North Atlantic
Treaty
Organization
XXIII TecMUN Jr.
11, 12 y 13 de noviembre 2015
XXIII TecMUN Jr.
HORARIO DE SESIONES
Miércoles 11 de noviembre
Registro
8:00 – 9:00 h.
Ceremonia de Inauguración
9:00 – 10:00 h.
Receso
10:00 – 10:30 h.
Primera Sesión
10:30 – 12:30 h.
Receso
12:30 – 13:00 h.
Segunda Sesión
13:00 – 15:00 h.
Comida
15:00 – 16:00 h.
Tercera Sesión
16:00 – 18:00 h.
Jueves 12 de noviembre
Panel de Discusión
8:00 – 9:30 h.
Receso
9:30 – 10:00 h.
Cuarta Sesión
10:00 – 12:30 h.
Receso
12:30 – 13:00 h.
Quinta Sesión
13:00 – 15:00 h.
Comida
15:00 – 16:00 h.
Sexta Sesión
16:00 – 18:00 h.
Viernes 13 de noviembre
Séptima Sesión
8:00 – 10:00 h.
Receso
10:00 – 10:30 h.
Octava Sesión
10:30 – 12:30 h.
Receso
12:30 – 13:00 h.
Novena Sesión
13:00 – 14:30 h.
Comida
14:30 – 16:00 h.
Ceremonia de Clausura
16:00 – 18:00 h.
XXIII TecMUN Jr.
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Agenda
"Solo en las manos del hombre está el destino de la humanidad"
Secretario General: José Javier Rodríguez Mota
ASAMBLEA GENERAL
Subsecretaría General: Diana Karen Tovar López.
Asamblea General Plenaria
Presidente: Gabriela González de la Peña
A) Medidas para controlar la expansión de políticas yihadistas con enfoque especial en
el Estado Islámico.
B) Salvaguarda de los derechos humanos de las mujeres afganas por la influencia de la
Sharía aplicada en el periodo Talibán.
Primera Comisión en Desarme y Seguridad Internacional
Presidente: Carlos Emilio Carbajal Nogués
A) Medidas para regular el uso de vehículos aéreos no tripulados por parte del gobierno
de los Estados Unidos de América.
B) Tensión creada en Yemen a causa de los recientes bombardeos por parte de países
árabes en contra de los rebeldes hutíes.
Tercera Comisión en Asuntos Sociales, Humanitarios y Culturales
Presidente: Denisse Arredondo Rocha
A) Promoción cultural y medidas necesarias para mejorar la calidad de vida de habitantes
indígenas, con énfasis en países latinoamericanos.
B) Medidas de protección y seguridad a los refugiados de recientes ataques terroristas en
Yemen.
Organización de Estados Americanos
Presidente: Alan David Hernández Trujillo
A) Medidas a tomar para garantizar la protección de la población venezolana ante las
irregularidades por parte de su gobierno.
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B) Posible respuesta de la OEA ante la censura impuesta a medios de comunicación
masiva por parte de gobiernos latinoamericanos.
Human Rights Council
President: Isabel Piña Zurutuza
A) Measures that should be taken into consideration for the protection and welfare of
Armenian children.
B) Measures to avoid discrimination on young and adult homosexual, bisexual, and
transgender people.
Oficina del Representante Especial del Secretario General para la Cuestión de los Niños y
los Conflictos Armados *
Presidente: Sara Irene Gómez Hernández
A) Medidas para la prevención y erradicación de privación de ayuda a infantes palestinos
en refugios ubicados en Siria, Líbano y Jordania.
B) Prevención de reclutamiento de infantes en Latinoamérica con fines relacionados
directamente al narcotráfico.
Sexta Comisión Jurídica*
Presidente: Florencio Rustrián Monroy
A) Medidas necesarias para evitar un posible golpe de estado en la república Helénica de
Grecia por la Unión Europea y los Estados Unidos de Norteamérica, tomando en cuenta
la actual situación económica de la misma.
B) Evaluación del cambio sociopolítico correspondiente a las disputas territoriales
hechas por el gobierno chino contra varias naciones asiáticas de las regiones del
este y sureste asiático específicamente las islas artificiales hechas por el gobierno
previamente mencionado para aumentar su dominancia en la región.
CONSEJO ECONÓMICO Y SOCIAL
Subsecretario General: Juan Manuel Gómez Portugal Zermeño.
Comité Contra el Terrorismo *
Presidente: Saúl Prado Torres
A) Medidas en contra de la expansión del Estado Islámico a través de las redes y medios
de comunicación internacionales.
B) El impacto de la intervención extranjera en golpes de estados y conflictos nacionales,
tomando como referencia la posible ayuda que pudo haber dado Estados Unidos para la
creación y expansión de ISIS en la Guerra Civil de Siria.
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Commission on Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice
President: Eloísa Calvillo Márquez
A) United States firearms possession and acquisition policies and their repercussions as
contributors to violence and criminal activities in Latin America.
B) Measures to combat police brutality due to discrimination of race, ethnicity,
nationality, religion or sexual orientation.
