DARPA Agent Markup Language
November 2001
Enabling “agent” communication
at a Web-wide scale.
Murray Burke
Information Exploitation Office
Military Systems are
Moving to the Web
Army
 Center
for Army Lessons Learned
 Warrior Knowledge Network
 Web Mapping Testbed
Navy
 Expeditionary
Sensor Grid
 Task Force Web
 Navy Lessons Learned System
 Navy Warfare On-Line Library
Joint Global Command & Control System
 Global
Command Support System
 JOPES 2000
 Advanced Course Of Action ACTD
 CINC21
 Joint Center for Lessons Learned
 Air
Marines
– Ground Combat System
 Distance Learning Network
 Logistics Bases Inventory Visibility
 Items Applications On-Line
 Master Header Information On-Line
 Joint
Air Force
Battlespace Infosphere
 Theater Battle Management Core
System
 BroadSword
 Air Mobility Command GDSS
Intelligence Community
 Intelink
 Joint
Intelligence Virtual Architecture
 Horus
 Crypto Analysis Web
 NIMA Geospatial Engine
DAML Review_Nov 2001 p 2
Web Limitations
Average WWW searches
examine only about 25% of
potentially relevant sites
World Wide Web
Intelink-S
Intelink
Web searches return a lot of
unwanted information
Doubles in size
every six months
Problems grow worse as
Web continues to grow
Information on web is not suitable
for software agents
DAML Review_Nov 2001 p 3
The Evolution of the Web
World Wide Web
HTML
XML
Formatted for humans
to read via web
browsers
 Formatted for machine
readability but with very
limited semantics

Semantic Web
Machine readability with very rich
semantics to support agents for:
DAML




Intelligence Analysis and Production
Military Planning and Operations
Software C4ISR Agents
Sensor Fusion
DAML is building the language
and tools to realize the bold
vision of the Semantic Web
DAML Review_Nov 2001 p 4
Web Migration to New Technology
100%
HTML
“In 30 years e-commerce will have become
second nature. Lifelike, intelligent virtual
assistants will be performing most routine
transactions and simple negotiations
electronically on our behalf. More
technological change will have taken place in
that period than during the entire twentieth
century, and the curve will continue to
steepen exponentially into the foreseeable
future.” Ray Kurzweil
DAML
50%
0%
2000
XML
“Fifty percent of the content on
the Web will be in XML format
by the end of 2003”
……….Gartner Group
2005
2010
DAML Review_Nov 2001 p 5
The Bold Vision – Distributed
Agents on the Semantic Web
Determine Force Mix
Get Weather Info
Provide Intelligence Update
Coordinate Transportation
Order Supplies
Select Targets
“Make preparations to capture Bagram air base.”
DAML Review_Nov 2001 p 6
Query Today
WWW Hotbot
What is Al Qaeda?
The answer may be
somewhere in this
list of URLs
DAML Review_Nov 2001 p 7
Semantic Query
What is Al Qaeda?
A terrorist organization
Would you like additional information on?
 Membership
 Locations
 Structure
 Finances
 Tactics
 Other terrorist organizations
DAML Review_Nov 2001 p 8
What’s Hard?
Scale Scope and Lack of Consistency in Global C2I
Networks
 Diversity: Ontologies and Ontology Mapping
 Markup Simplicity:
 Automatically Derived Markup
 Constrained Logic
 Enabling Software Agents to Locate and Use Appropriate Services:
 Services description language
 Infrastructure: Yellow Pages, Brokers, Mediaters
 Trust: Logical Proofs
DAML Review_Nov 2001 p 9
Precedents
1995 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1998
Dozens of application design languages
Rumbaugh
Rational
Rose
Booch
Paradigm
Plus
Odell
2000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2003
Dozens of knowledge representation languages
KREME
Loom
KEE
RDF
KIF
OMG
DARPA / W3C
UML
DAML
One modeling
language
One Web KR
language
DAML Review_Nov 2001 p 10
DAML Foundation
Language to describe information
Tools for users and developers
Transition activities
DAML
Semantic Web




