! "#$
?A@6BDCF%'EHGJ&)IKBM(+LO*-NQ,.PF&R.%'STF/IK*1U603&2 BD@6VWLXPF@ YZTWGX@6E[VFBD45E*1\]&6,8E[7:^_^DPF9@];=?A<>@6* B_C`EHGJI3B_LON
aacbcdce+f)g`fZhjicg6elknmpo)qf)rFoshutvFw
x6elknmWdcyezhJyHacwZh3tv`w
{ |}F~)6~
S^DTFGKEB_LK6BDE[GXI[E[IKEHS@LQET
B_@@6LKE[E[GKcGKCEHB_LE[LXU6PWE]RAI3BDBDQTWB_^V`TWEGXBMLXIKEHB_EpV`ITFE[I@LXE[T+)LXV`B_P`E@cP+NIcTWBD@BDGKTBIK\
ETFIKGKB_`P+B_C
GXZTFTF@c^_)8P` ILKGJsTW@cTWIK^DB_LKBDPFTF@@cQIOT+LXLKcGX)B_ 8NLK¡sU6EU6BDIEHBDVFB_@E[LK@E[C+GKTFc^_GK6EHEpLXIT+LXTWB_P`@@IKEHU6BDVFP+E[@IC`E[LXUcLKT+PFLGJIIKPWE[R¢LXLXGXU6TFE ^
6T+ELXLKB_UcP`P@5cI¤uR£@PFGZcTF^DG3cLXI3BDHLK6EHGX^TWBD@6GpV¥5¦TW@cEQ6IKGXEHP+V`CFEEHLK@UcLXTWTWLLKBDLKPFU6@EUc§ATlPFCFGXETTFc^_BDGK¨HP`EpcTW6Y¦BD)^DBDLI3LKBZEHR£LKPFU66P)@6
CTWP`GXBD)BDIKEpE[6IIABDT@c@cT+T+6LXLXGXB_6P`B_@GJ@TWBD^DPF6^_R=N^_EpR£R£EpGXT+PFLK©cEHGKLKEpPFU6IHcP) GAR£GJR£P`TWG^_EHEpZTWGXPF@6GXB_8@cVª.LXBDU6@cETW^DIK^DB_NF¥8BDLK^DUcTFEGKB_LOR£NQGJTWR£6@EHZ¢LKPFBDPFGX@
6T`GKIPFT
« ¬` ~)6®¯A°A~6±3®
LX¡sTWU6P)LKBBD)PFIEH@5c^zTWLXUc¤uEH@T+G²LÅHR£VFPFP)E[@@6LKcEHGJIKGJTFE[T+I3ILXLE[PFLXI²@]PLK³6UcI3´WLXETWµ·¶¢P`LK¸BcIOµIKLX¹EHBDº[GXTWCF»£^sE[PFÆG^Dc6¹¢µ·T+IO¼LXLJEHTµ·GX½D´+B_@c¶¢PFV
µ·¾ÀBD¿+@Á3LXÂXIQE´+LK¹H»-UcPFºXPÃ[GcÄ6IHB_¥ ^DcLXE[UcI3^DIJLKT+EHÄ¢LQ¥=GXBDcTF@6IXTWVIKBD6GKTF@cB
EIKEBDT
QH^_cTWcGKVFI3P`ELKcE[I3GKTWE[BD6@6VFBDV^DBDI3)EHLK@6EB
Ç »£E`@6 EpVI>QT
TW¹¢ µ·¼BDµ·½_c´+Ͷ¢µ·¾À¿LKPFÈJLXÉ)TFÊ^)ËHB_@¾1µ-LKÌWGJÊTFH^_EIOLOLXZEHEHGÎE[IK@ÆB_cBDTF^DTFB_GJGKI²B_LOPWN6R:Ä5LXUcPFT+BD@LLXLXIÅU6ETW@]^DcLKI3UcLKE[EHGK@
BD@6R£VP`GKc6I3^LÎT+LKPFEp6I²LKBDTBD¨HGXE`B_LK.EHGX¡sBDPFUc@ E
PFBD@6LKTBDIKEHTFV`^_B_LON
E[@LJGXÄZB_LKTWEHGXGXEÅBTI3BDÏcB_TF^@`TWLXGpBM¥)R£N
U6LKU6EHGXEE[T`BD@`IZLX6P`B_LKB_BD@CFLXEI@6B_@]PWLX)B_P`B_Ð@
E[GKLXE[Uc@T+LLH^_PFBDIO@LXLXEHIGJIB_@TWGXTE6^DBDcIXI3I3BDLKEHGQB_^TW»-PFGpG 6B_ E[^DI
BÑIzP`@@cNI3B_LK@I3GXcGXE[¢E[LXTFE[LKIKQGJBDTW@6R£^)VFGX^DPFNÒELXU6LXPFU6P)6E6cI[^DcTF.TWG¡sBDGKTFU66EpB6I3IKEsGXE²P`IKTFB_JEULXBDU6^DLXTFP)PGK6B_IKILOB_NcIKR£BD6Es^DTF@cEHGKBDB_VFLKLOBDE[NPF@@5cC+:TFTF^_IKÓ6E[Ep
E[IHTWLK^_GJ@cTWIO^8LXEHEHBDGXVFB_E@6E[LX@VU6CFP)TWE[6@cIsLK
P`TWGXIKGXI>EHE²V`PWIKRnPFTEH@ELXLXTWTWB_LKLKBDGXPFE[BM@ I
GXPFEHGXV`ELXTFBDGX[6TWE[^8GXT`BMIÎLXEHGXP`BDT@LKTFBD@IZcB_@PFcB_IQTFTF6VF6E²GXIKPlEH V`BDQT+EHLX@B_LXP`TW@cLKI=BDPFPF@RcGKEE[LXCU6BDPFP)I3PF^DNÅR¦R£Ô Õ+PFÖÀGX¥)P`cGZ^DT`TWLKI:E[BD@)LXBU6IXE²GXZELKEHEsV`GX^DTFc6I3LKUEHLXGXU6BD@6EV
BDEcLXGKU6EpP)IKQIKB_C`PWER:Ô IK×6EH¥)V`ØpÖÀ EH@Ñ LXI¦TWLK)BDE[PF@ÙWPF@c^DcI3LKIOGJLXT+EHLXGXE[B_@cVBD@ÆGXE[Ô IKÕ66¥`^_×FLXIsÖÀ¥`cLKIKU6B_Ep@cI3VE²IKBDELKcUc^_EÅPc^DP+I:sTWÀGX^DEAEHC`[EHTW^cR£TFE[6TW^_LKEA6PWGXE[R5I[) EH^DBDCFEHGXBD@6V
¤u)@ÚE[GXIKI3LK6PB_LKP)E
n PFRÅLK¡sU6UcE[B_EGQ6GXTWT`BD@¢LXBDT`[JTWU6^²BDEHIKCFcE[[E[EHIX@IKLE[I[PW¥sRZIKLKU6E[B¢ILXGXZTFPF^AGX
EBIÅLXU6LXP)P
6IÒI3U6TFP+GKÛELKIOULXB_T+^D^²LBDLX@cU6HEHPFGXEQ6BDI^DET]LKE[I3^_NBD66@)^DE
6TW^DGX^PFLKcUcTFE6I3BD^_BIOE[LXBDLKGJTWBD@^LKEHGXE6LKGXUcEPLJcT+IÎLKBDPFB_@LKEpLKUTFT+L²P+[C`TWEF@=PWSÐ8EsEHGCBDB_@cE[IKB_V`LKU`UcLJEIcTWTW@BDGKIKBEHIKGXEZCFIKEÅB_T`IBD^DTFTWGK@]B_LKTWBDE[@cITFT`^_N)I.IKE[BDIZ)V`LXE¦PPF^nP+R£P`GI
LKBDPW@UcR:EÅTLKU6GK\
EpEI3TFTW6GK^_`LKP+BDP+@6CFCÅVEGXLKTFGJ@cTWEH)LK@U6P`I3ÍP)B_LK6BDPFZI@TFTW^_GXQET+TFIKLK@c6GXB_c 8IKIOÎ6LXc?²)I3E[NBDÆ@6LKVU6NLXEU66LXBDU6IGXPFECBD§EHEHGKÅPFLKGXBD¥cQE[¦IzTWEPF^DB_RZ¨[LXE[EHU6GXEEY¦EHTFBD66VFLE[^DE²@»1CF§LXPE[Y¦I3LK)UcP`L¢GXP+IJI.ÜIKTWEHLK@cV`UT+C+LAEHTW@IK^DLXEH6TWCFEpLKE[IzBDGXPFPWTF@ R^
R£TW»£P)BÀ^DVFEFcP`GKI:B_LKLKPFU6Uc@EÒ
LKcUcPWT+E²R>LX§TÔ Õ+Y¦Ö6BD6PF@BDL¦@TTWLXIK^DIVFEHP`TW@cGKGXIKB_EEZLKU6LK³8UcݵMÞTWºLzTW½ß@c¹BDTF^D@c^)BD^_E^LK)U6TFEp)EÒIKP`HIK)GKELÎBDLLXEpPWU6nREzTWLK¡s^DE[^:GKU66EHB_GXBD )@6EEHR£PF^P`IÅ^DGKPFE`BDV`IÅ¥pNBDLK@PWU6RnLKE
U6BDQEZµ·¼QTWR£PFVF´H^DàE^DP+ºXIKÄ¢EH¥V`B_@6FE[VEHEH¥+@6¦LXBD@6EsTWV]LKBDPFBDBD@^_@ ^
B_@ÒLXUcT+LATF^_^8LXU6EÅGXE[IK6^MLJITWGXEÅTW^I3PC+TW^DBDÒR£PFGIKBDBD^TWGXBMLONTFIKE[^DcIOLXEHGXB_@cVc