International Monetary Fund*
President: Rafaín Rodríguez San Millán
A) The disappearance of the Euro as the European Union's monetary system.
B) Oil prices' drop in 2015 and its impact on global economy, particularly in petroleum
producing countries.
Oficina de las Naciones Unidas contra la Droga y el Delito
Presidente: Miranda Carballo Corrales
A) Fortalecimiento a la Ley Internacional a favor de la abolición de la pena de muerte a
todos los países miembros de la Organización de las Naciones Unidas.
B) Tensión creada gracias a los continuos contrabandos marítimos por parte de América
Latina al resto del mundo así como sus repercusiones legales y ecológicas.
Programa de las Naciones Unidas para el Medio Ambiente
Presidente: Paulina Hernández
A) Precepto final de los desechos tóxicos generados por Estados Unidos, Rusia y Reino
Unido, como potencias nucleares, los cuales son arrojados a ríos y franjas subterráneas
generando radioactividad.
B) Secuelas de la fracturación hidráulica con fines de extracción de gas natural y petróleo
en los ecosistemas de los países en vías de desarrollo.
Organización de las Naciones Unidas para la Educación, la Ciencia y la Cultura
Presidente: Andrea Cabrera Zamora
A) Medidas ante la prohibición a la educación básica a mujeres dentro del régimen talibán
en Afganistán.
B) Desarrollo de una Estrategia Internacional para combatir Agentes Infecciosos.
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Comisión de Ciencia y Tecnología para el Desarrollo
Presidente: Iván García Argueta
A) La violación de la privacidad hacia los usuarios de Internet de los Estados Unidos de
América, México, Brasil y diferentes áreas de Europa, tomando en cuenta los hechos e
información filtrada por Edward Snowden.
B) Prevención de posibles daños directos y colaterales hacia los usuarios y gobiernos de
Corea del Norte y los Estados Unidos de América debido a los ataques cibernéticos entre
ambas naciones.
AGENCIAS ESPECIALIZADAS Y ORGANISMOS REGIONALES
Subsecretario General: Danae Tea Espinosa.
Council of Europe
President: Edgar Franco Bravo
A) Asylum applications surfeit in Europe from people in state of persecution in their
countries.
B) The French Educational System as the main reason for the Youth Unemployment
Crisis in France.
League of Arab States
President: Alejandra Guadalupe Sánchez Zavala
A) Health and Economic Conditions for Refugees in Syrian Borders and in Jordan.
B) Human Rights violations in Arab countries with 'Kafala' as the Working System for
Foreign Workforces.
International Organization for Migration
President: Eduardo Vázquez Enríquez
A) Detention of immigrants and border management in North America.
B) Increasing influx of African migrants seeking European asylum.
Special Conference on Gender Equality*
President: Mariana Zistecatl Espinosa
A) Implementation of equal opportunities in education for girls in Sub-Saharan Africa.
B) The enforcement of working opportunities for women in Asian and Pacific countries,
with special focus in Cambodia and the Philippines.
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North Atlantic Treaty Organization
President: Aldo Iván Martínez Lozano
A) A North Atlantic Treaty Organization possible intervention in the dispute of the Arctic
territory due to its economic and geographical importance and the Russian Federation's
illicit actions towards the situation.
B) Actions taken by the North Atlantic Treaty Organization to halt the Islamic State's
recruitment of young men and women in Europe.
Security Council
President: Emilio Martínez Tejeda
A) The complication of the South Sudanese conflict due to the Government’s
intransigence to reach an agreement with the Sudan People's Liberation Movement
in Opposition.
B) Measures to stop the factional violence in the State of Libya after the overthrow of
Muammar Gaddafi's Government to prevent the ongoing Second Civil War from
becoming a wider conflict.
International Court of Justice *
President: Erick Rafael Venado Macías
A) Aerial Herbicide Spraying. (Ecuador v. Colombia)
B) Questions relating to the Obligation to Prosecute or Extradite. (Belgium v. Senegal)
* Comités especializados, con estudiantes de preparatoria y universidad.
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The North Atlantic Treaty Organization (hereby referred to as NATO) is an organ whose
main purpose is to safeguard and guarantee freedom and security to its members,
achieving this through political and military means. NATO encourages consultation on
defense and security situations in order to prevent conflicts; however, if diplomatic
consultation cannot be achieved by political means, the organization has the military
power needed to undertake crisis-management operations; always-seeking wellness and
security for its members.
Topic A: A North Atlantic Treaty Organization possible intervention in the dispute
for the Arctic territory due to its economical and geographical importance and the
Russian Federation illicit actions towards the situation.
The importance of the Arctic territory
The Arctic is considered to be an important territory in the world as it contains
vast of natural mineral deposits with gold, diamonds, and platinum, as well as plenty of
fish and commercial wildlife. The future mining projects in development along the Arctic
are another factor that boosts the country's desire to claim the territory. The United States
Geological Survey calculates that the Arctic has 30% and 13% of undiscovered natural
gas and oil reserves, respectively. However, the Energy Information Administration
calculates that it is the 22% of world-wide oil reserves which rest below the Arctic ice:
approximately 90,000 million of barrels.
