting rights fees, sale of trophies,
certificate of ownership, permit to keep animals in captivity, local bird licence, CITES
Tags/ Stamps, open area animal fees and crocodile eggs/ Live capture and non
consumptive or park revenue (international park entry fees, variable fees, fixed lodge
lease fees, local park entry fees, game drives, escort fees and angling). The table also
shows percent contribution of each of the two revenue sources at Regional/ AMU level.
Figure 15 is a graphical representation of the same.
Table 16: Comparison of consumptive and non consumptive revenues from
Regional Offices/ AMUs in 2006
Regional Office/ AMU
Consumptive
%
Non Consumptive
%
TOTALS
East Luangwa AMU
3,250,228,710.00
87
474,827,550.50
13
3,725,056,260.50
Bangweulu AMU
1,984,102,321.20
87
309,253,734.30
13
2,293,356,055.50
7,170,670,494.81
South Luangwa AMU
1,968,849,205.00
27
5,201,821,289.81
73
Ngoma AMU
1,347,394,945.00
86
224,694,066.50
14
1,572,089,011.50
Western Regional Office
1,211,177,890.00
96
56,484,410.00
4
1,267,662,300.00
Lunga AMU
1,066,996,915.00
96
41,762,260.00
4
1,108,759,175.00
677,882,680.00
24
2,121,323,679.50
76
2,799,206,359.50
378,537,363.71
Lower Zambezi AMU
Chilanga HQ
336,337,713.50
89
42,199,650.21
11
Kafue Flats AMU
279,479,090.00
69
128,341,685.00
31
407,820,775.00
West Zambezi AMU
243,728,495.00
98
3,720,000.00
2
247,448,495.00
Luapula AMU
81,488,440.00
84
15,875,022.00
16
97,363,462.00
Mosi Oa Tunya AMU
63,130,097.75
3
2,299,949,097.60
97
2,363,079,195.35
Chunga AMU
573,755,990.80
23,656,435.00
4
96
597,412,425.80
Central Regional Office
5,538,690.00
100
0
5,538,690.00
Northern Regional Office
2,606,750.00
100
0
2,606,750.00
53,500.00
0
100
14,309,250.00
Nsumbu AMU
14,255,750.00
Eastern Regional Office
0.00
12,542,651,877
52
44
11,508,264,186
48
24,050,916,063
ZMK (000,000)
Financial Viability of Current National Parks and Game Management Areas in Zambia: A Case for the Year 2006
5500
5250
5000
4750
4500
4250
4000
3750
3500
3250
3000
2750
2500
2250
2000
1750
1500
1250
1000
750
500
250
0
Consumptive
Non Consumptive
Eastern Regional Office
Northern Regional Office
Central Regional Office
West Zambezi AMU
Nsumbu AMU
Luapula AMU
Lunga AMU
Chilanga HQ
Western Regional Office
Kafue Flats AMU
Ngoma AMU
Bangweulu AMU
East Luangwa AMU
Chunga AMU
Lower Zambezi AMU
Mosi Oa Tunya AMU
South Luangwa AMU
REGIONAL OFFICE/ AMU
Figure 15: Comparison of consumptive and non consumptive revenues from
Regional Offices/ AMUs in 2006
Table 17 is the ranking of Regions/ AMUs according to the generated hunting revenue
in 2006. Much of the revenue came from East Luangwa AMU (25.91%) followed by
Bangweulu AMU (15.82%), South Luangwa AMU (15.70%), Ngoma AMU (10.74%),
Western Region representing Kafue Flats North (9.66%), Lunga AMU (8.51%), Lower
Zambezi AMU (5.4%). The rest of the areas each contributed less than 5% of the total
hunting revenue. Figure 16 is a graphical representation of the same.