6@ÑTE[6ÚcGXGKB_@c^DP`B_HV`cB_U`TWcLJ6^_IsEpBD^DPFBDI3@sLKBTlQNÅUBD@`PWNLXREHTW^_GXEp@c6TWGXGXE@6U6LXB_P+TW@cãLKVABDPFLXIK@áU6EE[PF¢I3RALXBDGX§TFB_^8Y¦^TW)GXLBMEHLOLKNTFU6IP)R£66T@cI¢\
¦LXB_TWP`P`GXGK@5FQ P+BDÑCÆ@GXI3IKTFE[EHVF@cV`)PFEHEHâ@@LKLXEpTWsLKTWBDBDPF^DQ@5TW¥@6VF6PFE)LLA[P`TWTF@6@^D^_IKNcPGKIKPWP+U6Ð8CE[BEH)6GJEII
LKPWTUcRÎä3ETQLXTFä3IK^DGKEE[V`LATFEGKLXPF@6åZR>EpLXR£6GXEpå¦TFT+@cLXLK6GJIKTWBMGKLX@cEpB_IP`IKB_@ÅLKBDPFE[@T`TWI3LK6cGXGXBMGKPF EpcLKTFP²R£6GXB_PF^DU6B_èLKBBDJE[ULKI[U6=TE¡s^DLKE[U6GJTFETWGKBD^@6@6T+BDB_L3@[email protected]_TW^_QV`GXPFTWE.GXV`P`BMEFLX)U6sLKÚc¡s)U6QL=BITWNLXBDI²JTsU6)EpE[I=IXP)BD@)GXBDE[æÅ^FEpTFçÒI56TBDB_@
C`R£6EHIKGX@cE[VF¢¢EHLXLX@B_B_P`P`@@ E
IKé UcTWê )EBDIEHGX6B_E[IXEH@GXLJB_TWE[^=GXE[B_IK@]6^_IKLXE[I²LKPFBD@]PF@^DE[ì6TF GK@6BD@6VÒIKEHV`EH@LKBD@6VÒP`)ëOE[LXIABMLXUIKPPFLKUÆTF@c]GXPF6@c6E[
í îïAðñ ®ÎcòÝó3±3ô ð ¯öõ°~8c±O~ ð c±O® ¯©ó3÷ήÎc±O~ ï ò
øIKEHE[VFGKEE[TW@`@LJT+LXB_BDP`@@ÆLKBUcIÅETR£P`^_TW^DP+GKLKBDBDPF@6@6VcBD@6¥ÎVTF@PWRZBDùTFBDVF@ELKPB_^D6^sLKcETF^_GX^DNÆEH6)GXE[BI£IKëOEHP`@B_@LKEpLáIK6cNáIKETLXI[IKELª6PFPWGRAEpcTFBM )JEHU^IcTWùcBD GPWÑ R
6IKB_B_ )EHBD^D^TFIGKúXB_LKûjBDüE[Iý
þ ÿùáTTWGXIKEBDCBDBDEH^TWZGXE[BMLONTFþnIÿ ZEHBDVFUþ LXKÿIP`@LXU6BEQIE[VF6BDVFCFE[EHI@=ú£ü¤uPF@RZLXTU6E]V`GX§TF6Y¦U )LQèR£GJP+TWCFE[GE[¦ùP` GK¡sLKUcUcEE
Qÿ T+LXGKB_ þ Ô þnþ ÿ ÿ `¥ÖÎH6TF^Tl^_^DN)E[IáLKLKU6U6EEáGXÃFPFºj^DàFE¶KºJPWºRPFT RäK@6GKP)Ep)TWE^_ÀC+úXTW¥Î^D6TF@cEp6åÆLXU6T`lE ë3TF+HÌ+EH½MÉ)@c¼HNáºPWRTWLKTÆGXBMIK EL R£PFG ùç5EHEL
`ÿ ¡sUcE²IKEL¦PFR5E[)V`E[I¦EHLO¦E[EH@ TW@QBMLJI¦HPF6^DEHEH@L ÚBI¦TF@ƺJÃHàºËHÉ)¾
CFP`^
PFGXGB_LKI3EHUcGXPFBDPFGKLK@^DNR£PFTGÿ IKËEHÉ)VF¾À²¡sE[@`UcLXEÒB_@cÊVÌWTF¶¢@¼BD´WQ½ µ pTWºJV`Ã
E²ËBD@É)LK¾sP»-§LOZY¦P)LJIJNGXB_BDLK@6EHBDGXBDPFBD@
¨HBD@6PFVRAÔ ÕlÖBI²TÒVFGJTW6ULXU6EHP`GKEHLKBHTF^
"!
» û ²Ä CFPF^ C`PF^
þÿ
Ȁ
ÿ
P+CFEE[LOZG¦EHTFEH^_^8@LO)ZLJIPIK6û cIKÎELX\]IBD@6BMB_LXU
BD¨HIOBDLX@6GKV P`@6VQB_@LXÎEHGX@cTWEpTW^=@cHIPF@6Ç @c@cE[)¢BDLX@6B_VP`@cTI[:H)¤u@LZPFÔ Õ+R5Ö>GKE[B_LA^DTWBLKIBDCFIKE[U6^_P+NQIK@LKTFUc^_^TWZLAEHPFBD)VFLXUBML
B_¨[B_@cV ¦BDI§ UcTWGJn
LKc¡sUcIKU6EE[E I)LKBU6IXzE GXÉ)E¾>>LK´WE´X½³8à½_Ì+´F¶¢B_ËH@6µ·µ-¾ BD´+ʼÚcQ sT+TFLX§I>GKBDB_Y¦@` )LXGKLP))6GXPF6E[^DEHBD@ãÔÕlNÖcþÛTFZIzTlTNU6E[P`PWGK@RE LKE[BDB_@V`cEHPFB@IÒcC+I.TWT^DTW66)E[cBDITFGKVFPlTWP` )@c@cBDTW^EHTWBDLKQVFBDPFEHTW@@ÅLKC`GXR£E[BMP` ¢GLXR£PFI3PFP`GJGX^_IHCÆBD@6Ep¤jV L
EHBDB_VFLKE[Uá@ClLXTFU6^_EcE[)I¢E[ÙlVFCFGXEpEH¢EpLXIPFGJPWIÎRs6LXGXU6PFE6^D@cEHP 6E[I[Æ¡sU6ETF^_V`PFGXBMLXU6 HPF@cIKBIOLJIPWRAIKPF^DCB_@cVLKU6EVFEH@cEHGJTW^DB_¨[E[
»1Ø`Ä
GX¡sE[U6U6IKEQE[@P`§@cLXY¦)U6BDEH6@6GXLÅVETFEHBD^_IABDV`VFPFTEHGX@BMLXC`TWU6E[GKö
¢LKLXB_LKPFR£BDGpPFP)¥5@6HcBD@6TFIK^_VE[^zIPWLXP`U6R @ÆEH LXû U6EQPFI3RzEpTWùÒ@PFI3@cÆJUIKLKGXUTFE[T+^_IK^DL E[EpI3L¢LXEHB_C`BDVFEHEH^DNF@QC+TW¤u^D@6EÔ Õ+PWÖ:RBML»1ØFBÄITFIK@cU6
P+B_LX@IÅLKHUcPFTWGKL
û ú:ý
» Ä
ÿ
ûâú:ý
LKUcEH@ û ÜBILXU6EAP`)LKBDQTW^§Y¦)LTW@cLXU6EAC+TF^_6EAPWR8LKU6E)LZBMLJI3E[^MR5BI » û Ä z
¡sIKPFU6^DCFBIAE[I>GXE[LXIKU66Es^_L²VFEHGX@cEHEH6GJGXTWE[^DIKB_EH¨[@E[LJIIKLKUcE[E¢LXcGXT`TFI3^)B6IAGXPFPFR:6^DI3EH E[»ÀLKØFGJTWÄ¥+^zLKI3U6E[E[VF@ Ç EH@c@LJ6T+ILKTBDPFc@]TFG3LXNBMLX@6B_P`PF@6GXB_Q@cV²TW^DPFB_¨[RE[LX
U6EsH)EHLX^DEHI[ ²EH@@cLXEI
LKPWPFUcR@GKEpùQQI3U6BDP`@U6^DLKB6PJB_U@6LOZVBDIZPLKLXU6I3U6EHEELXI.EH)^DEHEpPFI3@BDGKEHLJEp@TWBDLJ@6IHIKB_@cEHV`¡sVAU6GXPFEEH6@cV`LXTFTWU6G3LK^_LXBDNPFBMLX@5EpB_Ï`P` @6TWBD@6^VClTFPW^_RcE[LXU6I[>E¡sEHU6BDVFEZEH@cC`TWE[GKLK¢B_LXLKPFBDPFG@cBD@cB_@6)VHTFE[I@TEZ)TWP`GKLK@6B_E:LKBDPF@N
¤uÑH@TFIcc6IKTFE[GKG3I EpLXI3BDE[Há@6LK^TWE[LXPGp¥FTFLXU6EE²P+6C`§B_EFEp¥Y¦E[LK)UcLsEBDIKTF§E^_V`Y¦HPFPF)GX@cBML²LXI3U6TFLXTF^_V`@PFLTWGX
@cBMLXU6»ÀØFHIJGKB_LK^TFE[UcGKJBD)T+PFIL@QTQUcPFTFÐIX6T+E[LKG:BE[I3^D@cR-BMLKTFILK¢^DLXE²PFU6BDGX@EHNLK@Æ6BD@`B_LKLKLXU6BD6PFE[B_GK@LKEBDCFTWTWEÅGXPFEE) )L6^P`» TWGK@ÄET+LKLKUcBDUcPFTFTW@=@ L
LO@6ZPFLP6I3E[B_EpVFE[EH@BDIKLXEÅIATWPF@c@IOLJ» TW@ÄsL U6P+)PE[ILKU6ETF^_V`PFGXBMLXU6 )E[VFGJTF)EÅB_LXIAE[G3R£P`GKQTF@cEU6E[@ BDI
#%$'&)( *
+-,
.
