Woess, M., Grillmayer, R., and Voelk, F. H. Green bridges and Wildlife Corridors in Austria.
Report: 1-14. Vienna.
Keywords: 8AT/barrier/bear/Canis lupus/Cervus elaphus/connectivity/conservation/corridor/
corridors/dispersal/fragmentation/game/green bridges/greenbridges/home range/landscape/large
carnivores/lynx/Lynx lynx/Malme/management/migration/movement/passageways/railways/red
deer/road/roads/Ursus arctos/wildlife corridors/wildlife management/wolf/wolves
Abstract: Anthropogenic barriers (roads, canals, railways and belts of settlements) may affect
wildlife species with large home ranges and specific seasonal migration traditions in a negative
way. The augmenting constitution of such barriers in Austria and other industrial countries
restricts genetic interchange between various subpopulations at an increasing rate. Additionally,
landscapes of intense agricultural use (lacking structural elements of vegetation cover like bush
belts a.o.) reduce migration. Therefore, still existing migration corridors gain high importance. The
conservation of those traditional and important possibilities for game movement and dispersal
should constitute an explicit part of wildlife management and of a wildlife-considering landscape
management respectively. In Austria, first steps towards resource management of this kind have
been taken most recently with special regard to large predators (bear, lynx, wolf) and red deer:
Two specific projects form the prerequisites for conservation or improvement of still existing
movement corridors.
Department of Wildlife Biology and Game Management
University of Agricultural Sciences
Peter Jordanstrasse 76/9
1190 Vienna, Austria
Title:
Green bridges and Wildlife Corridors in Austria
Keywords:
* WOESS, GRILLMAYER and VOELK
migration, corridors, Austria, passageways, green bridges, roads, red deer, big
game, fragmentation, connectivity, large carnivores, ressource management
Author:
Dipl.-Ing. Mark Woess
Department of Wildlife Biology
and Game Management
University of Agricultural Sciences
Peter Jordanstraße 76
1190 Wien
[email protected]
+431-476544466
Co Authors:
Dipl.-Ing. Dr. Friedrich H. Voelk
Austrian Federal Forests
[email protected]
+431-711454558
Roland Grillmayer
Department for Surveying, Remote
Sensing and Land Information
University of Agricultural Sciences
[email protected]
+431-476545106
Green bridges and Wildlife Corridors in Austria
Introduction
Anthropogenic barriers (roads, canals, railways and belts of settlements) may affect wildlife species with large
home ranges and specific seasonal migration traditions in a negative way. The augmenting constitution of such
barriers in Austria and other industrial countries restricts genetic interchange between various subpopulations at
an increasing rate. Additionally, landscapes of intense agricultural use (lacking structural elements of vegetation
cover like bush belts a.o.) reduce migration. Therefore, still existing migration corridors gain high importance.
The conservation of those traditional and important possibilities for game movement and dispersal should
constitute an explicit part of wildlife management and of a wildlife-considering landscape management
respectively. In Austria, first steps towards resource management of this kind have been taken most recently with
special regard to large predators (bear, lynx, wolf) and red deer: Two specific projects form the prerequisites for
conservation or improvement of still existing movement corridors.
PROJECT “EFFICIENT GREEN BRIDGE INSERTION IN AUSTRIA”
Ordering Party: Austrian Ministry of economic affairs
Problem and Purpose
The Austrian network of motorways is almost complete and fenced off. Only a few kilometres of road
construction are necessary to close the last gaps in the network. Therefore the possibilities of interchange for
wildlife are heavily restricted. One purpose of this study was to supply and provide information for taking
aspects of sufficient permeability in future road construction processes into consideration. The permeability of
Austrians existing network of motorways was examined for some indicator species and recommendations for
measurements referring to reconstitution of a sufficient wildlife-permeability are made. (VOELK et al 2001)
Materials and Methods
The survey focused on forest-favouring game species, which are most sensitive regarding size of home range and
size of passageways. As indicator species we selected rare and mobile big game species (brown bear, lynx, wolf,
moose) and widespread ungulates (wide ranging red deer, additionally chamois and wild boar, subsidiary also
roe deer). Information from and cooperation with hunters and game managers were additional aspects.
Routes and location of important migration corridors in Austria and in the border regions of neighbouring
countries were reconstructed by means of the Austrian map (distribution of forests and settlements) and by
means of multiple observations of big game species in certain regions. (see map 1) We got a lot of information
from locally responsible hunters, the plausibility of which was controlled by several track observations in all four
seasons. The routes of bear, lynx, wolf and moose are well documented within Austria from 1970 to 1999.
