(JETAE) Journal of Emerging Trends in Applied Engineering (ISSN 2518-4059),
Vol. 1, No. 3, 2016
A Review of Game Theory and Non-Cooperative
Power Control Game Design for Wireless Sensor
and Mobile Networks
Syed Atif, Noorullah, Saad Salman Khan
Department of Electrical Engineering, IQRA National University, Peshawar, Pakistan
Abstract—Game theory is applied for network power control
problem, the reason that the nodes are independent agent making
decision, and the node act as player. The game theory provide
sufficient tool to analyze network problem. This paper is conducted for power controlling of wireless ad hoc network, because
power is important problem in these networks. The designed
non-cooperative power control game involves non-cooperative
nodes that increase their power level to maximize the utility
function without taking care of the neighboring nodes which
creates interference, creating interference degrade the quality of
service, increasing power level decreases the battery life and the
node is dependent on battery, which reduces the lifetime of a
network. The game theory is applied to find optimum power
level at which the utility is maximum and also we get better
SNIR (Signal to Noise and Interference Ratio).
Index Terms—Ad hoc network; Game theory; Non-cooperative
power
Fig. 1: Wireless Ah Hoc Network
I. I NTRODUCTION
Nowadays Internet, computer and mobile have become a
part of life, it is important to stay connected these devices
with each other and we required such a network which is
set up quickly, cost effective and not require infrastructure,
the Ad hoc network is such type of network which solve
all these issues [1]. The ad hoc is temporary network used
for sharing information between devices Ad hoc is Latin
word and it means created or done for a specific purpose. In
communication the Ad hoc networks have many advantages.
This network is best where the installation of infrastructure
network is costly, unreliable and difficult, because the Ad hoc
network is self-creating, self-organizing, self-administrative
and less time required for installation. These networks provide
communication anytime, anywhere and from any device. Thats
why nowadays the manufacturer implements ad hoc technology to their products [1], [2].
Wireless Ad hoc network is shown in Fig. 1 [3]. The Ad
hoc networks have the following advantages. They use shared
medium and the devices used in this network are wireless,
deployment is easy, Support peer to peer communications,
Reduce administration cost, The Ad hoc network is temporary
used its setup and removing are easy, Each node act as link
or router, The mobility is best advantage of ad hoc network.
Ad hoc network consist of mobile or immobile nodes to
transmit their data or packets using hop to hop or peer to peer
communication method. It means that nodes are working as
a router or link. The ad hoc network must be required some
mobile nodes [2].
There are two topologies, used in ad hoc networks, one
is homogenous and the second one is heterogeneous. In the
homogenous all the nodes are same and in second topology
the nodes are different. Due to easy and fast installation, low
cost and less dependent on infrastructure the Ad hoc networks
are more used than fixed infrastructure network [3].
As we know that Ad hoc network is infrastructure less,
multi hop routing, dynamic network topology, self-creative,
self-organizing and self-administrative. In this paper we will
consider the ad hoc network as non-cooperative and we will
apply the game theory to find Nash equilibrium. In noncooperative game theory for better transmission the nodes
increase their power level which create interference to other
nodes and reduce SNIR. We performed experiments to find an
optimum power the power level at which the service quality
is good, interference is minimum and we get better SNIR.
II. I NFRASTRUCTURE N ETWORK V ERSUS
I NFRASTRUCTURE LESS N ETWORK
Wireless network can be broadly categorized in two different types of networks i.e. infrastructure and infrastructure
less networks. In infrastructure network the nodes are communicating through base station or access point, for example
cellular network communicate through base station all devices
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(JETAE) Journal of Emerging Trends in Applied Engineering (ISSN 2518-4059),
Vol. 1, No. 3, 2016
Fig. 4: Wireless sensor network
Fig. 2: Infrastructure networks
3) Wireless sensor networks
A. Wireless Mesh Network
The Wireless Mesh network is a type of Ad hoc network
in which the nodes are connected in mesh topology. This
network consists of mesh clients, routers and gateways. The
mesh clients are often wireless devices while the routers are
devices for forwarding data to gateway. Mesh network uses
fewer wires means it costs less to set up a network, particularly
for large areas of coverage. In this network the more nodes you
install, the bigger and faster your wireless network becomes.
The cost of the equipment in this network is lower compared
to other networking solutions [5].
Fig. 3: Simple ad hoc network
B. Mobile Ad Hoc Network
The mobile ad hoc network is collection of mobile nodes
connected over wireless link, each must act as router. The
vehicle Ad hoc network (VANET), intelligent vehicle Ad hoc
network (In VANT) and Internet base mobile Ad hoc network
(IMANET) are three main types of mobile ad hoc network
[6]. A mobile Ad hoc network (MANET) is a continuously
self-configuring, infrastructure-less network of mobile devices
connected without wires. Each device in a MANET is free
to move independently in any direction, and will therefore
change its links to other devices frequently, host movement
frequent. Topology change frequent, no cellular infrastructure,
Data must be routed via intermediate nodes, Free Internet
connection sharing.
are connected to base station the wireless LAN is example of
infrastructure network. The infrastructure network is shown
Fig. 2
Whenever the source will communicate through access point
to a destination, the source does not know the route, in this
type of network it is necessary that both nodes will be in transmission range otherwise transmission loss will be occurred A
wireless ad hoc network is an autonomous system consisting
of nodes, which may or may not be mobile, connected with
wireless links and without using pre-existing communication
infrastructure or central control. This is infrastructure less
network [4]. The Ad hoc network has no fixed structure. The
nodes are working as router or link. Connecting two devices
through bluetooth are example of ad hoc network [5]. The ad
hoc network is shown in below Fig. 3.