.
/10
9
#%$'&(
8>@?
:
2
.
3
465 8 7
;#
$'&(
=<
4A
B
DC
EGF
%E
CIHJKE@H
LKNM
O
H
%H)M
M
:
QPJR
T
*
S
V
U
I#
$'&( W
:
XKNM
ZY
HM
=HM
\[
V
.
]HM
\[
KLS¡sBDPFU6E@EZI:IKGXUcTFTFTW@cI:^D)^z¦P`@6E[ PW^_^LÅsTFTWITWc^DV`6ÅB_C`GKBDPE@`TFLXTÅJEHUGX6ELXGXL3U6ELXELXEHTWGZLKLKU66BDPFBD@cGX@Å)ÆLXE[UcBDGXIXI3T+IKLXLz6TFZE@c)EZUcBD)EH@6GXEpVE IKHPFGKR8BDBD@cI3E¦ULKE[@6T+T`L¦P+náIK¥nZEp¢BDE^DLX^GXTFTFPF@c^BDIK@`¦^DLcE[I3LXG=LKPE[LXGKU6LKBDUcE @6EVÅÇ GXGXBI3E[I:L=IKTF6LOJZ^_UcLXPI²B_E[Ï`PWCR²cBD@6E[Ô VØlI3Ö
LKUT+LATWc6^_NLKPLKUcE§Y¦)LATF^_V`PFGXBMLXU6TFIsZEH^D^1
z ή zó }á ¯ ®ÎcòÝó3±Oô ð ¯èn°~)}
ZNä3@cPFGXTF^_BD¨HBD@6VåLXU6EI3BDB_^TWGXB_LONQTWLKGXBM þP`@6EPF)LJTWBD@cIZLKUcEIOLXPJUTFI3LKB²QTWLKGXBM Hþ
»£×Ä
ÿ U6PGXI3EHE6GXGXP+E[IKEHI3@cLXI²LXI¦U6TWEQGXEA6GXTWPF^D^cTF6 B_Ñ ^DB_LOI¦N
BMLZPWBDRZI¦@6P+P+CBD@6@VR£R£GKGKP`P`' LX@6U6P)E)LXEU6EHúAP`LKGKPNPWü]R=BD\Æ@TWPFGX@6FEP+CI3LKGJE[TW5@c¥=6V`PFB_ÝC`EH@ZTFLK^_Uc)TWI[L ¥
ZEHBDEVFE[TF@GKCFEE[BD@LKP`úXGXI[>¡s¡sUcU6EQE EHÇ BDGJVFI3EHLZ@E[C+B_TWV`^DEH6@EpCFIEpPW¢RLKP`G:PFTWR GXEÍBI ¥LKU6ECFEp¢LXPFGZU6P`IKE²E[^_E[EH@LXIsTFTWGKEGXE²LKTFUc^_E ^
I[zS
^À Pc VZETFIXIK6E²LXUcT+L@6PQ@cP6EUTFI)E[VFGXEHE 6
LKç5UcEHEÅL¦E[cÏIZc@6T+P+LXB_P`@ EH )TFB_@6EALKU6EIKEp¢LKGJTW^6GXPF6^DEHÝR£PFG¦LKUcE²QT+LXGKB_ ¥@TWEH^DNLKU6EI3P`^_6LKBDPF@cI:» é PWÄR
¹HÌ+(+½ É)9 ¾À¦µ-Ì+9 Êcp¹* pÌO*-9È , £È =û '´+¶Kº¹ÌW½ É)¾Àµ-Ì+Ê6¹ÌOÈ ´WÊÃ
þ ¾ cºÊ» Ä¢û '´+¶Kº
LK¤uÎ@UcGXEÒPFPWLXEHU6P`BDVFIKEHE[B_GLK@BDZClPFTF@PF^_GJc6E[I[IÅI3¥`U6LXPFP+U6R EI§LXTFY¦U6GK6EEÒLAEpBDTW)Ï`^DE[cVF@B_PFC+LKGXTWBB_H^DLKEHTWU6@^:LKEQP TF@cELOZLKU6BDEH@EÅEH6@QE[ILXT+U6LKLXEÒUcGKB_EÒ IKVF'EpE[¢@6LKUcEHGJTlGJTWCFTW^:E^DBD6¨HLKGKE[UcP`E6^DE[IXEHTWB_ V`EH@ER£P`C+EHTWGKBD^DVF6E[6E[@^IÅCFT+LKE[BD@ÚEpÆLKP`»ÀØFGXIÄ¢N
LKTWUc^IKEP§U6Y¦E[^_)LI¦EHTW )^DVF6PF^DGXTFB_B_LK@cU6B_@6©VTW@UNLKLKU6U6EEÅE[§B_V`Y¦EH@)C+LATWTW^D6^DVFE[P`I¢GKÙlB_C`LKU6E[¢LXPFcGJIsIKE[PWI¦RÎLXLXU6U6EÅEI3IOEpLXPPFJ@UÒTFI3IKLKBTF^_Q^DE[T+I3LsLXGKVFB_ EH@cEHGJTW^D¡sB_¨[U6E[BD I
EHPWBDR VFE[@¥)CFE[U6LKBP`JUÒG sBD@LXU6EQP`I3QI3LTWH^DT`^DE[I3I3EpLI¦E[PFB_R=V`EHBD@`@LXCFEHEpGX¢E[LKI3P`LG²BDIZPFR²E[Ï»1cØ`ÄTF^8LKPFP GXGXE[IKLKUP`c@cI6HIPFLX@PÒLXTFLXB_U6@6EBD@6^DVTFGK@6V`PE[I3B_L²@)R£E[P`B_GKV`QEH@TWCFLKEpBDPF¢LK@5P` G
¡sÔ U6EÖÿ §Y¦)NLHGKB_LKE[GKBDPF@Æ[TW@ƤjL:TF^DBDIKIzPÒEpTFIKENÅ6LK@cPÅ)C`E[EHGXGXI3BMLKR£PNP)LK
UcTWBD@
L LXU6BDI²R£GJTWEHZ'PFGX8TF@cª.LKBDGXUI3cLÅI.)LXEUcÇ T+@cL E ÛBIT
¹6¢¾j@c´Wÿ 6¾1µ-EHÌWGzÊ´W¶¢B_^¿ÒÃ+HµPFÿ ¹¢@c¾1¶¢6µ-BMÂHLXÉ)B_P`¾Àµ-@cÌ+IsÊÔ PFÖÀR=¥lLKLXUcU6EEH@ \
TW
GXFBP+I>CQLKU6JUcEsTFPFB_@c@5^_zN¤j)R.BLKI3U6LKGXEÅB_6JUc6LKTFBDB_PF@@BIsP+CFEHEHGXG.VFP)ù)BWBMLX¥)ULXU6U6BBDJIzUcUGKTWP`6E[G3EHLO@cN`I
§PFLKEZTW^I3PLXUcT+L>LKU6Es\
TFGK`P+CAJUcTWBD@BI:¶Xº +º¶J¹¢µ-ÂH½_º>EpHTFcI3E ÿ >ÿ
Kÿ þ5ÿ +CFPF^Dù
²R£GXPFE Ç @6EI3EHL ùLKP)ÔI3EHL ùBDÖ¦@ÒT`P`I@6LKE²U6EQI3LKE[6ÒGXPFB_R5TWLK6UcBDE^_B_HLON
6GKPFGXEHR¦@LXL¦U6I3EQLXTWGXTFLKE@c)BDI¦P`BD@ ZTFTW^_
@cLKGJLXTWU6@cEIKGXBMLXTFB_@cP`@6)BDPF@6 V
sTW^DBDII3LXTFG3LXE[B_@B_LXII3LXTWLKBDPF@cTFGKN6BDI3LKGXB_c)LKBDPF@5
þÿ
ÿ ÿ
ÿ
ÿ
»-ìÄ
» ²Ä
CFPF^À» Ä
ª6GXPFLKU6BIB_LR£PF^D^_P+IZLXUcT+L
» û Ä
» FÄ
¤jPWR8RÎLKE[U6C+E²TF)§BDY¦@6VÒ)L:IKEBI:L IKQ¥TWPF^D^)@cR£HPFEG¦LKTÅUcEEHsGKLXTWTF^DB_@BcITFBDG3@
LXBMB_LXLB_P`TF@ @cû PWRÎE[LKClU6T`E[)@QBD@6BML:VB_LXEpITW@cPFIzLXUc6T+^DEHL:LKU6E[E@`L cGK'P`cTFTWGK6EBD^DBMLXPWB_LXEpU I