45
Financial Viability of Current National Parks and Game Management Areas in Zambia: A Case for the Year 2006
Table 17: Ranking of Regional Offices/ AMUs according to hunting revenue
in 2006
Regional Office/ AMU
East Luangwa AMU
Bangweulu AMU
South Luangwa AMU
Ngoma AMU
Western Regional Office
Lunga AMU
Lower Zambezi AMU
Chilanga HQ
Kafue Flats AMU
West Zambezi AMU
Luapula AMU
Mosi Oa Tunya AMU
Chunga AMU
Central Regional Office
Northern Regional Office
Nsumbu AMU
Eastern Regional Office
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
Consumptive
3,250,228,710.00
1,984,102,321.20
1,968,849,205.00
1,347,394,945.00
1,211,177,890.00
1,066,966,915.00
677,882,680.00
336,337,713.50
279,479,090.00
243,728,495.00
81,488,440.00
63,130,097.75
23,656,435.00
5,538,690.00
2,606,750.00
53,500.00
%
25.91
15.82
15.70
10.74
9.66
8.51
5.40
2.68
2.23
1.94
0.65
0.50
0.19
0.04
0.02
0.00
12,542,651,877.45
100
ZMK
3,600,000,000.00
3,400,000,000.00
3,200,000,000.00
3,000,000,000.00
2,800,000,000.00
2,600,000,000.00
2,400,000,000.00
2,200,000,000.00
2,000,000,000.00
1,800,000,000.00
1,600,000,000.00
1,400,000,000.00
1,200,000,000.00
1,000,000,000.00
800,000,000.00
600,000,000.00
400,000,000.00
200,000,000.00
0.00
46
Nsumbu AMU
Figure 16: Hunting revenue from Regional Offices/ AMUs in 2006
Northern Regional Office
Central Regional Office
Chunga AMU
Mosi Oa Tunya AMU
Luapula AMU
West Zambezi AMU
Kafue Flats AMU
Chilanga HQ
Lower Zambezi AMU
Lunga AMU
Western Regional Office
Ngoma AMU
South Luangwa AMU
Bangweulu AMU
East Luangwa AMU
REGIONAL OFFICE/ AMU
Financial Viability of Current National Parks and Game Management Areas in Zambia: A Case for the Year 2006
Table 18 below is the ranking of Regions/ AMUs according to the generated hunting
park in 2006. Much of the revenue came from South Luangwa AMU (45.2%) followed
by Mosi Oa Tunya AMU (19.99%) and Lower Zambezi AMU (18.43%). Chunga and
East Luangwa AMUs contributed 4.99% and 4.13% respectively while Bangweulu,
Ngoma and Kafue Flats AMUs contributed 2.69%, 1.95% and 1.12%. The rest of the
areas each contributed less than 1%. Figure 17 is a graphical representation of the
same.
Table 18: Ranking of Regional Offices/ AMUs according to park revenue in
2006
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
Regional Office/ AMU
South Luangwa AMU
Mosi Oa Tunya AMU
Lower Zambezi AMU
Chunga AMU
East Luangwa AMU
Bangweulu AMU
Ngoma AMU
Kafue Flats AMU
Western Regional Office
Chilanga HQ
Lunga AMU
Luapula AMU
Nsumbu AMU
West Zambezi AMU
Central Regional Office
Northern Regional Office
Eastern Regional Office
47
Non Consumptive
5,201,821,289.81
2,299,949,097.60
2,121,323,679.50
573,755,990.80
474,827,550.50
309,253,734.30
224,694,066.50
128,341,685.00
56,484,410.00
42,199,650.21
41,762,260.00
15,875,022.00
14,255,750.00
3,720,000.00
%
45.20
19.99
18.43
4.99
4.13
2.69
1.95
1.12
0.49
0.37
0.36
0.14
0.12
0.03
0.00
0.00
11,508,264,186.22
100
Financial Viability of Current National Parks and Game Management Areas in Zambia: A Case for the Year 2006
5,500,000,000.00
5,000,000,000.00
4,500,000,000.00
4,000,000,000.00
ZMK
3,500,000,000.00
3,000,000,000.00
2,500,000,000.00
2,000,000,000.00
1,500,000,000.00
1,000,000,000.00
500,000,000.00
0.00
Eastern Regional Office
Northern Regional Office
Central Regional Office
West Zambezi AMU
Nsumbu AMU
Luapula AMU
Lunga AMU
Chilanga HQ
Western Regional Office
Kafue Flats AMU
Ngoma AMU
Bangweulu AMU
East Luangwa AMU
Chunga AMU
Lower Zambezi AMU
Mosi Oa Tunya AMU
South Luangwa AMU
REGIONAL OFFICE/ AMU
Figure 17: Park revenue from Regional Offices/ AMUs in 2006
5.6.5 ZAWA’s income sources including grants in 2006
Table 19 shows ZAWA’s sources of income including grants for 2006 and the
information is further summarized in table 20. ZAWA got ZMK12,542,651,877.45 from
hunting, ZMK11,508,264,186.22 from the parks and ZMK18,235,094,667.10 as grants.