WWW
NIPRNET
INTELINK-S
INTELINK
DAML Review_Nov 2001 p 11
Developing the Language
AI Community
 Formal Logics
 Knowledge Representation
 Reasoning
European
OIL Community
Local
Environments
DARPA
WWW
Environment
Web
Standards
DAML
US – EU
DAML Joint
Committee
DAML + OIL
W3C
 HTML
 XML
 RDF
WebOnt
WG
DAML Review_Nov 2001 p 12
Example Ontology
These ontologies accessed
at remote locations
DAML Review_Nov 2001 p 13
DAML Example (Markup)
<?xml version='1.0' encoding='ISO-8859-1'?>
<!DOCTYPE rdf:RDF [
<!ENTITY rdf 'http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntaxns#'>
<!ENTITY countries-ont
'http://www.daml.org/2001/09/countries/iso-3166-ont#'>
<!ENTITY cities-ont
'http://www.daml.ri.cmu.edu/ont/City.daml#'>]
<rdf:RDF
xmlns:rdf ="&rdf;"
xmlns:rdfs="http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#"
xmlns:daml="http://www.daml.org/2001/03/daml+oil#"
<daml:Ontology rdf:about="">
<daml:versionInfo>$Id: map-ont.daml,v 1.2 2001/06/16 13:44:29
mdean Exp $</daml:versionInfo>
<rdfs:comment>Map Overlay Ontology</rdfs:comment>
</daml:Ontology>
<rdfs:Class rdf:ID="TerroristEvent">
<rdfs:subClassOf>
<daml:Restriction>
<daml:onProperty rdf:resource="#name"/>
<daml:toClass
rdf:resource="http://www.w3.org/2000/10/XMLSchema#string"/>
<daml:maxCardinality>1</daml:maxCardinality>
</daml:Restriction>
</rdfs:subClassOf>
<rdfs:subClassOf>
<daml:Restriction>
<daml:onProperty rdf:resource="#location"/>
<daml:toClass rdf:resource="#Location"/>
<daml:maxCardinality>1</daml:maxCardinality>
</daml:Restriction>
</rdfs:subClassOf>
<rdfs:subClassOf>
<daml:Restriction>
<daml:onProperty rdf:resource="#date"/>
<daml:toClass
rdf:resource="http://www.w3.org/2000/10/XMLSchema#date"/>
<daml:maxCardinality>1</daml:maxCardinality>
</daml:Restriction>
</rdfs:subClassOf>
</rdfs:Class>
rdfs:Class rdf:ID="Terrorist">
<rdfs:subClassOf>
<daml:Restriction>
<daml:onProperty rdf:resource="#name"/>
<daml:toClass
rdf:resource="http://www.w3.org/2000/10/XMLSchema#string"/>
</daml:Restriction>
</rdfs:subClassOf>
<rdfs:subClassOf>
<daml:Restriction>
<daml:onProperty rdf:resource="#citizenOf"/>
<daml:toClass rdf:resource="&countries-ont;Country"/>
</daml:Restriction>
</rdfs:subClassOf>
<rdfs:subClassOf>
<daml:Restriction>
<daml:onProperty rdf:resource="#residesIn"/>
<daml:toClass rdf:resource="&countries-ont;Country"/>
</daml:Restriction>
</rdfs:subClassOf>
</rdfs:Class>
DAML Review_Nov 2001 p 14
Agent-Based Inferencing
<daml:Class rdf:ID=“Bin Laden">
<rdfs:subClassOf rdf:resource="#terrorist"/>
</daml:Class>
Implies
 If x is Bin Laden, he must be a terrorist
 If x is a terrorist, then he may or may not be Bin Laden
 If x is not a terrorist, then he is not Bin Laden
 If x is not Bin Laden, he may or may not be a terrorist
DAML Review_Nov 2001 p 15
DAML Services Ontology
Resources
provides
What the service does
describedBy
Service Profile
Service
Service
Grounding
How to access it
Service Model
How it works
DAML Review_Nov 2001 p 16
Developing the Tools
Operational Prototype Tools
Report
Generator
APIs
Edit
Visualize/
View
Import
Validation/
Analysis
Determine Force Mix
Browser
Get Weather Info
ProvideIntelligence Update
Coordinate Transportation
Inference
Order Supplies
Select Targets
Parser
Search/Query
Transform
Developer and User
Tools
Semantic Web
DAML Review_Nov 2001 p 17
Language & Tools Transition
W3C
WebOnt
Standard
DAML
Prototype
Tools
Feedback
Loop
Feedback
Loop
DAML
Language
Specification
Commercial
Tools
Near-term
C2I
Applications
Longer-term
Military & Commercial
Applications
DAML Review_Nov 2001 p 18
DAML Language Strategy
Ontology
Logic
Formal Semantic
Underpinnings
W3C
Standardization
Proof
•Model-Based
•Axiom-Based
Trust
DAML Review_Nov 2001 p 19
Transition Process
Focal Point for Military Early Adopters
•60 Attendees at First Conference
•100 Expected at 2nd Conference on 13-14 Nov
DAML
DoD Projects


