Agent-Based Modeling
and Simulation
(ABMS)
Bertan Badur
[email protected]
Department of
Management Information Systems
Boğaziçi University
Outline
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
procedures
variables
ask
agentsets
breeds
lists
NetLogo Dictionaryk
1. Procedures – with inputs
• put input names in square brackets after the procedure
name.
to draw-polygon [num-sides len] ;; turtle
procedure
pen-down
repeat num-sides [
fd len
rt 360 / num-sides
]
end
use the procedure by asking the turtles to each draw an
octagon with a side length equal to its who number:
ask turtles [ draw-polygon 8 who ]
Procedures – Reporters
• Jto-report - to begin procedure.
• in the body of the procedure, - report to report the
value you want to report.
to-report absolute-value [number]
ifelse number >= 0
[ report number ]
[ report (- number) ]
end
2. Variables
• agent variables
–
–
–
–
global – observer – every agent can see or manipulate
declered - globals [total-enery]
turtle, patch, link – for each agent one variable
turles-own [enery speed]
• initial values are 0
• set for assignment
– ask turtles [set pcolor red]
• turtles can reach and manipulate patch variables they are
currently on
• of: agents can reach variables of other agents
– show [color] of turtle 5
– show [xcor + ycor] of turtle 5
Variables – local variables
• in procedures or blocks
• Example:
to swap-colors [turtle1 turtle2]
let temp [color] of turtle1
ask turtle1 [ set color [color]
of turtle2 ]
ask turtle2 [ set color temp ]
end
Variables - types
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
numeric – no distiction between integer or float
boolean – true false
string – string of characters in “”
color – from 0 to 139.9
agent or agentset
list
Constants
– boolean – true false
– mathematical – e,pi
– color – red blue balck yellow
tick counter
• reset-ticks
• tick, tick-advance
• ticks: variable
3. ask
• to give commands to turtles, patches, and links
• contex change to turtles patches or links
• Example:
to setup
clear-all
create-turtles 100 ;; create 100 turtles with
random headings
ask turtles
[ set color red ;; turn them red
fd 50 ] ;; spread them around
ask patches
[ if pxcor > 0 ;; patches on the right side
[ set pcolor green ] ] ;; of the view
turn green
reset-ticks
end
asking individual agents
• askingindividual agents
to setup
clear-all
crt 3 ;; make 3 turtles
ask turtle 0 ;; tell the first one...
[ fd 1 ] ;; ...to go forward
ask turtle 1 ;; tell the second one...
[ set color green ] ;; ...to become green
ask turtle 2 ;; tell the third one...
[ rt 90 ] ;; ...to turn right
asking individual agents
ask patch 2 -2 ;; ask the patch at (2,-2)
[ set pcolor blue ] ;; ...to become blue
ask turtle 0 ;; ask the first turtle
[ ask patch-at 1 0 ;; ...to ask patch to
the east
[ set pcolor red ] ] ;; ...to become red
ask turtle 0 ;; tell the first turtle...
[ create-link-with turtle 1 ] ;; ...make
a link with the second
ask link 0 1 ;; tell the link between
turtle 0 and 1
[ set color blue ] ;; ...to become blue
reset-ticks
end
who number
• who number – every turtle has an who number
stating from 0
• turtle number
• <breed > number
• patch x y
– identified with their x and y coordinates
• link who1 who2
– which tukrtles it is connecting
4. agentsets
• a set of agents containing
– turtles, patches or links
– but not more than one type at once
•
•
•
•
in a random order
turtles - reports agentset of all turtles
patches - <<
<<
patches
links - <<
<<
kinks
• also some tutrles, patches or links
– turtles with color red
– pathces on the positiv quadrant - pxor>0 and pyor>0
– turtles-here, turtles-at tutles-on
forming agentsets
;; all other turtles:
other turtles
;; all other turtles on this patch:
other turtles-here
;; all red turtles:
turtles with [color = red]
;; all red turtles on my patch
turtles-here with [color = red]
;; patches on right side of view
patches with [pxcor > 0]
forming agentsets (2)
;; all turtles less than 3 patches away
turtles in-radius 3
;; the four patches to the east, north, west, and
south
patches at-points [[1 0] [0 1] [-1 0] [0 -1]]
;; shorthand for those four patches
neighbors4
;; turtles in the first quadrant that are on a
green patch
turtles with [(xcor > 0) and (ycor > 0)
and (pcolor = green)]
;; turtles standing on my neighboring four
patches
turtles-on neighbors4
;; all the links connected to turtle 0
[my-links] of turtle 0
what can be done?