Table 19: ZAWA’s income sources including grants in 2006
SOURCE
NORAD
Animal Fees (Safari)
Concession fees
GRZ (Ministry of Tourism)
48
Amount (ZMK)
%
7,980,636,554.20
6,692,595,308.95
4,647,022,110.00
4,103,515,223.00
18.30
15.34
10.65
9.41
Financial Viability of Current National Parks and Game Management Areas in Zambia: A Case for the Year 2006
World Bank GEF
Park Entry Fees – International
Variable Fees
World Bank IDA
Fixed Lodges Lease fees
Park Entry Fees – Local
Other ZAWA Revenue
Animal Fees (Local)
Game Drives
Import/ Export Permits
Bird Licence (Safari)
Other Revenue Grants
Escort Fees
TOTAL
3,437,964,863.80
3,316,425,353.61
3,007,961,987.61
2,557,794,507.00
2,526,900,159.50
2,131,371,371.00
1,517,050,000.00
698,267,240.00
359,264,740.00
224,855,698.11
159,248,000.00
155,183,519.10
101,116,925.00
43,617,173,560.88
7.88
7.60
6.90
5.86
5.79
4.89
3.48
1.60
0.82
0.52
0.37
0.36
0.23
100.00
Bird Licence (Saf ari)
Import/ Export Permits
Game Drives
Other Revenue Grants
Animal Fees (Local)
Other ZAWA Revenue
Pa
rk
En
try
Fe
es
-L
oca
l
Fix e
d Lo
dg e
s Le
a ..
Escort Fees
D
RA
NO
World Bank IDA
Animal Fees (Saf ari)
Ba
nk
W
o
rld
es
fe
G
EF
tr
En
n
io
ss
ce
on
C
rk
Pa
..
te.
- In
es
e
yF
GRZ (Ministry of Tourism)
ees
ble F
Varia
Figure 18: ZAWA’s income sources including grants in 2006
49
Financial Viability of Current National Parks and Game Management Areas in Zambia: A Case for the Year 2006
Table 20: ZAWA’s income and expenditure for the period 2001 to 2006
2001
2002
K'm
K'm
K'm
K'm
K'm
K'm
278
909
7,812
12,610
13,771
12,543
Park Income
9,137
16,871
14,756
11,146
15,722
11,508
Grants
5,306
6,156
7,952
9,921
10,262
18,235
873
993
1,749
2,283
4,369
1,331
15,594
24,929
32,269
35,960
44,124
43,617
Establishment Expenses
7,282
8,197
14,690
17,870
15,950
22,502
Administration Expenses
6,411
7,014
8,181
16,008
17,110
8,681
Income
Hunting, Licence and Concession fees
Exchange Gains and Other income
Total Income
2003
2004
2005
2006
Expenditure
Operation Expenses
8,313
7,781
10,448
15,310
17,334
15,658
Total Expenditure
22,006
22,992
33,319
49,188
50,394
46,841
Surplus (Deficit)
(6,412)
1,937
(1,050)
(13,228)
(6,270)
(3,224)
Accumulated Surplus (Deficit)
(6,412)
(4,475)
(5,525)
(18,753)
(25,023)
(28,247)
50
Financial Viability of Current National Parks and Game Management Areas in Zambia: A Case for the Year 2006
REFERENCES
DSI (2004) A Financial and Economic Analysis of the Costs and Benefits of Managing
the Protected Area Estate. Development Services and Initiatives.
UNDP/GEF funded project on the Reclassification and Sustainable
Management of Zambia’s Protected Area Systems. Ministry of Tourism,
Environment and Natural Resources.
ZAWA, (2007) Draft Strategic Plan 2008 – 2012. Facilitated by Changa Management
Services. Public Accountants and Management Consultants, Lusaka,
Zambia.
ZAWA, (2006) Off Take Quotas for the year 2006. A document of Zambia Wildlife
Authority, Chilanga, Zambia.
ZAWA, GEF, UNDP (2007) Current Protected Area Categories and the Institutions
Responsible for their Management in Zambia. GEF/ UNDP funded project
on the Reclassification and Effective Management of the National
Protected Areas System. Zambia Wildlife Authority, Chilanga, Zambia.
Draft Report.
ZAWA, (2006) Investing in the Wildlife Protected Areas to Enhance Conservation,
Promote Tourism and Alleviate Poverty. A document of the Zambia
Wildlife Authority, Chilanga, Zambia.