sIKTW^DTF^_^À¥)zP`¤u@c@LKE6B_BDLK@BDCFPFE[@6^_N`E¥PWZR.EALKUcUETlCFEATWGKLXTWI[GK¥LKLKBDPFEH@6@Ep6IsLKLKU6PQEGXEHIKQELTFùB_@BD@B_@LKPB_L[LO¦ PcTWGKLXIZI3JUQLKUcTWL¦LXU6EGXTF@c)PF
¡s\
U6TFEÜGK`§P+CÍY¦)GXTFL@cBD)IáP` I3LKGXPFs@cTWVF^D^DN
GKE[Ñ ^DTWLKE[½_ÌW'¸ LKPÍËJÌ+ÊTãÃWÉcLXU6ËEܾÀµ pµ·¾1P`¿@c¹HE[ºH)¾ LáPWRBI^DP+ TÍIKH6PFc@cIK6EcL¢LXPFB_CRB_LOùÛN'I3I3EHJLXUIáBDLK@UcTWT L
LKUcE[» @EH²PFLKÄ ^DGXNFN¥8B_Ô Ø+@ÖcP`QIK@6E[TWIÎ@6 nE[LK»U6LKE[BDÛPF@LXû PBM)LXEU
Ç ÄQLK@6UcEABEIT¼IK@6QµMEHÞ`TWµ·^DÊ^1HÛàGKB_¾ÀLK¡sµ·E[¼U6GKBDº²EHPFN@PFR¦UcR£P`\
TlG:CFTWEÆGX^DcFP+I3E[LKCEHEH@ÚGXGJBDTW@6I3@cVcLK)cP`6§öB_EpPFL¦ZTFB_@ãP`^_)B_@II3BÔ E[)ÖjEHLK@GJLX\]TWTF^A^_P`^DV`NFGKGXE¥`TFLKGK6UcEHU E
U6E[6GKBI3LKBTF@cTW^DN¨HEpLXU6EHGXEBDII3LKGXPF@cVF^DNI3BDB_^TWGsLXPLXU6E§Y¦6L²TW^DVFP`GKB_LKU6
^
_
ba
`
dcfe
ga
h
ijESkml
.
n
i
oi
K
di
l
:H
/ KrstF
pKqS
l
.
;
x
H
lwvnvnv
.u
r
y
.
@i
iZHJKNH
z
N{
| 4}
~x K
bH
\
SiUE
kml :
A
F
K
H
.
@
i
i
.
<
.
i
/^
Oi
x
;U
\
IiyU
.
¡
i
m¢
£iZ¤
9©
I
:¦J
65 ¢
#%$'&)( i
n
65 ¢
W
:
i
@
7
i
0
ǻ
7 Z
©
i
n
im %
f¥§¦¨ i6m¢L
¬
i
7 i
7 .
u
)~ ® ï }`~6±3ãòÛ.~)c±K ð } ±u~ ï ± ð ð ±K} ð 8® }`~) ~ ð ±3÷ ð= ð ~)®Îc}
¤uPW@RLXLKU6UcE¦E§R£PFY¦^D^_P+)L>TWBD@6^DVFVsP`ZGKB_ELKUcB_^D^F cIKE[Ez[LKTWUc^DE^WLKLKUGJTWT+@cL5IKLXB_U6LKE¦BDPF§@Y¦Q)T+L.LKGXTFB_^_ V`PFGXBMLKLXPAU6ÜT`JU6^DPB_E[P`CF)EI=TsT+L=LKEU6L3E:LXEHIKG>E[6HPF@c@c)E[GXäKI3^DLXTFTFGK@cV`)E[BDI3@6LXVå
EHPWBDRVFE[ùc@áCFE[SLKE]P`G²)E PFÇ R @cE¥=T)E[CF@6EpPW¢LKLXP`E[G N LKPETF@c³8Ƶ-ºXEpËJϺHc¸TWµ¹H^zºLXP ËJÌ+Êcz¹¢¾j¥5´WBDÊc@¾ZP`GKGXE[6^DTWEHLKGBDCFLKEPLXPFP6LXTÆTWBDc@TWTGKLKcB_LKTFBDPFG3LX@ B_P`@6BD@6V
UcBD» TlCBDûPF@6GKVLXFTF6û @B_L²EpLXE[PW6BDÄÎIK@EPF)R=EHP`ùGJ@cIOB_LJIOÐ TWLJ@cTW@
ÿ LEHU6BDVFEHE[@@R£CFPFLKE[U6GZEúXLKûjP`QüGXIZT+6LXBMBGK )IB_E[ BD^D6I¦E[B_TW@Ò^.UcLKHT`U6T`IEI3LXEIKU6TFR£BDPFIÅG²6E²I3E[IKIKEE[B_L GXE[LK]GJTWlc^=û GKIKP`EHV`E[G3E[LOû N`@LXT+SLXB_'P`EQ@5IOÓ¥)LXBDB_c@cLA)HBDN EI
U6E[@LXU6E Ç GJIOL PF6LsPFR EHBDVFE[@C`E[LKPFGJIsTWGXE²cB_EpEHBIKEHPF@cI3LXTF@L[
µ·Ê(+Ã`9 ºj³c¦ºH9 ÊpÃF* pºH*-Êc9¾, ºHµMàº>Ê lº¾ºJËH¾jÌW¶JÂX¹ º]´>º¼Q¾ ´+¾À¶¢µMÞ¸» µ·¾ û ¶KÌ+¸zû ¹]´+ÊÃÄËJÌ+ÂJ½MºÉ)¼´QÊc³c¹Ò´+¶¢µ·¾Àʵ·Ã`¾1µ-ºKÌWÞʺJÃáÌ3È¿ù ù¾ c6´+ºH¾ Ê c´l¹
6ºHµM´+à`¹ ºHÊ +º´+µM½ àÉcººÊ ¹Alµ ȺJËH´+¾jÌWʶJùÌW¾ Êcc½ ´+¿¾sµ ÈA´+¶K¾ ºscºA³µ-¹JºJÉ)ËJ¼º¸¹ µ¹HºQÿ ËJÌ+Êc¹J¾u´+ʾθ D¶ ÿ D¾ ´+¶Kº´WËJÌ+ÊÊcÃÒ¹¢ËJ¾j´WÌWÊc¶¢¶K¾º¢È¹ÀÌ+³c¶Ì+Ê8´W½·ÃQ½`ú¦¾uÌý ÊÌWÊcsÁ p´+ºÊ¶XÃÌ
´+½·½ Fû û ´WÊÃ]¾ 6º¼´W¾1¶¢µMÞ Ô -Ö
j¸µ·¾
.ÿ ûAúÅý
µ¹Ê8Ì+ÊcÁj¹¢µ·ÊàWÉ)½_´W¶
:¼Q/ º¾À¶¢µ-Ë&´WÊà £Èž Ê6ÌWºÊc¼QÁj¹¢µ·´+ʾÀàF¶¢µMÉ)Þ ½_´+¶Å¾ ÌO6ȺHÊ Ã+µ·¼QºcÊc´l¹¢¹µ-Ì+Ê Üµ·ÊÃ`µ¹ºj³cÌ3ºÈÊ8¾ÃF6ºHºZÊc¾ÈÌ+º¶¢µM¼àºHÊ +ºXËH¾uÌ+¶J¹ þ¸µ·¾ þ
¹J¿+¼Á
SI3LKP)EÒJUcHTFTF^_I3^ZLKBT]¦IOLXTWPLKJGXUBMTF nI3.LK¤uB@LK6B_TWLKLKBDCFGXBME[ ^_N`ö
IKGXTWPFLKBP`IOR£IKNBMLXBD@6B_P`V@LKØU6IKETlN)PFI=@LK)UcBMTWLXL:B_P`T²@cI3IÅLKP)PFJR Uc:T`GKIOP`LXBDZPQI3B_LKT+BDLXPFGK@áB_ Ø]UcT`TI>6c^DB_P)EpJE
¥
Î
\
BTFI3EGK`P+PFCÒ@IOJLJUcTWTW@BD@L¦E[B_V`BMLXEHU
@CFIOEpLJ¢T+LKLXP`EGXIzI3B_R5TFLXEU6E²c@c)EHGX^DNBDû @6V\
TWGXFTWP+C@cJUcLXTWGXTFBD@@cIKHBMTFLX@B_P`@EcTWGKP`V`cVFTWGXEH6VBD^DT+BMLKLONEpBD@TWLKLKPGXBM T
TW@]¡sLKUcUcEBDIÅP`P))E[N]@cIÅPWR¦BD@¦LKEHP`GXGKE[I3LKPFBD@6@V]TWV`P`VF@6GXEH@6V`EpTF¢6LKBDBDPF^_B_@LONÒIÅP`GEHLO»3¦½ É)E[EH¼@³c´FLKUcÂHµ·E ½ µ·¾ÀÇ ¿HEHÄ^Ô WÖPWRPWR¦I3\