• Use ask to make the agents in the agentset do
something
• Use any? to see if the agentset is empty
• Use all? to see if every agent in an agentset
satisfies a condition.
• Use count to find out exactly how many agents
are in the set
any?
any? agentset
– Reports true if the given agentset is non-empty, false
otherwise.
• Equivalent to "count agentset > 0", but more
efficient (and arguably more readable).
if any? turtles with [color = red]
[ show "at least one turtle is
red!" ]
what else can be done?
• Pick a random agent from the set using one-of.
• For example,
• we can make a randomly chosen turtle turn green:
– ask one-of turtles [ set color green ]
• tell a randomly chosen patch to sprout a new
turtle:
– ask one-of patches [ sprout 1 ]
what else can be done? (2)
• Use the max-one-of or min-one-of reporters to find out which
agent is the most or least
• along some scale. For example, to remove the richest turtle, you could
say
ask max-one-of turtles [sum assets] [ die ]
max-one-of agentset [reporter]
• Reports the agent in the agentset that has the highest value for the
given reporter. If there is a tie
• this command reports one random agent with the highest value. If you
want all such agents, use
• with-max instead.
show max-one-of patches [count turtles-here]
;; prints the first patch with the most turtles
on it
with-max
agentset with-max [reporter]
• Takes two inputs: on the left, an agentset (usually
"turtles" or "patches"). On the right, a reporter.
• Reports a new agentset containing all agents
reporting the maximum value of the given
reporter.
show count patches with-max [pxcor]
;; prints the number of patches on
the right edge
what else can be done? (3)
• Use of to make a list of values, one for each agent
in the agentset. Then use one-of
• NetLogo's list primitives to do something with the
list. (See the "Lists" section below.)
• For example, to find out how rich turtles are on
the average, you could say
show mean [sum assets] of turtles
·
what else can be done? (4)
• Use turtle-set, patch-set and linkset reporters to make new agentsets by gathering
together agents from a variety of possible sources.
• Use no-turtles, no-patches and nolinks reporters to make empty agentsets.
• Check whether two agentsets are equal using = or
!=.
• Use member? to see whether a particular agent is
a member of an agentset.
one-of
one-of agentset
one-of list
• From an agentset, reports a random agent. If the agentset is empty,
reports nobody.
• From a list, reports a random list item. It is an error for the list to be
empty.
ask one-of patches [ set pcolor green ]
;; a random patch turns green
ask patches with [any? turtles-here]
[ show one-of turtles-here ]
;; for each patch containing turtles, prints one
of
;; those turtles
;; suppose mylist is [1 2 3 4 5 6]
show one-of mylist
;; prints a value randomly chosen from the list
of
[reporter] of agent
[reporter] of agentset
• For an agent, reports the value of the reporter for that agent (turtle or
patch).
show [pxcor] of patch 3 5
;; prints 3
show [pxcor] of one-of patches
;; prints the value of a random patch's pxcor
variable
show [who * who] of turtle 5
=> 25
show [count turtles in-radius 3] of patch 0 0
;; prints the number of turtles located within a
;; three-patch radius of the origin
of agentset
• For an agentset, reports a list that contains the
value of the reporter for each agent in the agentset
in random order).
crt 4
show sort [who] of turtles
=> [0 1 2 3]
show sort [who * who] of turtles
=> [0 1 4 9]
turtle-set
turtle-set value1
(turtle-set value1 value2 ...)
