Today in Biology
Week #4 Quarter 2 (11/4)
Biology Learning Goal:Overview of
chapter 6 – Genes, DNA,
Chromosomes and chromatids
Warm Up Question:
1. Meiosis is a type of cell division that produces:
a. zygotes b. chromosomes
c. DNA d.
gamete
2. A cell with diploid number of 24 undergoes meiosis,
how many are in each daughter cell
a. 6
b. 12
c. 24
d. 48
To Do Today:
• Complete meiosis handout
• Review for cell cycle, mitosis and
meiosis unit test
Homework:
unit 4 cell cycle,
mitosis and meiosis
test Tuesday
Fact of the Day
As an adult, you
have more than 6
square meters (20 sq
ft) of skin on your
body — about the
same are as a
blanket for a queensized bed.
Today in Biology
Week #4 Quarter 2 (11/5)
Biology Learning Goal:Overview of
chapter 6 – Genes, DNA,
Chromosomes and chromatids
Warm Up Question:
46
Humans have ______chromosomes?
Homework:
unit 4 cell cycle,
mitosis and meiosis
test Tuesday
Fact of the Day
The Barbados
Threadsnake is the
A person with 2 X chromosomes is a female
___
smallest snake in
male
A person with XY chromosomes is a ___
the world.
Sciensational.com
Prophase 1
Crossing over occurs during ____________
phase.
To Do Today:
• Cell cycle, mitosis and meiosis unit
test
Today in Biology
Week #4 Quarter 2 (11/6&7)
Biology Learning Goal:
Warm Up Question:
What is DNA? Explain.
To Do Today:
DNA extraction Lab Activity Begin coloring DNA model
Homework:None
Fact of the Day
Your blood
vessels, if laid end
to end, would
encircle the globe
twice over.
Today in Biology
Week #4 Quarter 2 (11/8)
Homework: Have
a great 3 day
weekend progress
Biology Learning Goal:Overview of
chapter 6 – Genes, DNA,
rpt next week
Chromosomes and chromatids
Warm Up Question: reflection and turn in! Fact of the Day
What is something you learned
or found interesting while
doing the DNA extraction lab
activity.
To Do Today:
Lab report directions
finish coloring DNA
Turtles and sea
cucumbers can
breathe through
their butts
After Quiz
Create title page for next
unit pg 14
Begin coloring DNA
pieces
Title Page
HISTORY OF
GENETICS AND
DNA
DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC ACID
DNA
Structure
handout (s)
6
To Do Today
Fri Nov 9
Scales pg. 1-complete to week 4
Complete DNA structure pg. 15
Introduction to DNA pg. 16
Genetics and DNA video
Warm Up: complete reflection turn in
How did you do on test?
How are you doing so far?
Home work: None
5
DNA
structure
8
Page 16
Introduction to DNA
DNA
1. What is genetics?
2. 1/3 of the recipe for a human being is the same as a
______.
3. 2/3 of our recipe is shared with ______.
4. Basic building block of life is the _____.
5. _____ carries the recipe for life.
6. What are genes?
7. What is genotype?
8. What is phenotype?
9. How long is all our DNA if we could stretch it out?
10. If we were to print a paper with A’s, T’s, G’s and C’s
making our genetic code how many pages would it be?
How many letters?
Analysis of genetics and structure of DNA
http://www.dnatube.com/video/2341/Genetics--The-structure-of-DNA--PART-1
Genes Genetics and DNA video
DNA HISTORY



An experiment in 1928 by Frederick
Griffith:
He removed DNA from one type of
bacteria & put it into a 2nd type of
bacteria.
The 2nd bacteria took on the
characteristics of the 1st bacteria.
Page 31
QUESTION # 1
WHAT DID GRIFFITH’S
EXPERIMENT INDICATE ABOUT
DNA?
Page 31
AND THE ANSWER IS….
DNA CARRIES THE GENETIC
INFORMATION THAT DICTATES AN
ORGANISMS CHARACTERISTICS.
Page 31
THE STRUCTURE OF DNA
•In 1953, James Watson
and Francis Crick were
accredited to
discovering the
structure of DNA.
•Watson, Crick, and
Maurice Wilkins were
awarded the Nobel Prize
for Physiology and
But should they have
Medicine in 1962.
received the credit???
