THE INDUSTRIAL
REVOLUTION
Today’s “To Do”:
Terms Review Sheet
Review Notebook Guide: Sect 2, 3,
 Ch.16 Project (worth a test grade)
Day 2 – Critiques images A-E
Hwk –Notebook Guide: Sects. 4, 5
 Exit
Today’s Questions
What’s so revolutionary about the
Industrial Revolution?
?
Unit 3: Industrial Revolution –
definition:
 “Beginning in the late 1700’s, a period
in which mechanical power replaced
muscle power for the production of
goods”
Britain had… “All Factors of Production”
• Land
• Labor
• Capital (money/banking
system/resources)
• Transportation
• Political Stability -liberal gov’t
Great Britain had plenty of
rivers, coal, and fiber and also
imported cotton from its
colonies.
GB’s excellent transportation
network consisted of a series of
navigable rivers, seaports,
canals, roads, and railroads.
Metals, Woolens, & Canals
Early Canals
Britain’s Earliest
Transportation
Infrastructure
Coal fields & Industrial Areas
Coal Mining in Britain:
1800-1914
1800
1 ton of coal
50, 000 miners
1850
30 tons
200, 000 miners
1880
300 million tons
500, 000 miners
1914
250 million tons
1, 200, 000 miners
British Pig Iron Production
Young Coal Miners
Child Labor in the Mines
NG#2 New Inventions Spurred
Technological Advances &
Improvements to the TEXTILE
INDUSTRY.
The textile industry in Great Britain
became much more productive as
workers utilized new machines
housed in factories.
John Kay’s “flying shuttle”…
 The “spinning
jenny” was
then invented
 allowed one
spinner to
work 8 threads
at a time.
Improvement?
Invention of the
water frame to
power the
spinning wheels.
Further Improvement?
Combination of
spinning jenny and
water frame into the
“spinning mule”.
Result: Made thread
that was stronger,
thinner and more
consistent.
Problem?
Bulky and expensive
machines.
Solution: Creation of
factories to set up
these large
machines.
Location? Why?
Located near
running water
since they
needed it for
power.
Material needed for textile
production?
 Cotton
 Improvement in
production: Eli
Whitney’s cotton gin
took the seeds out of
the cotton instead of
doing it by hand.
COTTON & THE COTTON GIN
Result: multiplied the
amount of cotton to be
cleaned, causing cotton
production to
SKYROCKET!!!!
Improvements in
Transportation:
Robert Fulton’s Steam
Ship
Ferry passengers up and
down the Hudson river.
Spurred the
development of
human-made
waterways (canals)
Steam Tractor
An Early Steam Locomotive
By 1850:
Zones of Industrialization
on the European Continent
ù
ù
ù
ù
ù
ù
Northeast France.
Belgium.
The Netherlands.
Western German states.
Northern Italy
East Germany  Saxony
Share in World Manufacturing
Output: 1750-1900
Industrialization By 1850
Industrialization forcused more on coal
and iron.
Fine waterways for transportation
Smuggled plans for spinning machine
from Great Britain
Production of textiles, machinery, steam
engines and railway locomotives
Textile industry didn’t grow as fast
Industrialization in
Belgium
Copied British model;
Industrialized late’
Led heavy industry (steel); and later in Chemical,
electrical equipment, and weapons industries
Imported British equipment and engineers
Educated in England
Railroads built to link growing manufacturing cities
Helped improve its military power
Industrialization in
Germany
Textile mills for production of cotton cloth
Government constructed railroads
Lacked coal reserves – relied more on
waterpower than steam power
Created a thriving national market for new
products – machinery (steam engines)
Industrialization in
France
The United States
Used the British factory model
Textile mills in north; cotton in south
Depended on water power at first
Interchangeable Parts - allows rapid assembly
of machines
Bessemer Process – cheaper way to convert
iron into high quality steel
Midwest abundant in iron ore and coal
Railroads
First oil well in PA!!! – gas and kerosene
Petroleum replaces coal as basic energy
source
Industrialized as part of Meiji Restoration
Mechanized silk weaving
Built railroads, ships
Created a thriving market in Asia for
new products
Industrialization in
Japan
THE INDUSTRIAL
REVOLUTION
Today’s “To Do”:
Terms Review Sheet
Review Notebook Guide: Sect 4
 Ch.16 Project (worth a test grade)
Day 3 – Critiques images A-J
Hwk –Notebook Guide: Sect. 5
 Exit
Today’s Questions
What’s so revolutionary about the
Industrial Revolution?
