Manual Conversions
Speed/Time/Distance
• Speed, time and distance are related by the
equation:
Speed = Distance
Time
• Given any two of the three variables, the
other can be calculated using this equation.
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Speed/Time/Distance
If distance and time are given, simply place the values in
the equation.
• Example
Speed =
Distance
Time
Speed =
150 KM
3 HRS
50 KPH
Speed =
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Speed/Time/Distance
If speed and time are given, the equation needs to be
modified.
• Example
Speed =
Time * Speed =
Distance
=
Distance
Time
Distance * Time
Time
Speed * Time
Multiply
Eliminate
each
Writeside
common
newbyequation
thevariables
denominator
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Speed/Time/Distance
Now that speed and time are given for the simple equation,
place the values in the equation.
Distance
Distance
Distance
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=
=
=
Time x Speed
3Hrs x 75KPH
225KM
Speed Conversions
• 66NM = 76 SM
•
•
•
•
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Knots to MPH
MPH to Knots
KPH to Knots
KPH to MPH
Multiply by 1.15
Divide by 1.15
Multiply by .54
Multiply by .62
Time Conversions
• Hours to Minutes
Multiply by 60
• Minutes to Hours
Divide by 60
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The Appleyard Scale
Outside Ring
Inside Ring
-
Distance and Velocity
Time
All calculations can be done without using the flight
computer by using the previous formula:
Velocity = Distance
Time
However the appleyard scale is a simple quick method to convert.
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Time Scale
• The number 9 stands for
– 9 minutes,
– 90 minutes,
– 900 minutes, etc.
• You must use common sense to figure out which one applies.
• Notice on the time scale under the 9, 1:30 and 15:00 are written. They
stand for 90 minutes and 900 minutes respectively.
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Distance Scale
• The number 6 stands for
– 6 units,
– 60 units,
– 600 units, etc.
• Again, you must use common sense to figure out which
one applies.
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Flight Computer
The Appleyard Scale is the same for the
CR-3 and E6-B Flight Computer. The
CR-3 will be used to show conversions.
However, as mentioned above the E6-B
can be used as well.
Speed/Time/Distance
• Given
– Speed = 120 knots
– Distance = 170 NM
– Time = ?
• If speed is given,
point arrow towards
the speed
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Speed/Time/Distance
• Remember that 12 is
also 120 and 1200.
Any multiple of 10.
• Second, follow the
outside scale to 17
for 170NM and read
inside scale.
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Speed/Time/Distance
• The inside scale will
align with 85.
• This number could
mean 8.5, 85 or 850.
• Use common sense
to calculate correct
answer.
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Speed/Time/Distance
• Flying at 120 knots
or 120 nautical miles
per hour for 170 NM
means the aircraft
will be airborne for
85 minutes or 1 hour
and twenty-five
minutes.
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Speed/Time/Distance
• Let's try a few examples:
Given
Speed = 210 MPH
Time
= 40 minutes
Distance = ?
Use the flight computer to calculate.
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Speed/Time/Distance
Speed
= 210 MPH
Time
= 40 min.
Distance = 140 Miles
Point arrow to 210
View reading aligned with
40 min
Answer 140 Miles
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Speed/Time/Distance
• Let's try a few examples:
This one is a little different
than before. Give it a try!
Given
Speed = ?
Time
= 90 minutes
Distance = 120 NM
Use the flight computer to calculate.
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Speed/Time/Distance
Speed
= 80 knots
Time
= 90 min.
Distance = 120 NM
Align 90 min to 120 NM
Read speed from pointing
arrow
Answer 80 knots
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Fuel
• Given
– Fuel = 8 GPH
– Time = 45 minutes
– Consumption = ?
• If fuel is given, point
arrow towards fuel.
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Speed, Time, Distance
• Remember that 80 is
also 8 and 800. Any
multiple of 10.
• Second, follow the
inside scale to 45 and
read outside scale.
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Speed, Time, Distance
• The outside scale
will align with 60.
• This number could
mean 6, 60 or 600.
• Use common sense
to calculate correct
answer.