Rosalind Franklin
•Franklin
refined the technique
of X-ray crystallography to study
DNA and produced the famous
photo 51.
•From photo 51 she determined
that DNA had to be a double
helix.
•Her partner, Maurice Wilkins,
shared photo 51 with Watson &
Crick, who published the results
before Franklin.
•Franklin died in 1958.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rjW-dZBPCsQ&feature=related
chromosomes which are
located in the nucleus
Its shape is a twisted double
helix
• DNA is genetic
material that carries
information about an
organism and is
passed from parent
to offspring.
(Blueprint of life)
• Found in the nucleus
of cells.
• Tightly coiled DNA
makes chromatin &
chromatin makes
chromosomes.
•Every organism’s DNA is
different except clones &
identical twins.
•DNA contains the genetic
code of the organism - the
instructions that tell the
cell and the whole living
thing what proteins to
produce. The proteins that
a cell makes control what
that cell does - the cell's
function. This code is
based on the code from
that organism's parents.
DNA is made of
chemical building
blocks called
nucleotides. These
building blocks are
made of three parts:
a phosphate group, a
sugar group and one
of four types of
nitrogen bases. To
form a strand of DNA,
nucleotides are linked
into chains, with the
phosphate and sugar
groups alternating.
The structure of DNA is a
twisted double helix (twisted
ladder).
page 36
•
There are two kinds of
nitrogen-containing bases purines and pyrimidines.
•
Purines:
•
Adenine and Guanine
•
Purines are the larger of the
two types of bases found in
DNA
•
Pyrimidines:
•
Cytosine and Thymine
•
Adenine and guanine are
found in both DNA and RNA
Nitrogen Bases
•
Adenine always pairs with
Thymine
A-T
or
T-A
Cytosine always pairs with
Guanine
G-C
or
C-G
To Do Today
Mon Nov 19
Complete video questions- photo 51
Complete DNA extraction lab and handout
----* turn in*--Complete pg 18- ID Genetic material
Complete pg 19- Structure of DNA
Complete pg 20- Concept map
Warm Up- pick up concept map
copy slide on onto back of concept
map handout
Page 21-back of There are two kinds of nitrogencontaining bases - purines and
concept map
pyrimidines.
Nitrogen Purines:
Bases •Adenine and Guanine
•Purines are the larger of the
two types of bases found in
DNA
Pyrimidines:
•Cytosine and Thymine
•Adenine and guanine are
found in both DNA and RNA
Agenda
Organize
notebook
Check work
Tue Nov 20
Warm Up
1. Describe the 3 parts of a DNA nucleotide
phosphate group, a sugar and a nitrogen base A, T, G, C
2. Suppose a strand of DNA has the nucleotide
sequence C C A G A T T G. What is
G G T C TAA C
complementary strand?
Wed Nov 21
To Do Today
Complete checking assignments
Notebook organized
Review Practice Quiz
•
Adenine always pairs with
Thymine
A-T
or
T-A
Cytosine always pairs with
Guanine
G-C
or
C-G
WATSON &
CRICK
AMOUNT OF
BASE PAIRS
PURINE
FRANKLIN
& WILKINS
DOUBLE
HELIX
REPLICATION
PYRAMIDINE
DNA
PLOYMERASE
NITROGEN
BASE
handout
PHOSPHATE
5 CARBON SUGAR
5
Agenda
Tue
Nov
29
Review puzzle due at end of period
Finish
notes on DNA replication
Handout activity
Warm Up - page 38
What is the complementary strand of the following RNA strand:
5' GCACGUUUACCGA 3' ?
a) 3' AUGCGUUUACCGA 3'
b) 3' CGUGCAAUGGCU 5'
c) 3' AGCCAUUUGCGUA 5'
d) 3' TACGCAAATGGCT 5'
e) none of the above.
Homework: Puzzle and handout due Wednesday
7
How DNA decides our traits…
•A gene, is a section of the DNA strand
that gives the code for one protein.