• Reports an agentset containing all of the turtles anywhere
in any of the inputs. The inputs may be
• individual turtles, turtle agentsets, nobody, or lists (or
nested lists) containing any of the above.
turtle-set self
(turtle-set self turtles-on neighbors)
(turtle-set turtle 0 turtle 2 turtle 9)
(turtle-set frogs mice)
patch-set
patch-set value1
(patch-set value1 value2 ...)
• Reports an agentset containing all of the patches anywhere in any of
the inputs. The inputs may be
• individual patches, patch agentsets, nobody, or lists (or nested lists)
containing any of the above.
patch-set self
patch-set patch-here
(patch-set self neighbors)
(patch-set patch-here neighbors)
(patch-set patch 0 0 patch 1 3 patch 4 -2)
(patch-set patch-at -1 1 patch-at 0 1 patch-at 1
1)
patch-set [patch-here] of turtles
patch-set [neighbors] of turtles
Special agentsets
observer>
observer>
observer>
observer>
5
observer>
observer>
10
observer>
observer>
10
observer>
observer>
10
observer>
15
clear-all
create-turtles 5
set g turtles
print count g
create-turtles 5
print count g
set g turtle-set turtles
print count g
create-turtles 5
print count g
print count turtles
5. Breeds
• breeds of tutrles or links
• behave differently
– sheep or wolves
• breed key word
breed [volves volf]
breed [sheep a-sheep]
• in gnereal
breed [pulural singular]
• singular form - <breed>
• pulural form <breeds>
• define a breed:
– breed [sheep a-sheep]
create-sheep, hatch-sheep, sproutsheep,
sheep-here, sheep-at, sheep-on, is-asheep?.
• define new variables for breed:
sheep-own [ ... ]
• tutle breeds – breed variable stores breed
if breed = wolves [ ... ]
• can be tested
ask one-of wolves [ set breed sheep ]
• can be changed
breeds – who numbers
• who numbers assigned irrispective of breeds
breed [mice mouse]
breed [frogs frog]
mice-own [cheese]
to setup
clear-all
create-mice 50
[ set color white
set cheese random 10 ]
create-frogs 50
[ set color green ]
reset-ticks
end
6. Lists
• single variables e.g. numeric, strings
– holds one pice of information
• lists
– multiple pices of information
• heterogenuous
– boolean, number, string, agent, agentset, list
• List related primitives
but-first, but-last, empty?, filter,
first, foreach, fput, histogram, islist?, item, last, length, list, lput,
map, member?, modes, n-of, n-values, of,
position, one-of, reduce, remove, removeduplicates, remove-item, replace-item,
reverse, sentence, shuffle, sort, sort-by,
sort-on, sublist
Constant lists
• e.g.
set mylist [2 4 6 9]
• lists within lists:
[[2 4] [3 5]]
• empty list: []
Building lists on the fly
• list accepts two reporters run them and form a
list
• e.g.: list from two random numbers
list (random 10) (randonm 20)
• for one or mere then three reporters use
paranthesis
(list random 10)
(list random 10 random 10 random
10)
list
list value1 value2
(list value1 ...)
• Reports a list containing the given items. The items can be
of any type, produced by any kind of reporter.
show list (random 10) (random 10)
=> [4 9] ;; or similar list
show (list 5)
=> [5]
show (list (random 10) 1 2 3 (random 10))
=> [4 1 2 3 9] ;; or similar list
Varying number of inputs
• Some commands and reporters involving lists and
strings may take a varying number of inputs. In
• these cases, in order to pass them a number of
inputs other than their default, the primitive and its
• inputs must be surrounded by parentheses. Here
are some examples:
examples
show list 1 2
=> [1 2]
show (list 1 2 3 4)
=> [1 2 3 4]
show (list)
[]
• special commands - default number of inputs.
list, word, sentence, map,
foreach.
n-values
n-values size reporter-task
• Reports a list of length size containing values computed by
repeatedly running the task.