E[TFLKGKGJ`TWP+^:CIKEHJV`UTWBDEH@c@IHLXTWLK¡sBDPFUc@ E
6GXPPWR>PFR :GKP`PI3B_LKBDPF@ØBDIs6GXP+CBD6E[B_@áÔ é ÖÀ
R-6ÎTFGXGXP)PFL)c¹ÀP`³6IKºJEQB_LKËHBD¾1TFPF¶X@@´+½ZEHØ] )ËH½ T`IKÉU6¢¹¢LP+¾uºIK¶¢EHIµ·VFÊLKàÆUcE[TWµ@`¹LLJ´`T+T
LXÂB_½DP`º@c¾jÙ+JÌHU^_àWc6¶XI3Ì+GXLKÉpP`E[³T`GKBD)@6³EHVµMGÞI3ºP`½P`¹^_@c))ÂLXB_¿ÆB_P`LK@5BD¾ PFcQ@ºÓEH¹¢c µ·J¼BUáI3LXµ·½_IÅ´+P`¶¢R£@cµ·P`¾ÀG)¿áB_§²LKÌOBDÈPF@)¾ LQ6I3ºHU6TWµ·^DP+¶VFP`¾ÀI²¶KGK´+B_LKLXÊcUcUc¹¢T+µ·¾1Lµ-ÌWLXBD@ÊP
³VFGJ¶XTWÌFcÂJ´FUcÂHIµ·½ LXµ·Uc¾Àµ-T+º¢LZ¹Uc¾jTlÌÒCF¹¢EAÉcT¹I3ºH¾1TW¹GJÌOI3ÈAEùHPF²êÎ6 )^DE E[GKBDP`@6EH@6@E[LXILKÔBDÕlPFÖ@IKI3U6LKP+GXc¢LXLK6UcGXTWE²LIK§6Y¦66PFLGKZLKBDPF@6GXVÅ)LKIUc¦BDIZE[^_GX^>E[IKPF6@
^MLZQTFBM@LXUN
6GJTFLKBHTW^nE[CBD)E[@cE` ÎGXPFP`IKBMLXB_P`@ØVFE[@6EHGJTW^DB_¨[E[IZ6GXEHCBDPFcIsGXE[IK6^_LXIsPWRsÔ lÖj
LK¡s» BD¦PFU6ª@EZÄ§Ô Y¦[ELKÖ)UcLÎTWP@TWc^DIHVFzP`Ó)GK¤uH@ÒB_PWLKUcL3BDQL TWTFTFV`@c@cE²IKç=EHVFGXPFB_@6LKEHV`E[GX6@`BDPFELJLK@ÅT+jLXøABB_I>P`B_@5V`P`VF@6¥FBDE:LX@cU6PFIÒEHR)GX»ÀLKEÓ)U6ç=TWEZGXøGXEAE[ÄTWE[^DÔ VFl@ÖjP`LKGK^DN²B_LK¤u6U6@GXQPF¦I¦E[P`PWIKR E[z^DE[cI3GKI3P`LKE[@cE[GKTLKBD@6GJTWTWVc@^`¥ÎÒIKLKEHª6U6V`GXE[EHGKE[EEHQ@TWLXTWGXTW@ E
BDTWIK@U6^DVFP+LXP`U6GKEQB_LKLXUcUcC+TWT+GXLI¦[email protected]JæUc^_GKE[PWP`B_R@PLKU6EHI3GXEpE
VÆÔTF×lÖjN»1P+æC`æÅEÄ¢¥TFBLK@6)Uc@cEpETWTF^A@5^DPF¥ IK@cBMLXVcEHT+@6LXcB_P+P`TF@c^D@ÒTI^BDTFT+@cLXcEH@^_NLEI3LKL3E[UcLJTWTáLQTF»-@æLKLKU6BE
²TFGX@cE[ÄQIKTW6Ô ^DØlN)^_ÖjLKI3QBDB@6I²¤jVáL»1ç>IOBILXÓ P)Ñ E[JTFÄ¢UcIK¥6TFN]TFI3LK@cLXBP
QBDT+^_^ÎLXGKTFB_ ^DIKPZIXPFT+GXLX]BDI EÇ 6EpT`I¢LXLKU6^DN]E
BD@P`@cLXU6)E[B_LKIKBDEQPF@cI3B_ILKPFT+R LKBDÎPFGX@PFIHP`¤uIK@ÆB_LKBDLXPFU6@BIØI3E[TF@c@cIKELX§UY¦c)ILLKU6I3cE]c§I3cY¦)EpLÒI TW:^DVFªZP`¥=GKB_Ó)LKU6ç> ø
TWTF@[áP`6»-@E[L:G3LJTWPFBD@]GXEC+B_TW@6GXR£BDPFTFGX@`LJITWLKPFBDRXPFÄ@æLXUcTW\]@ÒPF§GXEHY¦P+)C`EHLGp)¥)P@6E[PFI[@6 EÑ PW@6RzPWLKLXUcU6EEHGZLKUcB_GKE[EPFPWGKLXLXTFU6@`EHG²LsTFIKEHLKEpU6¢P)L:6PFIAR=LXTTFIKFEpEpI¢B_LX@GXLXTFP ^
^DE[^DcTFI3I3LLKE[TFGKIsBD@6GXVPF6TW^DVFIOPFLGXTFB_LKI U6¦öªBI²TW@GXPFcÓ6cç=IOLXø@6 E[IXI[êÎ6BDGKBHTF^.GXE[IK6^_LXIPWRÔ lÖ:I3UcP+LKUcTWLŧY¦)LÅBDITWL
îïAð 6ò ð ®Î ®Îó ð . ± ÷ݱKòÝ.÷ ð } ð ÷:ò ð= ~).~6±O®
¡sIKEHU6VFEcE[GK@`E[LJCT+BDLXPFB_P`@I:IKTWE[@¢LXB_P`IK@E[TFIOGXLXJGKU6EpBDIK@6IKE[VR£PFLXU6GÅE²^DP+H'PF@6@6P`Ep@c¢)LXB_cP`@QLKBDCEHBMLOLONƦE[IKEHE@LJI§B_@áY¦6TLZGJTFTWI¦@cT)P`©GXB_LKEHZGXTFBDPF^_8@R£PFøG¦E[B_GKQETWZV`EE
IKEHBDVF^_^EE[ )@`6LJ^DT+PFLXB_LB_P`LK@5U6 BI:²H6PFG@6@6VFPEp¢TWLX^8B_P`BDIZ@LXLKPQPPF))E[LJCFTWEHBD^D@PFQTF@TTFR£GJ^_V`TWPFGXEHBMLXZU6PFGXÅLKUR£P`T+G:LAI3I3cLXTWE[GKLXGKIsCBI3EpB_LKU]^_EpTTWGXLK@6GJTWB_@cBD@6VBD@6PFVQRnB_I3QEHLTWV`PWE R
®
e
¯
e
t°
c
'i
d±
:i
]H
q
H)M
²H
/ 'µ
q
l
]H
³´
H
/¸
:'¶ ·'
.
%i
¸
z
N{
| 4}
6¹
º©B
8i
4A
¸
A
XB
A
/¸
\·ÂÁÃ
W
Ii
4A
A
l
A
N
6·
o³L
/ q
Ç
¶o
Ä
i
¿
¶¶ À
¶ 5 ¶ ÀÆÅ
W!
n
i
l
5
'¶¾À
vnvnv
µ
4ASi
¶g¶ À9
À¿
ÉÈsÈ
%Ê©
4A
i
S¹
²E
4A
ifA
4A
ip½E
o¹
A
kml
N
Xi
o<
<
²³1Ë Í
i
l
/ µÉÌ
V
O<
<
A
4A
Ã<
.
<
<
nª
Î
Ï
Ði
Ï
ZÏ=Ï
'<
y<
.
Ñ
o<
e
½Ò
IY
ba
Ò
boi
I ¾:³
.
=¶\
=A
»½¼»A
µ
i
n
KLIKUEHVFT+L6E[@`GXP)LXE[)ÆcB_QEpITWV`P`E[GKIGXE[TW@cLsÆIKEHV`BMLXUE[@TLXT+I3LXEHB_LP`@cPFI[RÎ¥R£T`E[TWILKI36UcGXP+E[I@TF@cBD@
Ç ^DE[VFTF6GKGX@cE ITQ R£c@c¢LXB_P`@PFRÎLKU6ER£EpT+LKcGKEpI
.
ÓÔWÕ¾ÖÆ×\Ø ×\Ù
Image
Features
g
f ij
Si,j
...