Capitalism
Urbanization
ENCLOSURES
?
Industrialization By 1850
Share in World
Manufacturing Output:
1750-1900
The “Domestic” System
“Apprentices at Their Looms”
William Hogarth, 1687
Cottage workers produced
goods in home workshops.
Textile merchants
delivered raw
materials to household
workers who carded,
spun, and wove the wool
into cloth, the cloth was
dyed at another
workshop, and then the
merchant sold the finished
fabric at market.
Factory Production

Concentrates production in one
place [materials, labor].

Located near sources of power
[rather than labor or markets].

Requires a lot of capital investment
[factory, machines, etc.] more
than skilled labor.

Only 10% of English industry in
1850.
Textile Factory
Workers in England
1813
2400 looms
150, 000 workers
1833
85, 000 looms
200, 000 workers
1850
224, 000 looms
>1 million workers
The Factory System
 Rigid schedule.
 12-14 hour day.
 Dangerous conditions.
 Mind-numbing monotony.
Textile Factory
Workers in England
Richard Arkwright:
“Pioneer of the Factory System”
The “Water Frame”
Cottage workers produced
goods in home workshops.
Textile merchants
delivered raw
materials to household
workers who carded,
spun, and wove the wool
into cloth, the cloth was
dyed at another
workshop, and then the
merchant sold the finished
fabric at market.
Workers worked in a
factory. All necessary
materials and equipment
were located in the factory.
Individual workers carried
out specific tasks. The use
of interchangeable parts
and the moving assembly
line led to mass production
of goods, increasing
productivity and lowering
theprice of goods.
The Factory Worker
“I feel undecided about the
Industrial Revolution because it’s
nice to have a job in town, but now
I’m doing the same task over and
over again.”
The Factory Owner
“I feel good about the Industrial
Revolution because we are quickly
producing more products than ever
before and profits are rising.”
The Consumer
“I feel good about the Industrial
Revolution because the price of
many goods is lower and new
products are appearing all the
time.”
Agricultural Revolution
 The industrial
revolution was
inspired by the
Agricultural
Revolution
17c
European
Agrarianis
m
Small Town “Farmer’s Markets”
Agricultural Revolution: small
farmers pushed out by
wealthy landowners who
dramatically improved farming
methods…
Agricultural Revolution…
 Enclosure – larger fields enclosed by
fences/hedges and cultivated by wealthy
landowners during the early 1700’s
 Crop Rotation – one of the best developments
of scientific farmers

System of growing a different crop in a
field each year to preserve the fertility
of the land.
“Enclosed” Lands Today
More Technology = More Food
More technology = Less farmers needed
“New machines,
like the
mechanical reaper,
help expand food
production!”
“Fertilizers, crop
rotation, and other
new farming
methods help feed
the growing
population!”
“Landowners take back
the rights to their land
and establish commercial
farms;
peasants and small
farmers become wage
laborers or move to
urban factories.”
“New machines,
like the
mechanical reaper,
help expand food
production!”
“Fertilizers, crop
rotation, and other
new farming
methods help feed
the growing
population!”
“Landowners take back
the rights to their land
and establish commercial
farms;
peasants and small
farmers become wage
laborers or move to
urban factories.”
• Private and
national banks
provided the
financial backing
and loans needed
to stimulate growth.
• As wealthy
capitalists invested
in factories and
machinery,
corporations were
created and grew
• Big businesses
were able to
gather enough
capital to meet
growing consumer
demand for new
products.
• But some big
businesses grew
powerful enough to
form monopolies.