• If the task accepts inputs, the input will be the number of
the item currently being computed, starting from zero.
show n-values 5 [1]
=> [1 1 1 1 1]
show n-values 5 [?]
=> [0 1 2 3 4]
show n-values 3 turtle
=> [(turtle 0) (turtle 1) (turtle 2)]
show n-values 5 [? * ?]
=> [0 1 4 9 16]
of primitieve again
of primitive
• take an agentset and produce a list applying the
reporter to the set
max [...] of turtles
sum [...] of turtles
sentence
sentence value1 value2
(sentence value1 ...)
• Makes a list out of the values. If any value is a list, its items are
included in the result directly, rather than being included as a sublist.
show sentence 1 2
=> [1 2]
show sentence [1 2] 3
=> [1 2 3]
show sentence 1 [2 3]
=> [1 2 3]
show sentence [1 2] [3 4]
=> [1 2 3 4]
show (sentence [[1 2]] [[3 4]])
=> [[1 2] [3 4]]
show (sentence [1 2] 3 [4 5] (3 + 3) 7)
=> [1 2 3 4 5 6 7]
list and sentence
show
=>
show
=>
list [1 2] 3
[1 2] 3]
sentence [1 2] 3
[1 2 3]
Changing list items
• can't be modified
• replace-item
set mylist [2 7 5 “Bob” [3 0 -2]]
; mylist is now [2 7 5 “Bob” [3 0 2]]
set mylist replace-item 2 mylist 10
; mylist is now [2 7 10 “Bob” [3 0
-2]]
replace-item
replace-item index list value
replace-item index string1 string2
• On a list, replaces an item in that list. index is the
index of the item to be replaced, starting with 0.
• for a string, but the given character of string1
removed and the contents of string2 spliced
show replace-item 2 [2 7 4 5] 15
=> [2 7 15 5]
show replace-item 1 "cat" "are"
=> "caret"
adding or droping items
• To add an item, say 42, to the end of a list, use the
lput reporter. (fput adds an item to the
• beginning of a list.)
set mylist lput 42 mylist
; mylist is now [2 7 10 “Bob” [3 0
-2] 42]
• The but-last (bl) for short) reporter reports
all the list items but the last.
set mylist but-last mylist
; mylist is now [2 7 10 “Bob” [3 0
-2]]
• to get rid of item 0, the 2 at the beginning of the list.
set mylist but-first mylist
; mylist is now [7 10 Bob [3 0 -2]]
• to change the third item that's nested inside item 3 from -2
to 9? The key is to
• realize that the name that can be used to call the nested list
[3 0 -2] is item 3 mylist. Then the
• replace-item reporter can be nested to change the listwithin-a-list. The parentheses are added
• for clarity.
set mylist (replace-item 3 mylist
(replace-item 2 (item 3 mylist) 9))
; mylist is now [7 10 Bob [3 0 9]]
item
• item index list
• item index string
• On lists, reports the value of the item in the given list with
the given index.
• On strings, reports the character in the given string at the
given index.
• Note that the indices begin from 0, not
1. (The first item is item 0, the
second item is item 1, on.)
;; suppose mylist is [2 4 6 8 10]
show item 2 mylist
=> 6
show item 3 "my-shoe"
=> "s"
Iterating over lists
• foreach command
• map reporter.
• foreach - run a command or commands on each
item in a list.
foreach examples (1)
foreach [1 2 3] show or foreach [1 2 3]
[show ? ]
=> 1
=> 2
=> 3
foreach [2 4 6]
[ crt ?
show (word "created " ? " turtles") ]
=> created 2 turtles
=> created 4 turtles
=> created 6 turtles
• In the block, the variable ? holds the current value from the
input list.
foreach examples (2)
foreach [1 2 3] [ ask turtles [ fd
? ] ]
;; turtles move forward 6 patches
foreach [true false true true] [
ask turtles [ if ? [ fd 1 ] ] ]
;; turtles move forward 3 patches
foreach
foreach list command-task
(foreach list1 ... command-task)
• With a single list, runs the task for each item of list.
foreach [1.1 2.2 2.6] show
=> 1.1
=> 2.2
=> 2.6
foreach [1.1 2.2 2.6] [ show (word ? " ->
" round ?) ]
=> 1.1 -> 1
=> 2.2 -> 2
=> 2.6 -> 3
foreach: multiple list
• With multiple lists, runs commands for each group of items
from each list. So, they are run once for the first items,
once for the second items, and so on. All the lists must be
the same length.