DAML
Semantic Web for
Military Users
Conferences
(Identify Requirements)






Intelink Management Office: Horus
Navy: Expeditionary Sensor Grid
Air Force: Foreign Clearance Guide
Army: Center for Lessons Learned
Army: Warrior Knowledge Network
TRANSCOM: Global Transportation Network
Air Force: Joint Battlespace Infosphere
Navy: Task Force Web
DAML Review_Nov 2001 p 20
Horus
IMO paid half in FY 00, FY 01 and FY02
~ $1.5M each year
DAML Review_Nov 2001 p 21
Intelink Transition
 Intelink has 150K users and expects 400K users by end of 2002
 A controlled testbed, effectively a microcosm of the WWW
 A quick military transition of emerging DAML technologies
 Quotes from Intelink Management Office (IMO) Conference
 “Terrific New Alliance With DARPA”
 “IMO Has Linked to DARPA’s DAML Program
 Tim Berners-Lee, Ralph Swick etc (The “A” team)”
 “Large Opportunity For Web Technologies
 Many Models On Internet
 Many We Can Develop With DARPA”
DAML Review_Nov 2001 p 22
Getting the Word Out
DAML LAB @ DARPA TIC
www.daml.org
www.daml.net
18 DAML Research Teams
PKI






Mail Lists
Web Server
Software Repository
Ontology Library
HotDAML Newsletters
Scientific American Article
Internet
Lots of Interest From the Rest of the World
(Almost Two Million Hits)
DAML Review_Nov 2001 p 23
DAML in 2002
DAML
Tools
Releases in
May and September
Horus
DAML
Language
DAML Research
Team
DAML
Integrated
Demonstration
&
Experiment
ESG
Other
Metrics
Feedback
DAML Review_Nov 2001 p 24
DAML DEMONSTRATION AND EXPERIMENT CONCEPT OF OPERATIONS
Joint
Battlespace
Infosphere
(JBI) DAML
Rapid
Knowledge
Formation
(translation)
Weather
Web
Site
Weather
Web
Site
Weather
Web
Site
Air Force
Lessons
Learned
System
Semantic
Web
Planner
DAML
Air Force
Lessons Learned
Markup
DAML
CIA Fact Book
Markup
Actual DAML
ontologies & content
Agents
Ontology
Editing
Tool(s)
Military
or DoD User
Web Browser
Navy
Expeditionary
Sensor
DAML Grid
DAML
Air Force
Plan Markup
Internet for demo
But could be SIPRNET
for real application
Weather
Ontology
Creates / Accesses
DAML
ontologies & content
DAML
Foreign
Clearance Guide
Markup
Unifying
Ontology
(GEOLOC)
.NET
.ASP
Server & DAML
Query & Inference
Engine
Acts as proxies
Complex querying
for senior military
and inferencing
users to do
about plan information
background tasks
Provides support
to military
user via his/her
Web Browser
DAML
AT2000
Legacy
Data
Bases
Transition
Programs
DAML Review_Nov 2001 p 25
Metrics
Now
1 Node
1 Ontology
6 Months
3 Data Base
0 Agents
3-4 Nodes
4 Ontologies
3-5 Data Bases 12 Months
1 Agents
4-5 Nodes
6-8 Ontologies
5-7 Data Bases
2002 3-5 Agents
Experiment
Vision
Millions
of
Nodes
Millions
of
Nodes
of
Nodes
Millions
Millions of
Nodes
Millions
of
Ontologies
Millions
of
Ontologies
of
Ontologies
Millions
Millions of
Ontologies
Millions
of
DBs
Millions
of
DBs
Millions
Millions of
Data
Bases
of
DBs
Millions
ofAgents
Agents
of
Agents
Millions
Millions
of
Millions of Agents
Active on the Semanic Web
DAML Review_Nov 2001 p 26