C. Wireless Sensor Network
Mobile Ad hoc sensor network consist of sensor nodes
spread over in large area. Each sensor node is capable of data
transmitting and processing. Each node also detects different
local events [7]. The application of Ad hoc network is shown
in Fig. 4
III. T YPES OF W IRELESS A D H OC N ETWORKS
Ad hoc network can be divided into three types including
1) Wireless mesh network
2) Wireless ad hoc network
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(JETAE) Journal of Emerging Trends in Applied Engineering (ISSN 2518-4059),
Vol. 1, No. 3, 2016
IV. W ORKING P RINCIPAL OF A D H OC N ETWORK
or player cooperate with each other in non-cooperative the
nodes do not cooperate each other. In non-cooperative there
are two method to represent the game the first one is called
normal form or strategic and the second one is extensive form
[11].
Power management is important issue in wireless Ad hoc
network, where life time of network depends on battery
powered nodes. For successful transmission the nodes communicate at high power level, which reduces life time of
network and nodes. In Ad hoc network replacing of a battery
is impossible, so energy efficiency is important. The nodes
consume more power during data communication and data
processing. Hence transmission power level is very important.
When a node is transmitting data the node increase its power
level, due to non-cooperative game theory the other nodes
also increase its power level which create interference effect
(increase interference) and also reducing SNIR. It should clear
that we have three important issues power level, reducing
interference, SNIR and utility [8], [9].
VII. C ONCLUSION
The non-cooperative game theoretic approach is shown for
the power control problem in the sensor networks. It is shown
that interference is increasing with the increasing number of
nodes. The Nash Equilibrium exists when it is assume for
minimum and maximum threshold for channel condition and
power level. The nodes are allowed the discrete power levels.
This paper provides a review about non-cooperative game
theoretic approach to solve the problem of power control found
in wireless sensor networks. The nodes in the sensor network
cooperate to transmit the data from source to destination. A
utility function with an intrinsic property of power control
was designed and power allocation to nodes was built into
a non-cooperative game. The performance and existence of
Nash equilibrium was analyzed. The Ad hoc is temporary
network used for sharing information between devices. These
networks provide communication anytime, anywhere and from
any device. The battery used in ad hoc network has limited
power. The power control is main issue in wireless ad hoc
network, every node for better utility they increase their power
level, in result the other nodes also increase its power level
which create interference effect due to which the power losses
is maximum, reduce SNIR and degrade the quality of service.
This paper also discuss different concept of game theory,
and analyzed the ad hoc network as non-cooperative game
theory, in non-cooperative game theory the existence of Nash
equilibrium is necessary. So we find the Nash equilibrium
point at which the nodes get maximum utility and also get
better SNIR.
V. F UTURE I MPORTANCE OF A D H OC N ETWORK
Ad hoc network is best where the installation of infrastructure network is costly, unreliable and difficult, because
the Ad hoc network is self-creating, self-organizing, selfadministrative and less time required for installation. These
networks provide communication anytime, anywhere and from
any device. Thats why nowadays the manufacturer implements
ad hoc technology to their products.
The Ad hoc network was first introduced for military departments. Imagine if a large number of soldiers are spread out
in battle field and want to communicate with each other. The
installation of fixed infrastructure network is time consuming,
very difficult and more expensive. So we use Ad hoc network
technology, which can be easily installed and cheaper than the
infrastructure network. The area of transmission is small but
they can communicate with many soldiers. The ad hoc network
is also used in emergency and rescue. The situation after
disaster we know that infrastructure network doesnt work. The
Ad hoc network can be set up easily and rapidly, the network
is temporary when the infrastructure network start working
we remove Ad hoc network easily. It is also used as personal
area network (Cell phone, laptop, ear phone, wrist watch).
Another advantage of ad hoc network it is used in civilian
environment such as. Meeting rooms, Sports stadiums, Boats
and small aircraft. The Bluetooth and infrared are examples
of wireless ad hoc network which do not require cable or
any other connections. Bluetooth range is small from 10m
to100m and operates at 2.4 GHz. The infrared range is less
than Bluetooth [10].
R EFERENCES
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VI. G AME T HEORY
The mathematical study of strategies for dealing with cooperative situation where the outcome of a participant depends
critically on the action of other participant is called game
theory. The game theory is applied for network power control
problem, the reason that the nodes are independent agent
making decision, and the node act as player. The game theory
provide sufficient tool to analyze network problem. There
are two main types of game theory. Cooperative and noncooperative game theory, in cooperative game theory the nodes
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(JETAE) Journal of Emerging Trends in Applied Engineering (ISSN 2518-4059),
Vol. 1, No. 3, 2016
[11] J. Sarangapani, Wireless ad hoc and sensor networks: protocols, performance, and control. CRC Press, 2007, vol. 25.
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