Model
λ
Pi,j
normalization
Human labeled Segmentation
Pi,j*
.ª B_V`6GKE
ª6IKEHP`VFGIKE[B_@`LJ6T+^DLXBDB_HP`BMLO@5N`.¥ªcTFGKIXP`I36LKEU6ELXU6^T+EQL3LXLKEHGJGZTWBDBM@6LsBD@6BI¦V
EpTFIKEIKLNHLKPFP@cP`IK)BDI3LXLXTFIB_@PWRsä3BPF)@6E[ETF^DBDåQPFTWGV`¾jEQ´W¶1PFà`@6ºH^D¾NLKGJTFTW@c@cIKB_BMLKLJBDIPF@P`6GKGXGXPFE[6L
TWcB_^DBMLXB_EpI
6û ü ý
R£PFGú:B_@]IKEHVFE[@`L B_LKU E[^_E[E[@LXI
» Ä
ÿ
ûèüQý
SEELOZTWEH^I3EHPQ@ULOZTlCFPEcTBM )6EHGX^IE[)T`E HÇ @6P`EpGX6]B_@6I3EHVLALKPWPQRz)R£E[B_Ð8TWEHLKGX6EHGX@E[LAI GX+BMLXû EHGXBDTTW@û ÒLXU6EHBDGU6C+TWBJ^DU]6E[IZEpR£P`TFGIK6¤¢GX EI3BDB_^TWGXBMLON
R£¡sE[U6TWLKE6GX¼E[ÌpI ÃFºHÿ ½5BTFIIzLXBDU6@6EÒ6)cLJTFIÎG3TWL@cPWRsPFLK6U6LKEÒ6)R£GXLJTFIzLKUcEHZEPFVFGX^DPF
cLKTFU^T+IKLBDBIBD^TWIKGX6BM)LONÅëOEp¢LE[T`LKP
I3c^DGKE[ETFþ GK@6ÿ BD@6.Vªc]PFGz¤jLLXU6LXETFF6EpGXE[IÅIKLKEHUc@EL
E )EHGXB_E[@`LJIÅZEQcI3ELKU6EÒIKBDc^_EP))E[^¦þnÿ
¤u@LK6B_LKBDCFE[^_N`¥zBMLGXEHcGKEpI3E[@`LJI
TLKáGJTWIK@ELI3B_LKPWBDRPF@BD@cú )©EHEHü@ )EH@Lä3EH )E[G3LJIKåc¥:LXU6ER-TFLKPFGJI
CFPFLKBD@6VPF@LKUcE
6GXPFcTF6B_^DB_LONPWRT
¤us@TW^DPF6¥)G¦P`R£)GXLKTFBDQEHTWZ^DBMPFLONÒGXBD¥Ic)T`E I3Ç Ep@6EpPF@ÒT`LKIZU6LKEU6R-EÅT`¢LZBD@6LKUcB_TWLBD¨[TTWLKIKBDEHPFVF@PWE[R.@`LKLJU6T+EÅLXB_P`P`@@cBD)IsB_EpLKBDÏPF6@cB_TFC+^5TF^_æE[@`6LZ^D^_LKcPT`JTjGXç=TF@cEHBD)6PF^_E[ G
LKB»-IsBDæÅE[E[Iç.ÏÄ>6ÿBD)PClBDTFCFF^_E[E[6GK@LXV`TWLZEHBD@cLX@6PHEpETWEN )LOB_Z@6EHP`BDEHGK¨H@ÆQBD@6LKTWVU6^DBDELK¨HU6BDLX@6EÒTFVGKËHV`¶KþnEÌlÿ L²¹J¹cºZGKP`ÊEpc¾1H¶XTWTWÌX6³BDI3¿^DEBMLXB_EpELOI ZBDEHI ÿ EH@Ç TW )LK@cE[UcnE¥LXLOLKU6¦U6EPELKTW»-GJHTWPF@cP+@cCFIK)BMEÅLXB_B_LKP`BDPF@]B_@@c6TWB_GX^·ÄsPFBDc¨[)T+TFBDI3LX6LKB_B_P`GX^DB_B_@
6)LXB_P`@cI[¥6B1 EFQTW ¥)U6E[GKE
»-ÕÄ
ÿ ù ÿ ^DPFV ÿ
¤jRGXB_ZLKEHEÒGXBDPFBD@`@ÆLXEHBDGX@6GX»-EÕ`LIJLXBIU6EE[ÏR-6T`¢BDC+LKTWP`^DG EH@L²LXù P=LKTFU6IEQTÆæÅ6ç@6B_)R£PFBDCFGXEHGXVF)E[BD@cI3LKEGXBD6)EHLOLK¦BDPFE[@EH@P+CFLOEH¦GPIOLJ)T+BLKIOLXEpGKI BD6)ÒLXB_LKP`U6@cE[I@P+LKCFUcE[E G
LKGJTW@I3B_LKBDPF@cI A» ÿ ÿ ÄZU6EHGXE ÿ ÿ ÿ
\
TW BDB_¨[B_@cV HTF@E)PF@cECBTVFGJTF)BDEH@LTFIXE[@`LBD@ÒLXU6EÅcTFGXTFEHLKE[GXI =ÎSEÅP`)LXTFB_@
» Ä
ù ÿ ÿ ÿ ÿ ÿ ÿ R£²PF@6^D^DE]P+HB_TF@6@VR£Q6GKT+LK )UcBDEHGQ6@6 PFLKEHE@LKLKGXUcPFTWLQNQLK6U6GXEPF6P`^D)EHLK BD6PWR P`GKGXE[IKP`@c6ILKPLKUcEIKPF^D)LXB_P`@PFRALKUcE
» Ä
Q
TW »Dü úOÄ©I L ÿ ÿ R£PFG û
ÓBD@cELXU6BIBDITHPF@CFEH PF)LXB_BD¨[T+LXB_P`@6GKP`6^DEH¥)BMLUTFIT6@6BÏ6EÅPF)LXB_6
^ÚOÛÝÜoÞÂÜ\ßÝÜàgá/âbãÆàgáäyÜåOæàç²ãÆæ/à*âÜwáàßÝèéßÝÞZèäá/Þ/Üoê¾Ü\ÞÂäyÜ\ßìëgáëèéæ/ßí
.
i²î
SS
ï
P
ð
l
S
ð
8
s¨ ;¨
Î
/ô
=ñmò bó;
.
ñ nò
õ
~÷Éø
ö
@ö
ø
÷ù
ú
÷
÷ù
÷
O¥
i
=i
n
9h
i
nî
î
=û
.
¨ )¨
û
3
3
i²nî
*i
b¨ )¨
mü
.
oý
C
Wi
l
ÿî þ=
¨Æ¨ i
Æþ'
î
ÿþ=
yi
n î
mü i
û
oK
û
K
ò
.
¨ )¨
3
i²nî ñ nò
F
i
3
n
Y
n ñ nò
.
²û
S^
ú
)¨
ñ ò
ú
ñ nò
/ô
*óZ
ú
.
..
Zð ÷:ò ð= ~).~6±O® ±O~ ï } ï Åð ¯ö ð ÷:±O® ± ®ÎcòÝ.~6±O®
¤uZ@E²LKcUcIKBDEIÎIKR£E[E[TWLKLKBD6PFGX@5E[¥`Is¦HETFGKEHGX )NEHB_@cV6^DBMP`R£N@LKPFPF6cGÎGZTFTF6@c6ÒGXP`IKUcT`JTWUEP`@B_@6TR£PFIKGXEL:TWPFLKR8BDPFIKN@5@LKª.U6BDEHGXLKI3BLZZTW@cEcGXIKE[ETFT^)B_I3QEHLTWV`PWE[R>I^DP)TFH@cTF ^
Ǫ6^DGXEHPFGcTFLKU6@6B)IIT`TFIIKBDEp])VFBD@)ER£P`)GKEQLXE[T+LXLKB_PFP`GJ@I[¦E
¡sUcHEHPFN@cI3HLKTFGXc)¢LKLQcGKLOEZPPFR£LKE[UTWLKE[6)GXV`E[EI
I3LKLXGXU6EHE@6VFµ·LKÊU¾jºHTF¶ @clºHÊcP`µ·ÊGKàBDEH@ËJLJÌWT+ÊcLK¾uBDÌ+PFÉ)@=¶
»£¤KYsÄsTF@cLKU6EÒËJÌWÁu½ µ·ÊºJ´+¶¢µ·¾À¿ 8ËJÌWÁ3˵·¶KËHÉ)½_´W¶¢µ·¾1¿»jYZç>Ä¢
»-TÄ
»-Ä
»-pÄ
e
¯
°
8Ò
/^
D
i
IC
ª.B_V`6GXEØ % , + -" D CL
edge
αi
i
edge
k
j
αj
j
!
.!
/ & 0" 21 43 5
" 6'78):9;"
<% ,+ -"
#">0! $" $" A@ B $" #"
! DE! !F $" :@
G! $" A'7!,H) 9;" :@
b^
êë¾àÜ\ßÝÞ/ëÛ
Üwáë ÝàÜ\ê=ãÿæ/àê¾ÜÞÂäyÜ\ßìëèß
àæ è Ü\êá
\Ü =Ü ÝÞ/Ü
\æ
èà
æå
èê
âéáà*Ü ÝÞ/Ü
æ
Ýê¾Ü =ëæ
èéá/êëÛ
»£Ä
#" $" &% (' *)
$"
#"
." !