(foreach [1 2 3] [2 4 6]
[ show word "the sum is: " (?1 + ?2) ])
=> "the sum is: 3"
=> "the sum is: 6"
=> "the sum is: 9"
(foreach list (turtle 1) (turtle 2) [3 4]
[ ask ?1 [ fd ?2 ] ])
;; turtle 1 moves forward 3 patches
;; turtle 2 moves forward 4 patches
iterating over lists - map
• map - reporter. It takes an input list and a reporter
name or reporter block.
show map round [1.2 2.2 2.7]
;; prints [1 2 3]
• map reports a list containing the results of
applying the reporter to each item in the input list.
Again,
• use ? to refer to the current item in the list.
iterating over lists – map (cont.)
show map [? < 0] [1 -1 3 4 -2 -10]
;; prints [false true false false
true true]
show map [? * ?] [1 2 3]
;; prints [1 4 9]
• Besides map and foreach, other primitives for
processing whole lists in a configurable way
include
filter, reduce, and sort-by.
map
map reporter-task list
(map reporter-task list1 ...)
• With a single list, the given task is run for each
item in the list, and a list of the result are
collectedand reported.
show map round [1.1 2.2 2.7]
=> [1 2 3]
show map [? * ?] [1 2 3]
=> [1 4 9]
map: multiple list
• With multiple lists, the given reporter is run for
each group of items from each list. So, it is run
once for the first items, once for the second items,
and so on. All the lists must be the same length.
show (map + [1 2 3] [2 4 6])
=> [3 6 9]
show (map [?1 + ?2 = ?3] [1 2 3] [2 4 6] [3 5 9])
=> [true false true]
Lists of agents
•
•
•
•
•
sort and sort-by.
take an agentset as input. The result is always a new list,
in a particular order.
sorting:
– turtles - list of turtles - in ascending order by who
number.
• – patches - list of patches sorted left-to-right, top-tobottom.
• – links - list of links, sorted in ascending order first by
end1 then by end2 any remaining ties are resolved by breed
in the order they are declared in the Code tab.
• descending order - reverse with sort
reverse sort turtles.
Lists of agents sort-by
• ordered by some other criterion
• sort-by
sort-by [[size] of ?1 < [size]
of ?2] turtles
• list of turtles sorted in ascending order by their
turtle variable size.
sort
sort list
sort agentset
• Reports a sorted list of numbers, strings, or agents.
• If the input contains no numbers, strings, or agents, the
result is the empty list.
• If the input contains at least one number, the numbers in
the list are sorted in ascending order and a new list
reported; non-numbers are ignored.
• Or, if the input contains at least one string, the strings in
the list are sorted in ascending order and a new list
reported; non-strings are ignored.
• Or, if the input is an agentset or a list containing at least
one agent, a sorted list of agents (never an agentset) is
reported; non-agents are ignored. Agents are sorted in the
same order the < operator uses.
sort examples
show sort [3 1 4 2]
=> [1 2 3 4]
let n 0
foreach sort patches [
ask ? [
set plabel n
set n n + 1
]
]
;; patches are labeled with numbers in
left-to-right,
;; top-to-bottom order
sort-by
sort-by reporter-task list
sort-by reporter-task agentset
• If the input is a list, reports a new list containing the same
items as the input list, in a sorted order
• defined by the boolean reporter task.
• The two inputs to the reporter task are the values being
compared. The task should report true if ?1
• comes strictly before ?2 in the desired sort order, and false
otherwise.
• If the input is an agentset or a list of agents, reports a list
(never an agentset) of agents.