ZAWA, (2004) Audit of Zambia Wildlife Authority’s Current Capabilities and
Development of Project Proposals for Institutional Capacity Development
Over a Five Year Period (2004 – 2008). Grant Thornton Associates
Limited. Draft Report. A document of the Zambia Wildlife Authority,
Chilanga, Zambia.
51
Financial Viability of Current National Parks and Game Management Areas in Zambia: A Case for the Year 2006
Appendix 1: ZAWA Regions and Area Management Units
REGION
AMU
NAME OF NP
NAME OF GMA
EASTERN
EAST LUANGWA
Lukusuzu NP
Luambe NP
Nyika NP
Lumimba
Musalangu
SOUTH LUANGWA
South Luangwa NP
Lupande
West Petauke
CENTRAL
MOSI OA TUNYA
LOWER ZAMBEZI
KAFUE FLATS
Mosi Oa Tunya NP
Sioma Ngwezi NP
Lower Zambezi NP
Sandwe
West Zambezi Lower
Rufunsa
Chiawa
Luano
NGOMA
Lochinvar NP
Blue Lagoon NP
Liuwa Plains NP
Kafue NP (South)
Kafue Flats South
Kafue Flats North
West Zambezi Upper
Nkala
Bilili
Namwala
Sichifulo
Mulobezi
CHUNGA
Kafue NP (North)
Mumbwa
LUNGA
West Lunga NP
Chizera
Chibwika Ntambu
Musele Matebo
WESTERN
Lunga Luswishi
NORTHERN
Isangano NP
BANGWEULU
NSUMBU
LUAPULA
North Luangwa NP
Lavushi Manda NP
Nsumbu NP
Mweru Wa Ntipa
NP
Lusenga Plains NP
Kasanka NP
Kasonso Busanga
Lukwakwa
Luwingu
Chambeshi
Munyamadzi
Mukungule
Musalangu
Chisomo
Bangweulu
Tondwa
Kaputa
Bangweulu (Kalasa
Mukoso)
Mansa
Kafinda
52
NAME OF HUNTING
BLOCK
STATUS
Chanjuzi-Lumimba
Mwanya Lumimba
Nyaminga Lumimba
Chifunda-Musalangu
Chikwa-Musalangu
East-Musalangu
Lower Lupande
Upper Lupande
Msoro-Lupande
Nyalugwe-West Petauke
Luembe-West Petauke
Sandwe
West Zambezi Lower
Prime
Prime
Secondary
Prime
Secondary
Secondary
Prime
Prime
Secondary
Prime
Prime
Secondary
Secondary
Rufunsa
Chiawa
Upper Luano
Lower Luano
Kafue Flats South
Kafue Flats North
West Zambezi Upper
Nkala
Bilili
Namwala
Sichifulo
Mulobezi
Bilibili-Mulobezi
East Mumbwa
West Mumbwa
Chizera
Chibwika Ntambu
Musele Matebo
Kasempa-Lunga
Luswishi
Lower-Lunga Luswishi
Upper-Lunga Luswishi
Lunga Busanga
Kasonso
Lukwakwa
Luwingu
Chambeshi
Luawata-Munyamadzi
Nyampala-Munyamadzi
Mukungule
West-Musalangu
Chisomo
Bangweulu
Tondwa
Secondary
Secondary
Understocked
Secondary
Specialised
Specialised
Understocked
Prime
Depleted
Understocked
Secondary
Prime
Secondary
Secondary
Prime
Understocked
Depleted
Understocked
Kaputa
Depleted
Kalasa Mukoso
Mansa
Kafinda
Specialised
Understoked
Understoked
Secondary
Depleted
Depleted
Secondary
Prime
Understocked
Understoked
Understocked
Prime
Prime
Understocked
Secondary
Understoked
Specialised
Secondary
Financial Viability of Current National Parks and Game Management Areas in Zambia: A Case for the Year 2006
Appendix 2: ZAWA’s Employee Summary List (December 2006)
REGION
AMU
EASTERN
Eastern Region HQ
East Luangwa AMU
South Luangwa AMU
CENTRAL
WESTERN
NORTHERN
Central Region HQ
Mosi Oa Tunya AMU
Lower Zambezi AMU
Kafue Flats
Western Region HQ plus
Blue Lagoon
Ngoma AMU
Chunga AMU
(West Zambezi AMU)*
Lunga AMU
Northern Region HQ
Bangweulu AMU
Nsumbu AMU
Luapula AMU
CHILANGA HQ
GRAND TOTALS
UNIFORMED
NON UNIFORMED
SUB TOTALS
TOTALS
9
112
131
252
4
11
61
76
13
123
192
328
328
21
84
108
44
257
5
15
14
12
46
26
99
122
56
303
303
54
81
88
24
73
320
9
9
8
8
9
43
63
90
96
32
82
363
363
45
200
42
82
369
8
15
3
7
33
53
215
45
89
402
402
65
95
160
160
1263
293
1556
*West Zambezi AMU like Blue Lagoon field station was being managed from Western
Region HQ.