Overall Result of These
Inventions:
Workers
fined if
not
following
rules
Industrial
Workers
treated
like
machines
– long
hour/6
days a
wk.
Most
women
did not
make
the
switch
from
cottage
to
factory
system
Women
worked in
textile
“sweat
shops” for
low wages
&
dangerous
working
conditions
Children
worked
in
textiles
and coal
mining
for low
wages.
Changes the Way of Life
Urbanization
Child/Cheap labor
Living conditions
are bad
Working
conditions
are bad
• Inspires immigration –
people leaving
countryside to find new
life in factory towns
• Creates new social classes
1800-1850 Growth of
Industrial Cities
A Time of
URBANIZATION:
City building and
the movement of
more people to
these cities due to
industrialization.
In the New Industrial City: entrepreneurs built
factories in clusters - near sources of energy!!!
Early-19c London – Europe’s largest city
Newer cities: Birmingham, Sheffield, Leeds,
Manchester, & Liverpool
Workhouse in Manchester, England
Industrial Staffordshire
Poor Living Conditions
• No building plans in place
• no building codes
• No adequate housing - dark,
dirty structures, one room per
family
• No Education
• No police protection
• No Sanitation codes
• Unpaved streets without drains
• Widespread sickness - cholera
Problems of Pollution
The Silent Highwayman - 1858
Social Changes: A New Working Class
Class Tensions
New wealth from
industrialization
was acquired by
factory owners,
shippers and
merchants.
These people made
up a growing
middle class.
19 c. Middle Class: “The New Rich” – gain
political and social power
Criticism of the New Bourgeoisie
New Social Classes
 Upper Class – Rich land owners & aristocrats – “old $”
 Upper Middle Class – Entrepreneurs – “new $” (incl.
gov’t employees, doctors, lawyers, managers of
factories, mines, and shops
 Lower Middle Class – factory overseers, skilled workers
such as toolmakers, mechanical drafters and printers
 Lower Class – Factory workers, peasants, unskilled
workers
“Upstairs”/“Downstairs” Life
INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION CONTEXT…
Poor Living Conditions
 Polluted air in factory towns
 Chemicals and other industrial wastes fouled
rivers, lakes and coastal waters
 Raw sewage also polluted these expanding
towns/cities
 Filthy overcrowded apartment houses
 Diseases spread: cholera smallpox, typhoid
fever
 Urban death rates soared!
Factories were
built in towns.
Migrants left
the countryside
to find work,
and they
settled near
factories,
increasing the
size of cities.
Air and
water pollution
were problems.
people lived in
filthy,
overcrowded
apartments that
encouraged the
spread of
disease.
Poor Working Conditions
 worked 14 hours a day, 6 days a week -never
changed
 Had to keep up with the machines
 Factories – dark and unclean
 Industrial accidents – no government aid
 Most dangerous: In the mines –frequent
accidents, damp conditions and constant
breathing of coal dust
 Cheapest source of labor: Women & children
LABOR REFORM MOVEMENTS
• Workers organize unions to raise wages and
improve conditions
• At first governments did not allow unions
• Unions eventually become established and
their actions become legal
LABOR UNIONS
•Collective
A union spoke
for all workers –in a particular
Bargaining
trade
negotiations made between
Allowed for collective bargaining
workers
and their employers.
Workers would strike if owners refused demands
Strike – an agreement among
workers to stop working in order
to force an employer to improve
wages, hours, benefits, or
working conditions.
Factories were
built in towns.
Migrants left
the countryside
to find work,
and they
settled near
factories,
increasing the
size of cities.
Air and
water pollution
were problems.
people lived in
filthy,
overcrowded
apartments that
encouraged the
spread of
disease.
Dangerous
working
conditions and
low pay led
workers to
form groups to
fight for their
rights. Gov’t
did not
support
them in
beginning.
Labor unions
negotiated (or
went on strike)
to win
improvements
in working
conditions
such
as the 10-hour
workday and
higher pay.
GOVERNMENT REFORMS
Child Labor and Working Hours: toward the middle
TO LATE 1800’s, governments began regulating
child labor.
