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#
# Bird 1, L=0
Bird 1, L=1
Bird 1, L=2
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
1
Conditional probability
1
Conditional probability
Conditional probability
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
0
1
Number of mites
2
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
0
1
Number of mites
2
0
1
Number of mites
2
Bird 3, L=0
Bird 3, L=1
Bird 3, L=2
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
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0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
0
1
1
Conditional probability
1
Conditional probability
Conditional probability
1
0
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
2
0
1
Number of mites
2
0
Number of mites
1
2
Number of mites
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Conditional distribution with J=0
Conditional distribution with J=1
1
1
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.4
0.2
Probability
1
0.6
0.6
0.4
0.2
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0
Marginal distribution
0.4
0
1
Eagles
0.6
0.2
0
0
0
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1
0
Eagles
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Conditional distribution with E=0
Conditional distribution with E=1
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.2
0
0
0
1
Rabbits
Probability
1
Probability
1
0.4
1
Eagles
1
0.6
Probability
Probability
Marginal distribution
Probability
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
0
1
Rabbits
0
1
Rabbits
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Conditional distribution with S=1
Conditional distribution with S=0
0.5
0.5
0.4
0.4
0.4
Probability
Probability
Marginal distribution
0.5
0.3
0.2
0.3
0.2
0.1
0.1
0
0
0
1
2
Probability
3
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
0
1
2
3
0
1
2
3
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