The previously stated has led six bordering countries (five of them NATO
members –United States of America, China, Denmark, Norway, and Canada) to dispute
the territory. The sixth country in the dispute is the Russian Federation, which on August
2007 sent an expedition to the North Pole riverbed, up to 4,261 meters below the sea
level, with the purpose to place and stab a titanium Russian flag claiming the territory as
theirs. “The Arctic territory is Russian; the North Pole is nothing but a territorial
extension of the Russian Federation” the Russian explorer, Artur Chilingarov expressed.
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As the explorer returned from the expedition, the president Vladimir Putin said, “We will
keep the Russian extension rhythm of presence in the Arctic”.1
Even though the bordering countries (United States of America, Canada,
Denmark, Norway and the Russian Federation) have been granted the jurisdiction of 200
miles apart from their coasts boundaries by the United Nations Commission on the Limits
of the Continental Shelf (CLCS) for exploration, exploitation, and research, their desire
to extend its investigations compelled them to go deeper. This has led to a trespass of
their corresponding areas for further exploration and extractions. Such as the Russian
Federation, Canada and Denmark who formally claimed themselves as owners of the
North Pole.
The dispute gets tougher every day, as the
Russian Federation, Canada and Denmark argue
and justify their illegitimate claim of the North
Pole. This is supported by stating that the
Lomonósov Ridge, a mountain range that goes
from Siberia to Greenland, crosses the Arctic and
also passes through the North Pole, is an extension
of their respective continental shelf; thus, claiming
the North Pole as theirs.
On 1996, the Arctic Council was created in order to solve and discuss the regional
environment and sustainable development. Although, the United States of America
(hereby referred to as U.S.) is the country who differs the most with the other countries
who are members of the Council, since it isn’t nearby the Arctic, it's focused on issues
who are related to Alaska. It is also relevant that the U.S. is the only country who hasn’t
ratified UNCLOS (United Convention on the Law of the Sea). The objective of said
convention being to provide every coastal state with a portion of territory and certain
sovereignty over the sea, seabed and soil.
1
Goitia, Fernando. "Finanzas.com." La Batalla Por El Ártico ¿Guerra Fría? No, Helada. XL Semanal, 27
Apr. 2014. Web. 23 July 2015. <http://www.finanzas.com/xl-semanal/magazine/20140427/batallaartico-guerra-fria-7144.html>.
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In order to understand the increase of territorial claims and the continuous
geographical and economic problems over it, the understanding of climate change is key.
Around the 1950s and the 1960s, the sea ice cover was 50% higher than today; something
which has nowadays facilitated the exploration and exploitation of the natural resources,
and has furthered disputes over the legitimate Arctic’s owner. Notwithstanding that
current technology can’t fully exploit the natural resources in the Arctic, making almost
impossible to develop a profitable oil production.
The new Russian national security strategy further highlights the importance of
their energy resources, stating that they will defend their resources -primarily oil and gasusing military means, if deemed necessary. The Russian Federation has recently increased
military activity in the Arctic territory, increasing tension with the countries involved,
which could lead to a possible military intervention within the Arctic.
The new trade routes, which originated due to the sea cover’s meltdown, are
increasing interest between bordering countries and even countries who are not, such as
China. The Chinese government considers said trade routes an opportunity to further
increase their rising commerce, as well as a way of establishing bilateral relations with
Arctic countries. European countries have not dismissed the use of said routes to reach
Asia since they include cheaper traveling costs, and are shorter, while also avoiding the
use, and costs, of common trade routes.
Countries involved
Ø Russian Federation:
As the Russian Federation’s main economical income is oil and natural
gas exportation, the government has already developed some exploitation
projects within their northern coasts, going through the Arctic. Said region
was a fundamental and strategic location when the Soviet Union still
existed, thus, was extremely protected; in fact, no foreigner warship was
allowed to pass through the Arctic or to navigate within it.
On November 2013, the Russian Federation launched a development
program in the Arctic, the only fact known about it is that the expected
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amount spent was 62,000 millions of dollars. This development program
led to the re-opening of one of the governmental naval base in the Kotelny
Island, which was closed in 1993 after the Soviet Union collapsed. On
March, 2015, the first post-soviet movements within the naval base in the
Arctic were registered.
Ø United States of America
On 1867, the United States of America purchased Alaska from the Russian
Federation and since then, it considered an Arctic Nation. According to the
U.S. State's Department, the country’s main desires and interests within
the Arctic territory are its environmental protection, sustainable
development projects and the wellbeing of the ethnic people, who are from
the region.
The U.S. government hasn’t discarded an intervention in the Arctic
territory. It was the United States Geological Survey which estimated that
the Arctic has the 30% and the 13% of the undiscovered reserves of natural
gas and oil, respectively. So, even though the United States of America
hasn’t publicly expressed its desire and interest for the Arctic territory
(such as the other countries involved), its actions towards the
establishment of obstacles into the Russian Federation’s path might be
signaling that the U.S. government does not approve any kind of Russian
presence in the Arctic.