=!
&> ! $? &%
" &C 0"
B
IG J% K & IL
Ü ëêZåèëÛ%ê¾äyæìæ/ëÛàæ Ýß
ß
áà ìí
Wë
ÝÞÂÜ'æ/àèÜ\ßìëgáëèæÂß
ÉæwåêIáàÜoÜ\ß
»-TÄ
Þæ
ÝÜ9æ/ã»àÜÞÂèæÂß
æ/à¾ëÛÝæÂÞ/æÂßÉáâdëæá/ßÜ ÝÞÂÜ/í
èß
w
ÜÃàgáß
Ýæ/ä
àæ è Ü\ê8á
åÃá/âçyáâæÂß
\æ àgá/Þ/Ü Ní
Ü ]ê¾ÛÉá
èéáê¾Ü\ê:áÞ áèéßÝêëàgá/ß
ÝÞÂÜ
æwå
ÝÜ'ãÿæà=ëÛÝÜ'æ
ÞoëÛÝÜIÜ ÝÞÂÜ
ãÆæ/àëÛ
Ü
4á 'ÚOÛÝÜÜ ÝÞ/Ü
á/ß
ä
«Ü ë
'ë¾àgá/ß
èß
ÝènàÜ ëèéæ/ß
ê=ê¾Û
á
ÜÂí²ÚOÛÝÜ
ê¾ènëèæÂßÝê
ÉÞ ÝàÜ
»£VÄ
»-pÄ
Ü/í
æÂä©åOá/âç êIèßá
ÜëWåOÜ\Üß
í
»£UÄ
7
1.1
»·RXÄ
5
1
lambda CL
»£EpÄ
1.05
lambda IC
»1cÄ
6
4
3
2
0.8
0
0
0.2
Ýä
èäá/ÞÂÜê
ÝÜäyæÂß
Ü\ß
ÝÜ\ß
êë¾àgáëèß
4á
0.6
0.8
\æ/ßìë¾àgá/êëæ/ã
í
1
1.2
1.4
0.75
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
Image intensity range
"G T1 $"GG! $"N!
U $"
$" /!
#"
$"X+ Y [Z#\S]HC
">1 Y!
.32^ ' 8)
" FD
_!
$C0^edf !
J%
ÿã ÃåèëÛÞàgá
á/ââ @àÜ
Üë«å6Ü\Ü\ßëÛÝÜèäá/Þ/Ü@Ü ÝÞ/Ü
Þá Ýëæ/äáëè á Ýá ÝëgáëèæÂßëæ²ëÛ
\Ü:æ/ß;èäá/Þ/Ü
0.4
one over edge contrast
NMPOB J%0Q
R' *)EDS' S)
W
"
Y! " &%
% 0" G!
_!
`Z ]ba ;c
;Vb^
Þ 'ê¾ÛÝæwåêëÛÝÜàÜ\âéáëèæ/ß
0.9
0.85
1
ª.' VB_) V`6GXE
0.95
Ü
\Ü
\æ/ß ë¾àgáêë8áàÜ
\æ/ß ë¾àgáêë;á/ß
ß
á/äyè =àgáß
OëOâæwåsèäá/ÞÂÜ
ëÛ
ÞÂÜyæãOëÛ
\æÂßìë¾àgá/êë
ê¾Ü ãÆæ/à9ë¾àgáèéßÝèß
ÜâÜwáàß
Ü
*í
Ü
Û
Âáâ
:ê¾Û
ÞÝí
Üæã
æwåêoëÛ
Ü \æÂäyÜêOäyæ/àÜIèä
Ü
Ü
æ/à¾ëgá/ßìëwí
[EBD¡s@`6U6LXVFEHE EFGX¥z6Ç GXGJLXEI3U6LLXEHTW@R£LKE[BDT+PFLKLXU6@56E[¥>GXNE¦TWEBIGXETWcGXT`^DEE[I3IXEp^DIE[ÒIX^DIÅP`B_`@^DEHB_`^DLKNEHU6^DENÆLKPÆT`LXIKP]IK6EHZ^DPFTF@c)^_VÆLKBDPFB_LX@@PFVFT]LXEHUcLK6T+U6B_LE[GXGpE[B_»R>Ç LKLOBDVFZPFc@PQGKE6B_E[Ø` )GKÄ¢EH^EHI@¤uTW@)GXBDELXHU66IKEÒEH^TWGGJTWTWGJLX@cT+P
6LKEpPFTWÒ @áEpZNÒ)TFVFTF^_E`@
¡sU6EBD@LKEHGXCFE[@6BD@6VÅPF@LXPF6GlÔ ì+ÖcBDI:PF66LKE[N ÿ Fg Ú\ Ñ h i ÿ ê¦)VFEF» Ä¢û`U6EHGXE j3»-úJûÀüÄ
BIT^_BD@6EÅP`@6@6E[LKBD@6VQ6B_ )EH^nú¦TF@cüc¥TW@cê:)V`EF» ÄZBDIsLXU6EÅE[6VFEÅIOLXGKE[@6VWLXUTWL6BM )E[^
ScEU6BDR£^_P`EGLKU6PFEÅ)ëO¤KEpYÜ¢L6I3GXUP+TWCB)EFEpIøAT6HQ6ETW@R£PFCGABDGKIKE[cVFTWBD^PF@I3LKc6P`B_6Ep@cIÅ6I3TF6GKV`BDE[VFI[Ep¥IOLLKU6LKEUcTWE[L)V`LKEU6EQP`GKIKBDUcEH@TWLJT+ELKBDPFPFRZ@TF6@ÆGXP+PFC6BDëO)E[Ep¢IsLp T I
GXEHPFVF6BDPF@c@ÆcTWBDGXINÅUcPFTFGXIET^DB_I3`LKEHGXPF^DN@6VLKPB_@6cE6EH@EHGJEsEHPFBD@CFEpU6
P+TFIP`T)ëOI3E[BD@6LXVFI^DETWGXP`EZ)VFëOGXE[PFL
6E[¡snU6.B_@cª6P`BDG@6EV 6PWTWR¦IK6EH^DV`EF¥FTEH@HLXPFTW@LKCFBDPFEH@ TFGXIELXTE²GXEpTF)@cVF)EP`©
ZUcTFE^_]BDQ6TWGXV`P+E²CBDBD6@cE[)IcTÒHE[@IsT+TWLK@cGXºJTFÃH^.às5º TlkN]Ì+¸PWR¦B_@E )BM6LJIZ^DPF@6B_LKEHBDBD@6VFVULKPFU6GXBIU6PP@65P+Í^_Ep¡=)PVFR-E`TlCFP`ê:GZT`HJPFUÆ@)CFBEHIO
D
B
@
K
L
GXB_LKEHBDVFE[BDIPF@IHEH¥`LO¦¦E[EEHH@TW@6BM )R£6E[G3^DLXI²U6EHGZBMLX6UBTFHI:PWuLKU6BDE²GXHGX6TF^@cTWG)P`EpÛ)VFsETWc^DP+ÅÅN¡sE[@6UUccTWIA@ZEBD@6)VÅE LKÇ Uc@cEAELXGXLXTFU6@cEQI3YZB_LKBDçPF@QR£E[cTWGKLKP`6cGXETW6TFBDI^_
ÿ g 4l2m 4n l2om 4n0l2mp n S `l2`m l2m Fn rnGq s n S ûFU6EHGXE ÿ û TWGXEs6E Ç @6EpTFIBD@ Ç VF6GXEAØ6»-Ä¢
ª6P`P`@GLKLKGJGJTFTWI3BDL[@6¥>BDT`@6IVc¥ÜIKU6ZP+E@UcTlB_@CFEQÇ HVFPF6@cGXI3E LKGX6c ¢LXE[ƪ.LKU6BDVFE6GXIKEQEL×
PFRI3UcäKP+66II3cE[åVFBDEH@TFLJVFT+EpLKIBDPF@BMLXGXUE[IKC+6TF^_LXGKIÅNBDc@6IKVBD@6B_V]QTWLKUcV`EE
ZEHBDVFULXIZLXGXTFB_@6EpÒB_LKULXU6E]ä36cåBDQTWV`EBD@ Ç VFcGKE c»1[Ä
ñ n
µ ¸
5
¸
¸
/^
ñ M
q
k
¶
q
lwk
¶
k
¶
q
q
ú
¶
k
0
l\k
q
¶
ú
R
V
yV
R
»1T`Ä
ª.w B_V`6GXxEQ× M $"
ÚOÛ
N^²Ú)Ü\êëèß
ÞæÂßàÜwáâ6èäá/Þ/Ü\ê
«Ü ÞÂÜ ;ã
ß
ÜoèäáÞÂÜoèß
Ü
ëèæÂß
íÃÚOÛ
èß
Þã
uv'7#)_! V1 " U! J%0 $"
! J%G $"6
$"
A! 0%
/ #" 21
$"
T1 Y+ H
0"
4á :ëÜ\êëèäá/ÞÂÜê
J%
J% T1
ëoê¾Ü\Þ/äyÜ\ßìëgáëèæÂß
Üoê êëÜ\ä
wá/ßÝß ZÜ ÝÞ/Ü9äá ²èß
äyÜwáß
»-pÄ
t=' *)
Q y G! zuH'7!,)_{I^B
6|>'7!$)
P1
_! 1 $" &% #" Y!