53
Financial Viability of Current National Parks and Game Management Areas in Zambia: A Case for the Year 2006
Appendix 3: Total Community Shares of Concession fees and Animal fees form 2006 Hunting Season.
REGION
AMU
EASTERN
EAST LUANGWA
SOUTH LUANGWA
NAME OF GMA
Total
1
Mwanya
192,708,396.00
25,334,044.00
218,042,440.00
Chifunda
163,545,354.75
21,875,222.75
185,420,577.50
Chikwa
4
Chikwa
106,554,786.75
13,690,220.75
120,245,007.50
Lumimba -Nyaminga
5
Kazembe
83,484,729.00
11,661,081.00
95,145,810.00
Lumimba -Chanjuzi
6
Chitungulu
133,054,110.00
18,318,890.00
151,373,000.00
679,347,376.50
90,879,458.50
770,226,835.00
Sandwe
9
''
9,042,075.00
2,382,675.00
11,424,750.00
10
Sandwe
Nyalugwe
19,467,490.50
4,063,429.50
23,530,920.00
11
Luembe
45,139,662.00
6,915,893.00
52,055,555.00
12
Nsefu
80,335,571.25
9,975,574.58
90,311,145.83
"
"
13
Jumbe
80,335,571.25
9,975,574.58
90,311,145.83
"
"
14
Mkhanya
80,335,571.25
9,975,574.58
90,311,145.83
15
Msoro
18,692,100.00
3,311,800.00
22,003,900.00
131,196,186.00
16,405,854.00
147,602,040.00
131,196,186.00
16,405,854.00
147,602,040.00
595,740,413.25
79,412,229.25
675,152,642.50
Lower Lupande
"
"
16
Malama
"
"
17
Kakumbi
West Zambezi – Lower
48
Sesheke West
45,041,535.00
5,004,615.00
50,046,150.00
45,041,535.00
5,004,615.00
50,046,150.00
Lower Luano
22
Shikabeta
5,485,500.00
1,828,500.00
7,314,000.00
Upper Luano
23
Mboloma
0.00
0.00
0.00
24
Mbosha
0.00
0.00
0.00
25
Mburuma
26,826,615.00
3,521,335.00
30,347,950.00
"
26
Mphuka
26,826,615.00
3,521,335.00
30,347,950.00
"
27
Mpanshya
26,826,615.00
3,521,335.00
30,347,950.00
Chiawa
28
Chiawa
"
Rufunsa
KAFUE FLATS
Chief's Share
2
Upper Lupande
LOWER ZAMBEZI
CRB Share
Lower Lumimba
''
MOSI OA TUNYA
NAME OF CRB
Chifunda
West Petauke
CENTRAL
S/
N
o.