Ø Kingdom of Denmark
On December 15, 2014, the Danish government introduced a demand to
the United Nations Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf,
asking for the land amount of 900,000 square km over the region. The
Danish government affirms that the Lomonósov Ridge is a natural
extension of the Greenland shelf, thus, making it part of Denmark’s
territory.
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The Danish Minister of Foreign Affairs, Martin Lidegaard, assures that
Denmark is restrained towards the situation and expects the dispute to be
solved peacefully, relying on scientific arguments. However, Lidegaard
expressed a concern over Norway’s recent claim over territory that
Denmark had previously claimed as its own.
Ø Canada:
The Canadian Prime Minister, Stephen Harper, has established that one of
the most important topics to be solved during his administration was the
assurance of interests over Canada’s surrounding waters; starting with the
claim of the Lomonósov Ridge.
On December 2013, Harper introduced a partial claim over the mentioned
territory to the United Nations. On August, 2014, he launched an
expedition mission to map the submarine river board of the region in order
to show that the Lomonósov Ridge is connected to the Canadian
continental platform, which would give the country a claim over 1.2
millions of square kilometers in the North Pole.
Ø Kingdom of Norway
In the last few years, the Kingdom of Norway (hereby referred to as
Norway) has presented a significant drop in their oil reserves, which
inherently lead to a forced seeking of hydrocarbures and energetic
reserves. Furthermore, the natural, geographical way out of Norway’s
territory is to head straight north, hence, to the Arctic territory.
On 2010, Norway reached a bilateral agreement with the Russian
Federation in which they equally divided the territory of their sea
boundaries regarding the Arctic territory, which amounted to be around
175,000 km squared.
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Ø People’s Republic of China
Even though the People’s Republic of China (hereby referred to as China)
isn’t an Arctic frontier country, their economic, geopolitical, and
commercial interests link them to the dispute.
It is believed that the Chinese future in foreign investment policy is linked
with the North Pole, rather than with the South China Sea. Last year, the
Chinese government opened the Chinese Research Center in the Arctic, an
investigation center focused in the Arctic territory, in Shanghai.
The Chinese interests are also linked with the possible establishment of a
new commercial route between North Europe and Shanghai, since the
distance is a great deal shorter than the Suez Canal. The melting in the
Arctic territory is another important factor since it facilitates mining
activities in zones like Greenland, where there are plenty of Chinese
investors within the region. The interests of the People’s Republic of China
regarding oil and gas reserves are self-evident, more so now that the
country has been granted with a Russian exploitation license.
About the Russian Illicit Actions
The Russian Federation has carried out illicit actions regarding the dispute of the
Arctic territory. Said actions started on 2007, when they renewed their activity in the
Arctic using strategic bombers that started to fly over the Arctic sea. Later, on 2008, the
Russian Navy resumed their activity after 20 years of holding a neutral position in the
Arctic Ocean. The latest was a military exercise, performed on March 2015, within the
Arctic where approximately 40,000 troops and 55 submarines and ships participated.
Furthermore, the Russian government recently re-opened the old military bases
that once belonged to the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics and have started the
creation of five new military bases, thirteen airfields, test ranges, and radar sites in the
Arctic. The Russian Federation recent actions in the Arctic, the Crimea’s annexation and
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the airspace violation in countries like Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway and Sweden
are sort of actions that have caused a discontent in the aforementioned countries, who
joined together and signed a declaration which stated that the Russian Federation’s
behavior represents the greatest challenge for European security. In response, the Russian
Federation stated that the increase in weaponry in the Arctic is security-wise.
Furthermore, Vladimir Putin stated it was a simple security measure, for staying ahead
Russian partners. However, this dramatic increase in Russian military infrastructure is
alarming for the security of NATO members.
On May 26, 2015, the Russian army forces started a military exercise in the Arctic
territory with 250 aircrafts and 12,000 troops. The exercise was declared by the Russian
Defense Department as a massive sudden inspection for combat attack preparation. It
started the same day as the NATO’S Arctic Challenge Exercise, a military drill carried out
in the north of Norway, Sweden, and Finland, in which nine northern countries took part
of; among the participants are the United States of America, United Kingdom,
Switzerland, Netherlands, Germany, France, Finland, Norway, and Sweden. Within said
exercise, 115 combat aircrafts and 3,600 soldiers from the participating countries practice
and handle combat as well as organize tactics.
The Russian Federation’s surprising and seemingly-threatening actions, rather
than taken as simple military exercises, appear to be a self-defense military
reconnaissance project, designed to surveil and report any suspicious or threatening action
committed by any of the involved countries, or NATO itself.
Furthermore, the Kremlin has been recently accused and deeply criticized for the
increase of airspace violations in Nordic countries, which has led to a joint declaration
signed by the respective Secretary of Defense of Norway, Sweden, Finland, and
Denmark, in cooperation with the Iceland chancellor, pointing out the Russian
Federation's actions as a major challenge for European security.
Tension in Europe has reached a critical point, due to the said recent actions of
the Russian Federation, regarding airspace violation and actions that attempt to disrupt
the desired diplomatic and peaceful agreement. Taking into consideration as well, is last
year’s illegal and illegitimate Crimean annexation to the Russian Federation territory. So,
with the Crimean annexation and the Russian Federation’s illicit actions regarding the
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dispute for the Arctic territory, tension in Europe will keep arising; compelling involved
countries to respond military-wise.