(ZEDROSSER AND VOELK 1999, STEINER 1995, MRLIK 1995, AESCHT ET AL 1995)
Map 1: Large carnivores (bear, lynx, wolf), moose and motorways in Austria
The evaluation of migration corridors in Austria has shown that apart from motorways many anthropogenic
factors act as barriers and reduce migration possibilities for game: Agricultural areas without natural woodland,
belts of settlemens, embankment constructions (e.g. Danube), railway lines and others. (see map 2) The
reconstitution of permeability through all these barriers is possible at corresponding expense (greenbridges,
measurements at river banks, compound of biotop in agricultural landscapes) except for one: Wildlife corridors
are irreversibly lost when settlements grow together and become impassable “belts of settlements”.
The evaluation of all existing passageways with potential for wildlife use (overpasses, underpasses, tunnels)
within the network of existing motorways gave an impression of the actual permeability of this network for the
indicator species. A database of The Ministry for Economic Affairs containing all existing overpasses,
Map 2: Spatial distribution of forests and barriers in Lower Austria
underpasses and tunnels (preliminary built for human use) was the basis for our analyses. Passageways with a
width of less than 30 m were preselected. They stayed unconsidered except if they fitted well in the landscape
and were of suitable construction for wildlife species (e.g. near forests, hedges leading towards the passageway,
not completely asphalted). Another preselection was made with the aid of aerial immages and maps containing
forest distribution and distribution of settlements, rivers and infrastructure. For this purpose a special
standardised checklist was developed. Afterwards a terrestrial evaluation of wildlife relevant characteristics of
the remaining passagways (standardised checklists) was carried out. Track controlls at passageways in all four
seasons brought information on movement and seasonal mobility of big game species. Simultaneously, a
questionnaire was handed over to locally responsible hunters and conservationists, which brought additional
information about actual use of the existing passageways by game species. The passageways were split into 5
groups from A (of international importance; useful for all species) to E (only local importance; useful for less
demanding small furred game species).
Results
As a result of these surveys, a national database about wildlife relevant information referring to existing
passageways across the Austrian network of motorways and information about the location of important wildlife
corridors is available now. (see map 3) The evaluated crossing possibilities for wildlife represent the
“permeability ressource” of the Austrian network of motorways. Additionally, the database contains information
about possibilities to upvalue certain passageways and make them more suitable for wildlife.
Map 3: Motorways and crossing possibilities for large mammals in Austria
The registration of potential and important migration routes for genetic interchange is the basis to secure still
existing corridor-ressources and to reactivate corridors, which are actually interrupted by certain barriers.
The study contains recommendations concerning the number, location, distribution, dimension and
constructional design of crossing possibilities across the Austrian network of motorways. Regarding the
necessary minimum permeability, we differentiated between international, regional and local defragmentation.
The necessary permeability was evaluated for each motorway segment between two motorway junctions
seperately. Recommendations concerning the minimum permeability for wildlife are slightly different for the
existing network and for new and future motorway constructions. The stronger criteria apply to the latter.
Motorway segments with insufficient permeability for wildlife could be identified by comparing the desired
values for permeability with the existing permeability (existing passageways). For these segments,
recommendations for constitution of wildlife passageways (green bridges) could be made. They included details
on location, dimension, number and quality of wildlife passageways. (see map 4) To avoid misinvestments other
barriers such as belts of settlements, railway lines or rivers with insurmountable embankments were considered.
These are the defined standards for existing highways:
Passageways Type A (for international habitat defragmentation)
Wherever a wildlife corridor of international relevance crosses a motorway, a passageway for wildlife with a
minimum width of 80 m is needed. (Recommended width 80-100 m)
Passageways Type B (for regional and national habitat defragmentation)
To ensure a minimum permeability and a minimum habitat defragmentation for the sensitive indicator species
at least 5 passageways for wildlife along one highway segment with a minimum width of 30 m are
recommended. Their locations should be away from human settlements and the maximum distance between
neighbouring passageways of type A or B must not exceed 20 km. If the motorway segment is longer than 75
km the number of necessary passageways increases for every started 20 km by 1. (Recommended width 30-80
m)
Passageways Type C (for local habitat defragmentation)
For local habitat defragmentation away from far ranging wildlife corridors, 5 passageways with a minimum
width of 15 m along one motorway segment are necessary. The average distance between passageways of type
A + B + C should not exceed 10 km. (Recommended width 15-30 m)
For very short motorway segments (<5 km , <25km) exceptions are provided.