•The proteins coded for in each gene
dictate how an organism will develop:
regulate cell processes, construct
muscle & bone, fight diseases…
Protein Synthesis
 The production (synthesis) of
polypeptide chains (proteins)
 Two phases:
Transcription & Translation
 mRNA must be processed before
it leaves the nucleus of eukaryotic
cells
2
DNA
RNA
Protein
DNA
Transcription
mRNA
Ribosome
Translation
Protein
Prokaryotic Cell
3
DNA
RNA
Protein
Nuclear
membrane
DNA
Transcription
Eukaryotic
Cell
Pre-mRNA
RNA Processing
mRNA
Ribosome
Translation
Protein
4
AntiParallel
Strands of
DNA
14
First We Need
RNA
Ribose Nucleic Acid
 Similar to DNA but:
 smaller and single stranded
 The sugar is ribose instead of
deoxyribose
 Contains all the same bases
except thymine is replaced with
uracil (so RNA has G, C, A, U)

Agenda
Tue Dec 6
Make sure DNA fingerprinting Act. Is complete and
turned in
Notes on Transcription and Translation (RNA)
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=983lhh20rGY
Warm Up page42
Why do you think protein synthesis
research has been focused to
prokaryotes rather than eukaryotes?
Homework- Any missing work next Fri Dec 16
There are 3 kinds of RNA
used in protein synthesis:
•mRNA (messenger RNA)
•rRNA (ribosomal RNA)
•tRNA (transfer RNA)
Now that we know about DNA and RNA we can learn
Protein Synthesis.
Protein Synthesis is the process
of making a protein from DNA.
It has 2 parts: Transcription and
Translation.
Transcription- (scribe)
•The synthesis of
mRNA from a DNA
blueprint.
•This occurs in the
nucleus, then the
mRNA travels out of
the nucleus.
Translation
information in the
mRNA is translated by a
ribosome (made of rRNA),
who “reads” it.
o Transfer RNA (tRNA)
enters the ribosome to drop
off an amino acid.
oA chain of amino acids then
exits the ribosome and folds
into a protein.
oThe
How does the tRNA match up to the mRNA:
Codon & Anticodon

CODON: three
consecutive nucleotides
in mRNA. Each codon
codes for a single amino
acid.

ANTICODON: three
consecutive nucleotides
in tRNA that pair to a
codon.
copy
DNA
Replication
DNA
Transcription
Protein
Synthesis
RNA
Translation
Protein
How DNA determines
everything in our body.
Transcription
Translation
28
The mRNA is
read by
sections of 3
letters called
Codons.
Start & Stop Codons
 START
CODON= tells the
ribosome to start translating
the mRNA.
 STOP
CODON= tells the
ribosome to stop translating
the mRNA.
Protein Synthesis
Messenger RNA (mRNA)
o Carries the information for a specific
protein
o Made up of 500 to 1000 nucleotides long
o Sequence of 3 bases called codon
o AUG – methionine or start codon
o UAA, UAG, or UGA – stop codons
40
Messenger RNA (mRNA)
start
codon
mRNA
A U G G G C U C C A U C G G C G C A U A A
codon 1
protein
methionine
codon 2
glycine
codon 3
serine
codon 4
isoleucine
codon 5
glycine
codon 6
alanine
codon 7
stop
codon
Primary structure of a protein
aa1
aa2
aa3
peptide bonds
aa4
aa5
aa6
41
Transfer RNA (tRNA)
o Made up of 75 to 80 nucleotides long
o Picks up the appropriate amino acid floating
in the cytoplasm
o Transports amino acids to the mRNA
o Have anticodons that are complementary to
mRNA codons
o Recognizes the appropriate codons on the
mRNA and bonds to them with H-bonds
42
Transfer RNA (tRNA)
amino acid
attachment site
methionine
U A
amino acid
C
anticodon
43
Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
o Made up of rRNA is
100 to 3000
nucleotides long
o Made inside the
nucleus of a cell
o Associates with
proteins to form
ribosomes
44
Ribosomes
o Made of a large and small subunit
o Composed of rRNA (40%) and proteins
(60%)
o Have two sites for tRNA attachment --P and A
45
Ribosomes
Large
subunit
P
Site
A
Site
mRNA
Small subunit
A U G
C
U
A C U U C G
46
Translation
Synthesis of proteins in the cytoplasm
Involves the following:
1. mRNA (codons)
2. tRNA (anticodons)
3. ribosomes
4. amino acids
47
Translation
Three steps:
1. initiation: start codon (AUG)
2. elongation: amino acids linked
3. termination: stop codon (UAG,
UAA, or UGA).