United Nations Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf (CLCS)
United Nations Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf ( hereby
referred to as CLCS) is in charge of establishing the limits of the continental shelf beyond
200 miles from the territory. The function of the CLCS is to gather data of the material
submitted by the coastal States and provide technical and scientific assistance, if required.
If a country argues that its continental shelf extends more than 200 mm, it has to
submit evidence, sustaining the claim to the CLCS in order to grant the permission to use
seabed, sea, and soil. In 2011, the Russian Federation submitted a claim to the CLCS
where it stated that they have a continental shelf in the Arctic which extends more than
200 nm, specifically in the Lomonósov Ridge and the Mendeleev Ridge but it wasn’t
approved. Both Canada and Denmark made a claim to the CLCS as well for a territorial
extension in the Lomonósov Ridge. The assistance and intervention of the CLCS might
be helpful for a peaceful and diplomatic intervention in said conflict.
NATO’s Mission
The North Atlantic Treaty Organization aims to reach a peaceful agreement
towards the conflict, preventing any belligerent conflict regarding the dispute and
ensuring security for the North Atlantic Treaty Organization member countries. The
North Atlantic Treaty Organization has already started an ongoing military exercise,
which responds to the imminent Russian threat.
Topic B: Actions taken by the North Atlantic Treaty Organization to halt the
Islamic State's recruitment of young men and women in Europe.
The Islamic State
The Islamic State is an extremist radical group whose main purpose is to officially
establish a caliphate along the Middle East territory. They have current control over large
parts of Syrian and Iraqi territory, seized with the use of extreme violence, heavy
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weaponry, and brutal tactics, such as the beheading of soldiers and journalists as well as
mass killings. Three years of war in Syria have given them hundreds of square miles of
territory and the group is advancing rapidly in Iraq.
Back in 2007, the Islamic State (hereby referred to as IS) issued a pamphlet which
said “Modern notions of statehood and national borders must be discarded”2 . Statement
which has been strictly followed, and the main reason why Syria and Iraq have now
become a rather large battlefield. 3
The man behind said militant
group is Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi, who
is considered as the Islamic State’s
caliph. He has taken actions in order
to
achieve
proclaimed,
the
but
already
self-
illegitimate,
caliphate. Some of these actions
include suicide attacks in battle, asked their fighters to extort, smuggle, and rob mainly
oil and antiquities, and also recruited people from other parts of the world, mainly from
Western European countries; spreading its menace world-wide.
Islamic State recruitment
The Islamic State has recruited western citizens, mostly young men and women,
in the last few months. Recruiters are located within Western countries looking for young,
impressionable people to join the Islamic State’s fight. Said recruitment leads to a radical
militant group spreading its influence far and wide, which could mean the Islamic State
is getting closer to their final goal, a caliphate spreading over both the Middle East and
Europe.
2
"The United States’ Misguided Approach to Terror of the Islamic State. "Egyptian Streets. 2014.
Egyptian Streets. August 8, 2015 http://egyptianstreets.com/2014/09/22/the-united-states-misguidedapproach-to-terror-of-the-islamic-state/.
3
(2015) Image. Source: http://www.thejournal.ie/islamic-state-bombing-stepped-up-1926549-Feb2015/
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Recently, the IS has focused its recruitment in European countries, as well as the
United States of America, and Canada and has succeeded in gaining sympathizers. Even
though, the U.S Central Intelligence Agency (C.I.A.) believes that the new recruited
fighters come from approximately eighty countries.
The recruitment is based on social media, online propaganda, and extortion which
has reached many people through the electronic devices. This propaganda, besides
showing what happens to the non-believers, shows the kind of lifestyle faithful followers
can receive, with a wide range of luxuries. Furthermore, it shows life within the Caliphate
as prosperous, and convey the message that the Islamic State’s victory over Asia and
Europe is unavoidable. However, the extortion methods applied may be more
straightforward, spreading the message that people need to join them or will face a very
gruesome death. Another tactic used as well, is the spreading of the idea of the Islamic
State helping the war-torn Syria, conveying it as a heroic and courageous act. 4
Mubin Shaikh, an ex-Taliban recruiter who operated for the IS from his hometown
in Toronto before becoming a national security operative for the Canada’s government,
told in an interview for the International Business Times:
“There were certain things we looked for,” Shaikh said, speaking of his time as a
recruiter. “People who didn’t know the religion as much. People who were
converts, because converts would probably have problems with their parents at
home, so they were more likely to stay in our company."
Most Western recruits are young people and almost the majority going to Syria to
fight are young men. “The vast majority of Westerners joining up with ISIS are
extraordinarily ignorant when it comes to religion,” expressed Max Abrahams, a
Northeastern University Professor who studies jihadist groups.5
4
Masi, Alessandria. "ISIS Recruiting Westerners: How The 'Islamic State' Goes After Non-Muslims And
Recent Converts In The West. "International Business Times. N.p., 08 Sept. 2014. Web. 24 July 2015.