• If the input is a list, the sort is stable, that is, the order of
items considered equal by the reporter is
• not disturbed. If the input is an agentset, ties are broken
randomly.
sort-by examples
show sort-by < [3 1 4 2]
=> [1 2 3 4]
show sort-by > [3 1 4 2]
=> [4 3 2 1]
show sort-by [length ?1 < length
?2] ["Grumpy" "Doc" "Happy"]
=> ["Doc" "Happy" "Grumpy"]
sort-on
sort-on [reporter] agentset
• Reports a list of agents, sorted according to each
agent's value for reporter. Ties are broken
• randomly.
• The values must be all numbers, all strings, or all
agents of the same type.
sort-on examples
crt 3
show sort-on [who] [turtles]
=> [(turtle 0) (turtle 1) (turtle 2)]
show sort-on [(- who)] [turtles]
=> [(turtle 2) (turtle 1) (turtle 0)]
foreach sort-on [size] turtles
[ ask ? [ do-something ] ]
;; turtles run "do-something" one at a time, in
;; ascending order by size
Asking a list of agents
• foreach and ask commands in combination:
foreach sort turtles [
ask ? [
...
]; end of ask
]; end of foreach
• ask each turtle in ascending order by who number.
• Substitute "patches" for "turtles" to ask patches in
left-to-right, top-to-bottom order.
turtles
•
•
•
•
moving tutles
reporting patches from turtles
obtaining information obut patche tutles
towardsxy x y
– returns heading form x and y
• face
• tutles-at dx dy
– reports tutles dx dy away form turle or pathc
• turtles-here <breeds>-here
– reoprt tutles at patch
• tutles-on agent(set) <breeds>-on agent(set)
– turtles on the given agent or agent set
• back (bk) <breeds>-at <breeds>-here <breeds>-on can-move? clearturtles (ct) create-<breeds>
• create-ordered-<breeds> create-ordered-turtles (cro) create-turtles (crt)
die distance distancexy
• downhill downhill4 dx dy face facexy forward (fd) hatch hatch<breeds> hide-turtle (ht) home inspect
• is-<breed>? is-turtle? jump layout-circle left (lt) move-to myself
nobody no-turtles of other
• patch-ahead patch-at patch-at-heading-and-distance patch-here patchleft-and-ahead
• patch-right-and-ahead pen-down (pd) pen-erase (pe) pen-up (pu)
random-xcor random-ycor right
• (rt) self set-default-shape __set-line-thickness setxy shapes show-turtle
(st) sprout sprout-<breeds>
• stamp stamp-erase subject subtract-headings tie towards towardsxy
turtle turtle-set turtles turtles-at
• turtles-here turtles-on turtles-own untie uphill uphill4
•
•
•
•
inspect
layout-circle
set-default-shape __set-line-thickness shapes
stamp stamp-erase subject subtract-headings tie
turtles-own untie
tutrles - creation
• creating or dieing turtles or breeds
• create-<breeds>, create-ordered-<breeds, createordered-turtles (cro), create-turtles (crt), die
• hatch hatch-<breeds> sprout sprout-<breeds>
• clear-turtles (ct)
•
•
•
•
<breeds>-at <breeds>-here <breeds>-on
turtle turtle-set turtles turtles-at
turtles-here turtles-on
no-turtles
turtles - movement
• back (bk), forward (fd), jump
– t forward num, t jump num
• left (lt), right (rt) face facexy
– t face agent , t facexy num1 num2
– t right angle
• move-to
– t – move-to agent
•
•
•
•
setxy, random-xcor random-ycor
home
downhill, downhill4, uphill, uphill4
boolean
– can-move,
turtles - information
•
•
•
•
•
distance distancexy
towards towardsxy
dx dy
is-<breed>? is-turtle?