Factory Act of 1833
• Illegal to hire children under 9
• 9 to 12 years old – 8 hour work day
• 13-17 years old – 12 hour work day
Mines Act of 1842
• Prevented women & children from working
underground
The Ten Hours Act of 1847
• Limited the workday to 10 hours for women and
children in factories
Attention PRO’s:
Positive Effects of
Industrial Revolution
a. Created jobs for workers
b. Contributed to the wealth of the nation
c. Fostered technological progress and
invention
d. Increased the production of goods
e. Raised the standard of living - provided
the hope of improvement in people’s lives.
Other Positive Effects
 Healthier diets
 Better housing
 Cheaper, mass-produced clothing
 Created a demand for engineers, clerical
and professional workers - Expanding
educational opportunities
 Unionized workers from the lower classes
eventually won higher wages, shorter
hours and better working conditions
Positives for Transportation
What were the ways RR’s
revolutionized life in Britain?
RR’s spurred industrial growth by….
 Giving manufacturers a cheap way to
transport materials/products
 Creating 100,000’s of new jobs for both
RR workers and miners
What were ways RR’s
revolutionized life in Britain?
Made travel easier - country
people could take distant city jobs
city dwellers could go to resorts in
the countryside
The Impact of the Railroad
Railroads on the Continent
Industrialization –
Bad effects on British Society
Unhealthy working/living
conditions
Big Businesses hurting
consumers
Air and water pollution
Women/Child labor –
regulated later
Class tensions (between
working & middle classes)
19th c. Governments did not
regulate level of pollutants from
factories b/c of economic pressures
of Industrialization
Results:
*Overuse of
natural resources
*Abuse of the
environment
International Effects of Ind. Revolution
Changes global economic & political
power structures
Increases international trade
Formation of huge monopolies and
industrial empires
Increased gap between rich and
poor
Increased immigration to cities &
other countries – U.S.
Effects of Industrialization lead to
development of more economic systems
 Problems from INDUSTRIALIZATION led to
questions about gov’t’s role in economy
 Capitalism
 Socialism
 Marxism (Communism)
Capitalism
Adam Smith’s “Wealth of Nations”
1776
“Economic freedom guarantees economic
prosperity”
Western gov’ts largely followed the
economic laws set down by this book
Capitalism: an economic system in
which all resources are privately
owned and markets determine how
those resources are distributed!
• Goal = Profit
• Self interest
• Closely tied to
DEMOCRATIC
GOVERNMENT
th
19
century Liberals supported
Laissez – Faire Policy
• Laissez- Faire (French for “Leave it
Alone!” - opposed government efforts
to control the production of wealth.
• very little gov’t regulation of industry
• government left industrialists and the
economy alone
SOCIALISM
(is not Communism…)
• SOCIALISM IS an economic system
where the factors of production are
owned by the public and operate for
the welfare of all. THE GOV’T
SHOULD ACTIVELY PLAN THE
ECONOMY
• The economy should function for the
benefit of all
MARXISM/COMMUNISM
• Karl Marx collaborated
w/ FRIEDRICH ENGELS –
Both were German but
lived and wrote in
England, esp. in the
industrial city of
Birmingham
• 1848 – Communist
Manifesto is published
for the Communist
League
COMMUNISM
• Marx chose the term
“communist” since it
sounded radical: it was a
form of COMPLETE
SOCIALISM in which all
factors of production – all
land, mines, factories,
railroads, and businesses
would be owned by the
people. Private property
would cease to exist!
• All goods and services
would be shared equally!
Communist Manifesto: All factors of
production – all land, mines, factories,
railroads, and businesses would be owned by
the people. Private property would cease to
exist. All goods and services would be shared
equally!
Newspaper Articles
will be written in class
tomorrow –
you will need your
graphic organizer.
Terms Quiz Friday!
What positive effects did the I.R.
have on society?
What negative effects did the I.R.
have on society?
Bell ringer
What were the ways
RR’s revolutionized
life in Britain?
?