<http://www.ibtimes.com/isis-recruiting-westerners-how-islamic-stategoes-after-non-muslims-recent-converts-west-1680076>.
5
Masi, Alessandria. "ISIS Recruiting Westerners: How The 'Islamic State' Goes After Non-Muslims And
Recent Converts In The West. "International Business Times. N.p., 08 Sept. 2014. Web. 24 July 2015.
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The affected countries’ main fear is whether those fighters with western passports
might return to their respective country and commit acts of terrorism in name of the IS,
leading to a subsequent factor: the peering pressure of the IS rebels to the people in the
West.
The International Centre for the Study of Radicalisation and Political Violence
(ICSR) concluded that peer groups and a series of kinships had more influence and impact
in recruitment -which was most of the times forced- of young people in Europe, rather
than the IS digital propaganda. This is also linked with the social integration conflict
(mentioned below).
➢ Recruitment of women
The recruitment of women to the IS, to move specifically to Syria, has its own
complexity and its specific characteristics. The recruitment of western and european
women starts with the contact and the peering of women in the IS. It consists in using
social media -such as Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, between others- to convince women
from Western European countries to join the Caliphate, explaining about a glorious life
and the excellent behavior and attention that the women receive in there. Women are
recruited with the main purpose of marrying jihadist soldiers and bringing them support
throughout the war.
"They have been on Facebook and also chatting with these warriors in Syria who
would portray to them a very glamorous picture of life: you could come here, marry a
warrior, give birth to jihadis who would then fight for the cause of Islam and your life
will have meaning, you won't lead the frivolous superficial life that you are conducting in
the West" Haleh Esfandiari, director of the Middle East program at the Woodrow Wilson
International Center for Scholars, said. 6
<http://www.ibtimes.com/isis-recruiting-westerners-how-islamic-stategoes-after-non-muslims-recent-converts-west-1680076>.
6
Curry, Colleen. "The Islamic State Is Successfully Recruiting European Women to Come Join the
Caliphate | VICE News." VICE News RSS. N.p., 5 Nov. 2014. Web. 24 July 2015.
<https://news.vice.com/article/the-islamic-state-is-successfully-recruiting-european-women-to-come-jointhe-caliphate>.
XXIII TecMUN Jr.
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The numbers given by Haleh Esfandiari calculate more than sixty women from
France already joined to the IS, more than fifty from the UK, around fifty from Germany
and two high profile girls from Austria. The rate of age of women goes from 13 to 26
years approximately. The women travel to Turkey to later on cross the border to Syria
and then meet up with their known contacts, via internet. As they arrive to Syria, they are
taken under the group’s control, and most of them are married to IS fighters. However,
they give no complain about the lifestyle under the jihadists’s control; in fact, they use
social media to call and chat with friends from Western European countries and do their
best to try and recruit them.
This kind of recruitment is much more different than local women’s recruitment
in Syria and Iraq. Within this local recruitment, the radical group violently and forcefully
takes control over their towns and tribes, where the women are then separated from the
young men and children; later on, women are classified by ages and forced to join the IS,
making them captive under harsh conditions. The youngest women are used for sexual
and reproductive means while the older ones are sold as slaves.
European countries governments’ find themselves currently struggling to halt
their citizens joining IS and from joining the fight in Syria. Governments are also deeply
concerned about the killing of seventeen people by IS rebels in Paris the past January 5th,
2015, since it could mean the beginning of terrorists attacks within their own territories.
However, each country is fully aware of the situation, desperately looking for solutions
to halt said situation.
The matter of the caliphate towards recruitment
A Caliphate is an Islamic State ruled by a political and religious leader (caliph).
90 years ago, the last recognized Caliphate was the Ottoman Empire which main purpose
was to impact people’s beliefs and spread its ideology of symbolism, romanticism, and
homesickness along the Muslims world-wide.
The early Islamic caliphate (632-1258) marked an important and remarkable
status in Islamic literature and school teaching along many Muslim countries. This
caliphate was recognized by its scientific and cultural prosperity, with Muslims making
important contributions to mankind; hence a Muslim era to feel proud of. Future Muslim
XXIII TecMUN Jr.
11, 12 y 13 de noviembre 2015
generations will grow up studying, reading and unconsciously hearing stories about that
hopeful era of a caliphate, desiring to bring it back; nationalist and patriotic ideas arising
since young generations.
The IS leader - caliph- Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi, made an open call to Muslims
across the world to travel to IS territory and fight for the long-awaited dream, the
restorage of the Caliphate. "... Hold your heads up high for today you have a caliphate
that will restore your dignity, power, rights and leadership… Muslims will walk
everywhere like masters” he said.7
Said call eventually caused an impact within Muslim countries world-wide as well
as with immigrants already living in European countries; some of them who became
naturalized, some others, sons of Muslim immigrants with European passports.