y
áëâéá
ëÛ
»£Ä
âÜwáàß
êëæ
Ýè wáëÜ\êOëÛÉáëÃê¾èä
âNê¾Ü\Þ/äyÜ\ßìëgáëèæÂßÝê\í
ÝàÜãÆÜà
wá/ßÝß Ü ÝÞÂÜê
\æÂä
ÝëÜ
ê¾èß
\æÂßìëèÞ Ýæ Ýê*Þàæ
â âæìæÂç èß
Þ²ëÛ
\æ/ä
ëÜ åènëÛëÛÝÜ
Ü'å6Ü\èÞÂÛìëê8âÜwáàßÝÜ æ/ß
ÝêIåènëÛê¾äyæìæëÛ
Þãÿæ/àIÜ ÞÂÜ\êÃèêÃâèç Ü\â ÞÂè Üê
æ Ýß
Ýàènë¾ëâÜoá/ß
Ýáà ìí
²âÜ\ê¾ê
õ ® nóK°A}±O®
UcBD¡s@`TlU6LXC`EHE²EGX6TGXTFE6B_LX@GXTWPFLKBDPFPFTW@@]6LXBDGKLX^_BDBPÒ6I3LK)LXBU6ALXB_EP`R£P`@Q§6PWY¦@cRn6)PFTWL6LKBDG¦PFGXc@5B_LKTW:EHGX¤uBDEH@PFGZ@ÆLXBU6I:TFEIK@cU6R£
GJP+TWTW^DB_VF@cEHP`VÅZGKB_PFLKLKUcGXUcQTWöLZPWIKRzTFGX@cEpTFÆ¢@cLX)TÒGXTFP`^EHIKL3EHZLXVFEHTFGÅ^_)E[6@`I[@c¥)LJ6T+¦EHLXEÅB_GJP`IOV`@QLJB_TWC`@cEÅ)EHTBDLK@6U6@cVP)EH6PW I R
B_LXGXIB_LKEHGXPFBDPFLK@BDC+T+R£PFLKGBDPFIK@=6
E[¡sGKU6CEBI3Ep6ÒGXPF^DE[cTFTFGK6@cBD^_B_B@6IOVLXBDQPWRzR£GXBDTFTFVFE[EŦP`IKEHGKVFTWE[^I3@`PÆLJT+TFLX^_B_^DP`P+@5 IÅcILKPÆ6E Ç @6ET]6GXB_@BD6^_Ep
}
~&z>
J>> t
20%0%
Ýí
$"=V1vcvvzc{_D&DFDE&>,|VC{I>3A3EDE,
íÉèêê
ð Jð ð= ð }
æà¾ëÜ
í
Ò
Y! V! E1VCb
= G¡ 0^ 5¢£G¤2¥F¦7§2¨©ªe§2¨£>«¬b«0¤2®&§S¯ c Y! w
bC
± J% >C 0"cv" f± .² 6! Y
t "C " 0"
° J $+ `¡
2% ! ;3 N³e§2®$¥,´µ8¶·¦e¢0¯¸_£>®·S¹º>¸»®&¼6¦«0¤v½®&º¼8¾¨&¦7¹o®&¼G·[®P¿RÀ;®&¸_£#º¦E¤§¢8¥F¹o¤¼8¥S¤C °
0"zCV{ Ä 8C0$&
L, * *¡ V1 #"J Vd V ½¹y¼0¹y¦E¤BÁ¨&§2®&ÃJÀ«G¨&¹¼0· 8± R{
Y+ !
V1>%
" +
F! Y!
w ¡ Åcv
% $CG3PO w ! Y+ zC8c &" ! 6^ $Cz$&*
#"( v Æc 0"
/+
2% !
Ç3 ȳe§2®$¥,´
|$ w w
É ¼0¦E¤§S¼8¨&¦7¹7®&¼8¨©vÊ/®&§2·P«G®£®&¼Ë É ¨&¼#¾¢G¦r¨&¦7¹y·¦7¹o¥F·,ÌyË É ¢¬>Ë_¬4¢*Í$C ° &>
&C
Bd GC #"J U z^ #" FÎ , #" w CG AO
T1
É ¼0¦E¤§S¼8¨&¦7¹o®¼8¨©bÏ®&º§¼#¨©`®P¿RÀ;®&¸v£#º¦E¤§fÐz¹y·¹o®&¼GC ° &
#"ÒÑ e
Óc &! -Ô
&%G% !
G% x3 Õeº>§P®£G¤2¨&¼
$ e
À;®&¼$¿¤§¤¼8¥S¤.®¼XÀ;®¸_£#º¦E¤§NÐz¹y·¹o®&¼0Cz$&
b G% V1 V!
+ !FD
, Ö d >! 0"R× ^ Vd 2Dr×
:% $Î 1
TÎ `3 N³e§2®$¥,´bØ5§¹¦7¹y·P«=Á¨¥S«¹y¼¤NÐb¹·S¹7®&¼<À;®&¼$¿¤§¤¼8¥S¤C4&
YÔ $"f! #"
, #"f w .{
É Õ;ÕÕÙ¬0§2¨&¼G·¨*¥F¦7¹o®&¼G·
®&¼6³5¨&¦7¦E¤§S¼ËA¼8¨&© ¯&·¹y·U¨&¼#¾Á¨*¥S«¹¼¤ É ¼0¦E¤F©© ¹-ÚV¤¼8¥S¤C ° & Ic
I+
%0% $"
^B±:Û
+ ! t Ü1 =+ U3 É ¼0¦E¤§S¼8¨&¦7¹7®&¼8¨©5À;®&¼0Ý
$, RÄ 8Ñ J
¿$¤§¤¼#¥S¤.®&¼<À;®&¸v£#º¦E¤§fÐz¹y·¹o®&¼GCb&
Éá/ß
í
:á
è
ê
Zí
6Û
ß
8á/ßÝßÉáß
Ü ë¾àgáâ4í
Þí
/í
Ýáß ëæ/ê¾Û
àÜ
í
á/ß
àèéá/ß
Üë¾ëgáí
:ß
Ü\äáëè wá/â
\â
æ \èÜë
í
êëÜàèßÝÞÂê 8ÞÂæìæ
á á/ß
í
oâÜ\èß
æ/à¾ë
í
á/âéá
ÜëÛ
Wß
Ýí 8í oÜäyÜ\ß á/ß
ÂæÂß
Ü\ä
IäyÜàè wá/ß
í í ßÝÜ\ââ4í
ÜàÞÝí
ëÛ
IÜ\ê¾Üwáà Û
á/èâéááß
Ýí
í
æàèëgáëè Üê¾æ Ýà Ü\êZèß%áÛ
9è èê¾èæÂß
ÛÝèí
£àgá/ß
Iâéäá ÝÜ\ß
IÜ\ê¾Üwáà gÛ
Ýæ/äåOá/âç ê
dá/ß
Üàâèß
*æÂêë¾àgá/ß
ç Ü Ü\ß
6Ü\ßìëÜà
èéÜåJæ/ã=ê
*Üå
èàæ/ß
6æàç
í
äyÜ\ßìëwíÚ)Ü ÛÝß
è wá/â
ìí
Ü ë¾àgáâoê¾Ü\ÞÂäyÜ\ßìëgáëèéæ/ßí
«ß
Âí
ÂènëÜ\ß
á/ß
Ȓ
àgá
á/âèç
ÜàÞÂÜ
6Üâéæ/ß
Þ/èéÜ
ÚOÛÝæÂäáê
NÜ
ßÝÞ
áß
Âèéá/ß
æ
ÛÝèí
6æÂßìëæ àOáß
'ëÜ
ë àÜ
á/â ê¾èéêãÿæàIèéäáÞÂÜoê¾Ü\Þ/äyÜ\ßìëgáëèæÂßNí
»Üàæ/ßÉá]áß
í
ÝàÜ\Ü\äáßí
í
pãÿá ëæàè \áëèæÂßÐá
Ýàæ á Û
ëæ]Þ/àæ
èß
Þí
Wß
í
=í í
\æ/ë¾ë6á/ß
=í *í æÂßÝÞ ÝÜë
ëæ/àêæ/ãmëÛÝÜ
Ýàæ èäyènë äáë¾àè bí
Ýí
Ýí
ÛÝèá/ß
á/âèç
í
:èÞÂÞ/èéßÝê\í
Üwáë àÜÞ/àæ
èß
Þ
àÜ\âæ wá/âêáëèæ/ßæ/ãNÜ\èÞ/Ü\ß Ü
Wß
í
*æ/àäá/âè \Ü
Ýëê9á/ß
èäá/Þ/ÜZê¾Ü\ÞÂäyÜß ëgáëèæÂßí
í
*ß@Ü\áàâèÜà
í
'í
Ü\èê¾ê\í
Ü\ÞÂäyÜ\ßìëgáëèéæ/ß
Ýê¾èß
Þ²Ü\èÞÂÜ\ß Ü ëæ/àê 8á
í
ß
ènã ÝèßÝÞ
èÜåoí
«ß
Üàê¾èæ/ßá
ÜwáàÜ @èß
© Copyright 2026 Paperzz