patch-ahead patch-at patch-at-heading-anddistance patch-here patch-left-and-ahead
• patch-right-and-ahead
• turtles-at <breeds>-at turtles-here <breeds>-here
• turtles-on <breeds>-on
– from turtles or patches to set of turtles or breeds
• pen-down (pd) pen-erase (pe) pen-up (pu)
• hide-turtle (ht) show-turtle (st), show-turtle (st)
show-turtle (st) show-turtle (st)
patches
• clear-patches (cp) diffuse diffuse4 distance
distancexy import-pcolors import-pcolors-rgb
inspect
• is-patch? myself neighbors neighbors4 nobody nopatches of other patch patch-at patch-ahead
• patch-at-heading-and-distance patch-here patchleft-and-ahead patch-right-and-ahead patch-set
• patches patches-own random-pxcor random-pycor
self sprout sprout-<breeds> subject turtles-here
patches
• diffuse diffuse4 import-pcolors import-pcolors-rgb
inspect
• patch-at patch-ahead
• patch-at-heading-and-distance patch-here patchleft-and-ahead patch-right-and-ahead
• patches patches-own random-pxcor random-pycor
sprout sprout-<breeds> subject turtles-here
• clear-patches (cp)
• distance distancexy
• neighbors neighbors4
• is-patch?
• no-patches patch
• patch-set
agentsets
• nobady
• no-patches
• patches patch
• patch-set
• all? any? ask ask-concurrent at-points <breeds>-at
<breeds>-here <breeds>-on count in-cone
• in-radius is-agent? is-agentset? is-patch-set? isturtle-set? link-heading link-length link-set
• link-shapes max-n-of max-one-of member? min-nof min-one-of n-of neighbors neighbors4
• no-patches no-turtles of one-of other patch-set
patches sort sort-by sort-on turtle-set turtles with
• with-max with-min turtles-at turtles-here turtleson
Important
• other of with
• self myself
Control flow andlogic
• and ask ask-concurrent carefully end error errormessage every if ifelse ifelse-value let loop not or
• repeat report run runresult ; (semicolon) set stop
startup to to-report wait while
• with-local-randomness without-interruption xor
Control flow andlogic
•
•
•
•
carefully error error-message
run runresult ; (semicolon) startup
every wait
with-local-randomness without-interruption
assignment
• let set
condition
•
•
•
•
if
ifelse
ifelse-value
and not or xor
flow control
•
•
•
•
ask ask-concurrent
to to-report end
report stop
while loop repeat
Task
• filter foreach is-command-task? is-reporter-task?
map n-values reduce run runresult sort-by task
List
• but-first but-last empty? filter first foreach fput
histogram is-list? item last length list lput map
• member? modes n-of n-values of position one-of
reduce remove remove-duplicates remove-item
• replace-item reverse sentence shuffle sort sort-by
sort-on sublist
List
• but-first but-last empty? filter first foreach fput
histogram is-list? item last length list lput map
• member? modes n-of n-values of position one-of
reduce remove remove-duplicates remove-item
• replace-item reverse sentence shuffle sort sort-by
sort-on sublist
String
• Operators (<, >, =, !=, <=, >=) but-first but-last
empty? first is-string? item last length member?
• position remove remove-item read-from-string
replace-item reverse substring word
String
• Operators (<, >, =, !=, <=, >=) but-first but-last
empty? first is-string? item last length member?
• position remove remove-item read-from-string
replace-item reverse substring word
Mathematical (1)
• Aritmetic operators:
– +, -, *, /, mod, ^; =; !=, <, >, <=; >=
• functions: take a number, proces it and reports
another number
– abs, acos, asin, atan, celling cos e
– trigonometric/inverse trigonometirc:cos, sin, ta acos, asin,
atan
– logarithmic/exponentioal: exp, ln, log- e
– Verious funcitons: ceillin, floor, int, precision, remainder,
round, sqrt, substract-headings
– boolean: is-number?
– random number generations: random, random-exponential,
randonm-floa random-normal, random-poisson, randomseed, new-seed
Mathematical (2)
• primitives taking a list of numbers and reporting a
number
– mean, max, min, median, modes, standart-deviation,
variabce, sum
• constants:
– e,pi