The social integration conflict
As the Islamic State has recruited more young citizens from Western European
countries, the interest of finding the factors which have pushed young people to follow
the jihadist propaganda has arose. Research has showed that besides the marketing skills
that IS has developed, the lack of social integration of young people with a Muslim
immigrant background in the European region is an important factor. Western countries
have failed with integration of Muslim people who are often ill-treated because of their
race and religion. Because of this, they have acquired a transnational identity with no
direct relation to their own.
France is one of the countries who faces more problems with immigrants’ social
integration. Said country has the largest Muslim immigrant population, which makes up
an estimated of 7.5 percent of its population and is expected to grow to about 10.3 percent.
However, Muslim immigrants have expressed their unconformity with the way they are
treated in repeated instances: 2006, 2007, 2011, and 2013.
7
These are expected to
"Is Islamic State Caliphate Here to Stay? - BBC News." BBC News. N.p., 29 June 2015.
July 2015. <http://www.bbc.com/news/world- middle-east-33291429>.
XXIII TecMUN Jr.
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Web. 30
continue until France and many other European countries face the problem of social
integration.
IS has taken advantage of this, by providing young Muslims, who are rejected by
their western environments, with an identity. The sentiment derived from growing up
ostracized by their peers evolves into insecurity which makes young people look for
support and a sense of belonging which is something that the Islamic State offers in
exchange of them becoming part of their cause.
NATO member countries affected
Statistics show that from the current fighters in Syria, 3,400 come from
Western states, many of them from NATO member countries. According to the
International Centre for the Study of Radicalisation and Political Violence, an
approximation of the recruitments from some countries are from 600 the United
Kingdom, 1200 from France, 600 from Germany, 180 from the United States, and more
than 130 from Canada.
The countries which have lost a wide number of citizens because of the Islamic
State’s recruitment are fearful of said citizens returning to their territory, and organizing
terrorist attacks, Discussions about these possible events have been constant and have
caught the concern of many since there are many long term consequences that could have
a large negative impact in each country’s security.
NATO’s Mission
The North Atlantic Treaty Organization aims to find a resolution for said conflict,
since it is considered a direct threat to NATO members’ security as well as a global
menace. that affects directly NATO members and can inherently lead to a global menace.
NATO’s main purpose is to halt the recruitment of NATO members’ citizens as well as
to guarantee and ensure security for them. Taking in consideration the imminent threat
the Islamic State represents NATO has the faculty to respond through any means required
it deems appropriate - political and military.
XXIII TecMUN Jr.
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XXIII TecMUN Jr.
11, 12 y 13 de noviembre 2015
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Glossary
A
Annexation. Comes from annex, it refers to add
territory by appropriation. The context in which
Captive: Held or made someone as your
prisoner. It especially takes place during war.
Climate Change. A change in the world climate
it is used is in the part when we explain that
Russia annexes Crimea without any legal
that comes from the 20s due to the pollution and
backup. Arrangement. To come to a settlement
carbon dioxide generated around the world. In
(agreement) with another person or country. The
the blurbs the word is used to explain that due
term is used to express for example that the
dispute between Denmark and Danish will reach
to the fact that climate change is affecting the
world, the ice in the poles is melting.
a peaceful solution.
Arctic. Geographic zone located in the northern
pole of Earth. This region includes the Arctic
Ocean and fractions of Alaska, Canada,
Norway, Sweden, Finland, Greenland and
Russia. It is a tundra terrain with extreme
temperatures and has an approximate surface of
16,500,000 meters squared.
Assure. To be confident that something will
happen. In the blurbs the word is used to state
that the country is certain that something will
occur or to state they’re completely sure about
something they had.
B
Belligerent. Engaged in a war or conflict, as
recognized by international law. In the blurbs
the word acts as an adjective to describe a
conflict, for example: “preventing any
belligerent conflict”. This means preventing any
hostile or aggressive conflict.
Bilateral Relation. Affecting or undertaken by
two sides equally. In the blurbs the term
Cling. To remain persistent on something, have
total faith in something. In the blurbs the word
“clings” refers to when a country can’t let go
away an idea and remains stubbornly faithful in
something. For example, the Canadian
government clings to the idea that since the
mountain range of Lomonosov passes through
their country and the Arctic, this territory
belongs to them. Compel. Not being able to
resist something; forced to do it. In the blurbs
the word is used to describe the impact of the
annexation of Crimea by Russia. It says that it
caused so much tension that the countries
around were overwhelmed and considered
military means to counter attack Russia.
Continental Shelf . The continental shelf is the
place where the seabed of a large mass isn’t as
deep as in the open ocean. In the blurbs this
word it’s vital to understand the
conflict in the Arctic because Russia’s main
argument is based on the premise that their
continental shelf covers part of the Arctic, thus
they assure this territory belongs to them.
Convey. To transport or carry something from
one place to another.
“Bilateral Relation” is used to express full
Crisis Management. The process in which an
support and a working relationship when
organization deals with an unexpected
countries get equal benefits from each other. For
emergency situation. In the blurbs we use the
example the bilateral relation between China
word to refer to how NATO has the
and the Arctic countries where China and the
responsibility to deal with these situations when
Arctic countries get benefits from each other.
they occurred.
C
D
XXIII TecMUN Jr.
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Deem. Considering, judging, or to make an
opinion.