The developed theoretical values for minimum permeability served as terms of reference but were not strictly
exerted. Corresponding to the specific local means the desired values were handled flexibly. But it would be
risky to refuse any kind of standards. In that case, measurements of habitat defragmentation for wildlife would
be regarded rather a luxury investment than a necessity. During each motorway construction project, the
necessity and amount of measurements of compensation would have to be discussed seperately which would
bring further disadvantages and inefficiency.
Map 4: Need for green bridges in Austria
PROJECT “WILDLIFE CORRIDORS”
This project is an interdisciplinary research project at the University of Agricultural Sciences Vienna. Specialists
in the fields of Remote Sensing, Landscape Ecology and Wildlife Biology are working together in this project. It
started in 1999 and will be completed in November 2001. (GRILLMAYER et al 2000)
Purpose
Within a study area, selected in advance, the applicability of remote sensing techniques for the provision of
information about corridor structures and barriers with relevance for wildlife migration in intensively used
agrarian areas is investigated.
Materials and Methods
Within the connecting belt between the Alps and the Carpathian mountains a part of the main migration route
was selected as investigation area. The study area is located east of Vienna between the floodplains of the
Danube and the Leitha. The area is dominated by intensive agricultural use. Due to the long term of
anthropogenic utilization many kinds of restraints (settlements, road infrastructures, fenced forest habitats a.o.)
for the mobility of the chosen indicator species red deer and wild boar exist. Besides this variety of barriers the
test area also contains structural potentials for corridor spaces, which can be used as starting point for
measurments of improvement.
Aerial image analysis and terrestrial mapping were carried out simultaneously, the resulting database contains
information on landcape elements with barrier characteristics, such with corridor characteristics and information
on categories of landcover. To guarantee the comparability of aerial image analysis and terrestrial mapping, an
interpretation key for the aerial image analysis was developed, which contained the same structure classes as the
terrestrial assesment. The interpretation key was verified and improved after a probational mapping.
For collecting actual information about wildlife migration the following methods were used:
Trail surveys along defined lines, wildlife observation with infrared field glasses and questioning of locally
responsible hunters.
Results
One final result of this study is the preparation of a low cost method to evaluate wildlife species relevant
landscape elements and their characteristics. This method can be utilized in major parts of Austria except for
Alpine areas.
Using the collected data a resistance model was developed, which allows analysis about wildlife movements in
the investigation area. This resistance model enables risk analysis to show if and how future developments in this
region will influence or interrupt the existing migration routes of red deer and wild boar. It will help to prepare
demonstrative future szenarios regarding consequences for wildlife mobility due to regional planning strategies.
At last measurements and instruments of landscape planning and politics but also normative and financial
measurments shall be discussed which help to minimize the risk of the loss of mobility for red deer and wild
boar in this region.
This project shows that basic information about the resource “wildlife corridor” can be collected by use of
remote sensing so that expensive terrestrial mapping can be reduced to a necessary minimum. Especially for the
development of concepts and strategies for regional and landscape planning such basic information is of great
usefulness. Consequently aspects of wildlife management as the defragmentation of habitat fragments can be
considered in time. Planning strategies and concepts can be tested with regard to their fragmentation risk using
the resistance model.
CONCLUSIONS / SUMMARY
An interdisciplinary project in Austria, titled “Wildlife corridors”, examines the applicability of remote sensing
methods and terrestrial surveys to identify corridor structures at different landscape scales. The investigation area
is a part of the connecting belt between Alps and Carpathian mountains. With the collected data and information
from aerial / satellite images and terrestrial surveys a resistance model for the investigation area and the indicator
species red deer and wild boar is developed.
“Efficient green bridge insertion in Austria” is another, recently finished project in Austria which lead to a
concept of green bridges for the Austrian network of motorways. By evaluating existing passageways wider than
30 m and their suitability for wildlife and further by gathering information about the most important migration
routes for red deer, moose and large carnivores the permeability of the network of motorways was investigated.
Both projects reveal explicit measurements of “resource management”, which ensure genetic exchange on the
long term. They are a contribution to sustainable wildlife management in Austria and the border areas of
adjacent countries.
Landscapes and landscape structures that enable the exchange, dispersal and migration of big forest-favouring
game species are resources which densly populated Europe is running short of. Both projects provide
information that is needed for the management of this ressource. Besides the improvement and implementation
of these data the integration in instruments of regional planning and landsape planning are the most important
next steps. Only thereby the ressource wildlife corridor can be taken into consideration in planning processes and
strategies at different scales.
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