Kafue Flats - Lochnivar
29
108,297,427.50
13,778,087.50
122,075,515.00
194,262,772.50
26,170,592.50
220,433,365.00
10,595,070.90
1,601,230.10
12,196,301.00
Choongo
54
TOTAL
770,226,835.00
675,152,642.50
50,046,150.00
220,433,365.00
Financial Viability of Current National Parks and Game Management Areas in Zambia: A Case for the Year 2006
South Bank
WESTERN
WESTERN REGION
WESTERN REGION
NGOMA
CHUNGA
WESTERN
LUNGA
30
Hamusonde
10,595,070.90
1,601,230.10
12,196,301.00
"
"
31
Mungaila
10,595,070.90
1,601,230.10
12,196,301.00
"
"
32
10,595,070.90
1,601,230.10
12,196,301.00
"
"
33
Nalubamba
Mwanachingwal
a
10,595,070.90
1,601,230.10
12,196,301.00
52,975,354.50
8,006,150.50
60,981,505.00
Kafue Flats - Blue Lagoon
North Bank
34
35
Muwezwa 50%
Shakumbila 50%
60,981,505.00
43,082,319.75
43,082,319.75
86,164,639.50
5,072,757.75
5,072,757.75
10,145,515.50
48,155,077.50
48,155,077.50
96,310,155.00
96,310,155.00
52,187,962.50
52,187,962.50
391,500.00
16,314,025.00
16,314,025.00
16,314,025.00
106,095,595.0
0
89,616,700.00
17,217,253.75
17,217,253.75
383,856,302.5
0
383,856,302.50
275,089,920.00
Nkala
Nkala
Bilili
Namwala
"
"
36
37
38
39
40
41
Musungwa
Shezongo
Chikanta
Chilyabufu
Kaingu
Shimbizi
45,080,358.75
45,080,358.75
352,350.00
14,682,622.50
14,682,622.50
14,682,622.50
7,107,603.75
7,107,603.75
39,150.00
1,631,402.50
1,631,402.50
1,631,402.50
Mulobezi
BiliBili
Sichifulo
Sichifulo & Bilili
18
19
20
21
Moomba
Moomba
Nyawa
Siachitema
91,336,135.50
78,909,210.00
14,315,012.63
14,315,012.63
14,759,459.50
10,707,490.00
2,902,241.13
2,902,241.13
333,436,305.75
50,419,996.75
80,608,335.50
80,608,335.50
80,608,335.50
11,088,304.50
11,088,304.50
11,088,304.50
241,825,006.50
33,264,913.50
91,696,640.00
91,696,640.00
91,696,640.00
275,089,920.0
0
27,876,633.75
27,876,633.75
3,097,403.75
3,097,403.75
30,974,037.50
30,974,037.50
30,974,037.50
15,801,977.50
54,592,900.00
150,488,775.0
0
145,971,715.0
0
366,855,367.5
366,855,367.50
Mumbwa Nalusanga
"
"
"
"
West Zambezi – Upper
42
43
44
49
Mulendema
Chibuluma
Kabulwebulwe
No CRB
Chizera
Lunga Busanga
50
45
Chizera
Kasempa
11,643,628.50
49,133,610.00
4,158,349.00
5,459,290.00
Lunga Lushwishi
46
Kasempa
132,971,437.50
17,517,337.50
Kasonso Busanga
47
Mubambe
127,210,243.50
320,958,919.50
18,761,471.50
45,896,448.00
55
Financial Viability of Current National Parks and Game Management Areas in Zambia: A Case for the Year 2006
0
NORTHER
N
BANGWEULU
LUAPULA
660,445,025.83
54,001,575.00
54,001,575.00
7,510,675.00
7,510,675.00
61,512,250.00
61,512,250.00
61,512,250.00
31,671,360.75
31,671,360.75
0.00
63,342,721.50
3,519,040.08
3,519,040.08
0.00
7,038,080.17
35,190,400.83
35,190,400.83
0.00
70,380,801.67
3,270,425,731.50
451,838,626.00
3,722,264,357
51
Nabwalya
149,852,959.50
24,704,995.50
Munyamadzi- Nyamphala
Chikuni / Bangweulu
"
"
52
53
54
55
56
3
7
8
58
Nabwalya
Chiundaponde
Kopa
Kabinga
Mukungule
Lundu
Kambombo
Tembwe
Chisomo
159,280,564.50
63,342,721.50
50,674,177.20
12,668,544.30
46,467,630.00
46,139,505.00
23,513,188.13
23,513,188.13
0.00
23,217,190.50
7,038,080.17
5,630,464.13
1,407,616.03
7,866,070.00
7,164,695.00
3,981,718.13
3,981,718.13
0.00
575,452,478.25
Mukungule
Musalangu West - Fulaza
West Musalangu
West Musalangu
Chisomo
NSUMBU
84,992,547.58
174,557,955.0
0
182,497,755.0
0
70,380,801.67
56,304,641.33
14,076,160.33
54,333,700.00
53,304,200.00
27,494,906.25
27,494,906.25
0.00
660,445,025.8
3
Munyamadzi- Luwawata
Tondwa
Bangweulu
Bangweulu
Kalasa Mukoso
57
59
60
61
Nsama
Bwalya Mponda
Nsamba
Kalasa Mukoso
TOTALS
56
70,380,801.67
3,722,264,357.5
0