Lecture 5
Chapter 3:
How Personality
Influences Human
Relations
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Where in the world?

How does geography influence culture?
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Geographical region influence
Non-geographical influence
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Geographical region
influence
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Particular challenges (and their resolution) in
the environment shape cultural values, norms,
and behavior patterns.
Challenges include such things as:
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availability of resources
population density
Climate
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Non-geographical influence

Culture permeates the lives and choices
made as people pursue individual goals.
Non-geographical influences include such
things as:

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age
gender
education
ethnicity
race
religion
related social needs
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What makes me this way?
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Why Study Personality?

Personality is often described in theoretical
terms.

Theory refers to a set of beliefs that has been
tested a number of times and considered valid.
It is an explanation of “what makes people tick.”
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What IS Personality?
PERSONALITY (p. 76) refers to a person’s
unique pattern of thoughts, feelings,
and behaviors that are consistent over
time and across situations. It can be
studies from the psychoanalytic,
behaviorist, humanist, and trait theory
perspectives.
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How Is Personality Studied?
 There are several mainstream theories of
personality:
 Psychoanalytic
 Behaviorist
 Humanist
 Trait
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Are You Afraid of Freud?

Overview


Freud was first to formulate a personality theory,
known as psychoanalytic theory.
PSYCHOANALYTIC THEORY (p.76) suggests
that our personality is shaped by an ongoing
internal struggle between two or more conflicting
needs.
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What Characterizes Freudian
Struggle?
 Struggle exists between three forces:
 Desire to satisfy our most basic needs
 Need to adhere to society’s laws and rules
 Goal of living within the one’s own personal moral
code
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Freud’s Iceberg Model
See page 77
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What Does This Model Convey?

Much personality resides in the
unconscious.

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CONSCIOUS (p. 77) is the portion of our mind
that we are aware of at any given time.
UNCONSCIOUS (p. 77) is the large portion of
our mind including thoughts, feelings, memories,
and expectations, that we are not aware of.
PRECONSCIOUS (p. 78) is the part of the
unconscious that can be brought into
consciousness by focusing on it.
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Three Components of Personality

ID

EGO
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SUPEREGO
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Summary of Freudian Personality
Components
See page 79
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How Do These Components Work
Together?
Do you know?
 HINT: Defense mechanism
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What Are Defense Mechanisms?
DEFENSE MECHANISMS (p. 81) are strategies over
unconscious uses to resolve anxiety. Familiarity with
defense mechanisms is an effective tool in
understanding the behavior of others.

Defense mechanisms include such things as:

RATIONALISM 理性論 /合理主義

REPRESSION 抑制
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DISPLACEMENT 轉移

PROJECTION 投射
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REACTION FORMATION
REGRESSION 逆行 / 退步
SUBLIMATION 昇華 / 理想化
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Carl Roger’s Self Theory

Fulfillment of potential means becoming a
FULLY FUNCTIONING PERSON (p. 94) (one
who gets along well with others by offering
unconditional positive regard and genuinely
caring about them).
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How Does Self-Esteem Affect Us?

Self-esteem is essential to growth and
fulfillment of one’s potential  positive selfesteem developed through unconditional
positive regard.

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Positive self-esteem = treat others well
Negative self-esteem = treat others poorly
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Critical Thinking Questions


Give some examples of unconditional and/or
conditional positive regard that you have
received in your life.
How did you feel as a result of these messages?
(See page 95)
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Maslow’s Need Hierarchy
MASLOW’S NEED HIERARCHY (p. 95) (A model
which suggests that lower-order needs must be
met before we can focus on higher-order needs).
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What Did Maslow Posit?

Human are born with innate drive to
maximize potential.

Maximizing one’s potential revolves around
self-actualization.

People are challenged by a series of needs
as they strive to become self-actualized.

Lower order needs must be fulfilled before
higher order needs are addressed.
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What Is Self-Actualization?
SELF-ACTUALIZATION (p. 95) occurs when an
individual has developed a complete sense of
who she is what her strengths are, and
routinely acts in a way that is consistent with
that.
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What Are Self-Actualized
People Like?
See page 97
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How Is Humanist Theory Related to
Human Relations?

Humanist theory offers a positive alternative
to the psychoanalysts and the deterministic
perspectives.

Humans have an innate tendency to grow in a
positive direction and positive environmental
conditions to reach that goal.

Humans who act to hurt self or others do so
because of negative environmental conditions
that can be changed.
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