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Speed, Time, Distance
• Burning 8 GPH or 8
gallons per hour for
45 minutes means
the aircraft will
consume 6 gallons
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Conversions
• Many conversions are possible with the
flight computer
SM
MPH
US GAL
LBS
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To
To
To
To
NM
KPH
IMP GAL
Kg
Conversions
• To convert units
simply place known
unit under proper
location.
• If 170 statute miles
are given, place it
under the statute
mile location.
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Conversions
• Once SM is in
the correct
position, read
nautical miles
under the NM
location.
• Answer = 148 NM
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Conversions
• Also, you can
read kilometers
under the KM
location.
• Answer = 271 KM
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Confirmation Stage
NOTE: You must use the buttons in the Confirmation Stage
Navigation
CR-3 or E6-B Flight Computer
Let's try a few review questions on Navigation:
Question #1 -
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What is on the outside ring of the Appleyard
Scale?
A
Distance
B
Time
C
Velocity
D
Both A and C
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I’m afraid that answer is incorrect
Let's try again...
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I’m afraid that answer is incorrect
Let's try again...
Flying Scholarship Program
I’m afraid that answer is incorrect
Let's try again...
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The Appleyard Scale
That answer is correct.
Let's
Outside Ring
Ring
moveInside
on...
-
Distance and Velocity
Time
All calculation can be done without using the flight
computer by using the following formula:
Velocity = Distance
Time
However the appleyard scale is a simple quick method to convert..
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Navigation
CR-3 or E6-B Flight Computer
Let's try a few review questions on Navigation:
Question #2 -
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If you are flying at a speed of 270 knots for a
distance of 74 KM, how long would you be
airborne?
A
90 min
B
16 min
C
9 min
D
1.6 hrs
Flying Scholarship Program
I’m afraid that answer is incorrect
Let's try again...
Flying Scholarship Program
I’m afraid that answer is incorrect
Let's try again...
Flying Scholarship Program
I’m afraid that answer is incorrect
Let's try again...
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Navigation
CR-3 or E6-B Flight Computer
Answer #2 -
That answer
is correct.
Multiply 74 by .62 = 39.96
Knots (rounded to 40 knots)
Let's
move on...
(You could Also use the flight
computer to calculate)
Use flight computer to
calculate equation
Distance
Time
Speed
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Answer = 9 min
One-in-Sixty Rule
• An error in the track of one degree will
cause an error in position of about one mile
in a distance of 60 miles.
• Example
3° off track will cause an
aircraft to be 3 miles out to
3 miles
the side.
3°
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60 miles
Flight Computer
Click on the type of Flight Computer you wish
to use for the wind side of the computer.
CR-3 Flight Computer
E6-B Flight Computer
Confirmation Stage
NOTE: You must use the buttons in the Confirmation Stage
Navigation
CR-3 or E6-B Flight Computer
Let's try a few review questions on Navigation:
Question #3 -
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What distance off track would an aircraft be if
it were 4° off course and flew 180 miles
without corrective action?
A
4 miles
B
8 miles
C
12 miles
D
16 miles
Flying Scholarship Program
I’m afraid that answer is incorrect
Let's try again...
Flying Scholarship Program
I’m afraid that answer is incorrect
Let's try again...
Flying Scholarship Program
I’m afraid that answer is incorrect
Let's try again...
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One-in-Sixty Rule
error in the track of one degree will
That answer is• An
correct.
Let's
cause an error in position of about one mile
a distance of 60 miles.
move inon...
• Example
3° off track will cause an
aircraft to be 3 miles out to
3 miles
the side.
3°
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60 miles
Navigation
CR-3 or E6-B Flight Computer
Let's try a few review questions on Navigation:
Question #4 -
Worksheets
Exercise #1
Exercise #1 Answer Key
Exercise #2
Exercise #2 Answer Key
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Navigation
CR-3 or E6-B Flight Computer
Congratulations!!
You have now completed the CR-3 or E6-B Flight Computer lesson and
the Navigation Module. Of course, this module is always available to
you for future reference if required.
You are now ready to move along to the next module you wish. You
can advance to the Self Test Module if you feel ready to challenge the
final exam.
Good Luck!
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