Ill-treated. To abuse, injure or damage
something.
Discard. The act of getting rid of an idea. In the
Infrastructure. The basic physical and
organizational structures and facilities. In the
blurbs the word is used to refer to the tanks,
ships, army and weapons Russia has. All of
these military elements are called military
infrastructure.
Inherently In a permanent, essential or unique
blurbs the word is used to mention that the US
hasn’t got rid of the idea of an intervention in
the Arctic.
E
Exploit. Make full usage of a resource and
benefit from it.
way. The word is used in the blurbs, for
F
Frivolous. Not having a serious purpose.
Intervention. The act or process of intervening
Foreigner. Something or someone that comes
from another country. In the blurbs the word is
used to describe that a warship coming from any
foreign country, except from Russia, wasn’t
allowed to enter to certain territory within the
Arctic during the Cold War.
G
Geopolitical. Politics influenced by
geographical means, especially international
relations between countries. In the blurbs, this
term invokes the way that political decisions
and conflicts are influenced by territorial
aspects.
Gruesome. Causing horror, input difficulties.
H
Hindrances. Something that provides resistance
or delay. In the blurbs the word is used to
express the continuous violations by Russia in
order to get the Arctic.
Hence. As a consequence, for this reason. In the
blurbs the term is used to explain why a country
will make certain decision.
Hydrocarbons. A compound made by
hydrogen and carbon, main examples are the
petroleum and natural gas.
example, in the case Norway, where they
inevitably have to find new resources.
in a conflict with or without previous advice. In
the blurbs the word is used to express that a
country would enter the Arctic.
J
Jurisdiction. Territory within which a court or
government agency may properly exercise its
power.
K
Kinships. Relationship by nature, common
origin or characteristics.
L
Long-awaited. Anticipate something with time.
M
Menace. A threat that may cause danger.
Military exercise. This is an exercise which
armies use to test actual weapons to identify a
possible outcome when executed in an actual
war. In the blurbs the word is used to expose the
I
Illicit. Prohibited by the law. This term in the
blurbs is used to express the illegal acts that
Russia is committing in the Arctic.
way that Russia is making military exercises in
the Arctic, therefore countries start to be
concerned about it.
XXIII TecMUN Jr.
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O
Ostracized. To exclude someone, or something.
Putting something aside.
T
Threat. The indicator of the possibility to suffer
R
Riverbed. The path or channel in which a river
flows. In the blurbs the word is used to explain
the path that the expedition of 2007 took.
pain or harm. In the blurbs the term is used to
S
Safeguard. A measure taken to protect and
prevent something of being harmed or violated.
In the blurbs this word is used to express the
purpose of NATO’s “guarantee and safeguard
freedom to it’s member countries”.
Smuggle. To trade goods secretly, without
payment of legal duty.
Trespass. The forced intrusion to a location
than infringes on privacy, morality or legality.
Sober. Sensible, serious and solemn. The term
is used to express how Denmark is managing
the dispute it has with the Danish government.
Sovereignty. The authority of a state to govern
itself or another state. In the blurbs this word is
used to express the ability that a country, with a
coastal state, has. Which means it has certain
point out the constant danger of the military
exercises of Russia.
U
Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) It
was the conjunction of the socialist states
throughout the north of Euroasia. It was founded
at the end of 1922 emulating a sequel of the
Russian revolution and ended in 1991 because
of political issues that led to the separation of
this confederation. It was ruled by the principal
bases of Marxism.
W
Weaponry The variety of weapons an army
has. In the blurbs the word weaponry is used to
allude the weapons the Russian army has in the
Arctic.
rights over a territory in the sea.
XXIII TecMUN Jr.
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Preambulatory Phrases
Affirming
Emphasizing
Alarmed by
Expecting
Keeping in
mind
Approving
Bearing in mind
Expressing its
appreciation
Noting with
deep concern
Believing
Fulfilling
Confident
Fully aware
Nothing with
satisfaction
Contemplating
Emphasizing
Convinced
Expecting
Declaring
Further
deploring
Deeply
concerned
Deeply
conscious
Deeply
convinced
Deeply
Disturbed
Deeply
Regretting
Desiring
Noting further
Observing
Reaffirming
Realizing
Further
recalling
Recalling
Guided by
Referring
Having adopted
Seeking
Having
considered
Taking into
consideration
Having
examined
Taking note
Having
received
XXIII TecMUN Jr.
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Recognizing
Viewing with
appreciation
Welcoming
Operative Phrases
Accepts
Notes
Affirms
Draws the
attention
Approves
Emphasizes
Reaffirms
Authorizes
Encourages
Recommends
Calls
Expresses its
appreciation
Regrets
Condemns
Expresses its
hope
Requests
Confirms
Further invites
Congratulates
Further
proclaims
Calls upon
Considers
Declares
accordingly
Further reminds
Proclaims
Reminds
Solemnly
affirms
Strongly
condemns
Supports
Deplores
Further
recommends
Designates
Further requests
Transmits
Endorses
Further resolves
Trusts
Has resolved
XXIII TecMUN Jr.
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Takes note of