Let’s Make a Protein !
48
mRNA Codons Join the
Ribosome
Large
subunit
P
Site
A
Site
mRNA
A U G
Small subunit
C
U
A C U U C G
49
Initiation
aa2
aa1
2-tRNA
1-tRNA
anticodon
hydrogen
bonds
U A C
A U G
codon
G A U
C
U
A C U U C G A
mRNA
50
Elongation
peptide bond
aa1
aa3
aa2
3-tRNA
1-tRNA
anticodon
hydrogen
bonds
U A C
A U G
codon
2-tRNA
G A A
G A U
C U A C U U C G A
mRNA
51
aa1
peptide bond
aa3
aa2
1-tRNA
3-tRNA
U A C
(leaves)
2-tRNA
A U G
G A A
G A U
C U A C U U C G A
mRNA
Ribosomes move over one codon
52
aa1
peptide bonds
aa4
aa2
aa3
4-tRNA
2-tRNA
A U G
G A U
C U A
3-tRNA
G C U
G A A
C U U C G A A C U
mRNA
53
peptide bonds
aa1
aa4
aa2
aa3
2-tRNA
4-tRNA
G A U
(leaves)
3-tRNA
A U G
C
U
A
G C U
G A A
C U U C G A A C U
mRNA
Ribosomes move over one codon
54
peptide bonds
aa1
aa5
aa2
aa3
aa4
5-tRNA
U G A
3-tRNA
G C
U
4-tRNA
G A A G C U
A C U U C G A
A C U
mRNA
55
peptide bonds
aa1
aa5
aa2
aa3
aa4
5-tRNA
U G A
3-tRNA
G A
G C
A
U
4-tRNA
A
C U
G C U
U C G A
A C U
mRNA
Ribosomes move over one codon
56
aa4
aa5
aa199
aa3 primary
structure
of a protein
aa2
Termination
aa200
aa1
terminator
or stop
codon
200-tRNA
A C
U
C A
U G U
U
U A G
mRNA
57
End Product –The Protein!
n The end products of protein synthesis is a
primary structure of a protein
n A sequence of amino acid bonded together
by peptide bonds
aa2
aa1
aa3
aa4
aa5
aa199
aa200
58
SUMMARY OF PROTEIN SYNTHESIS





A section of DNA opens
Free floating nucleotides connect up to one side of the
DNA making mRNA (Transcription).
The mRNA travels out of the nucleus & into the
cytoplasm.
A ribosome “reads” the mRNA and pairs the codon of
mRNA with the anticodon of tRNA, which drops off
amino acids to make a chain. (Translation)
The chain of amino acids exits the ribosome and folds
up = protein!
Agenda
Wed Dec 7
1. Protein Synthesis activity
2. Protein Synthesis Worksheet
3. What is your DNA analysis? Activity
Warm Up page42
Which RNA are codons and anticodons
attached to?
Homework- Quiz Friday
Any missing work next Fri Dec 16
Fri
Dec 9
2. Unlike DNA, RNA contains
a. the sugar deoxyribose
uracil
c. a phosphate group
Home work: None
b. the nitrogen base
d. nucleotides
Amino Acid
Shape & Color
Amino Acid
Shape & Color
Lysine
Orange Square
Valine
Blue Triangle
Asparagine
White Diamond
Alanine
Red Star
Arginine
Blue Circle
STOP
Red Octagon
Serine
Red Triangle
Tryosine
Yellow Triangle
Isolucine
Green rectangle
Trytophan
White triangle
Methionine
Yellow square
Cysteine
Brown Oval
Threonine
Green star
Leucine
Pink square
Glutamic Acid
Purple Circle
Phenylanine
Pink circle
Aspartic Acid
Black diamond
Glutamine
Purple rectangle
Glycine
White oval
Histidine
Red circle
Proline
Brown Triangle
Proteins
Proteins
are made of 20 different
amino acids.
The sequence of amino acids
varies between each protein, and
tells it how to fold, giving the
protein its shape.
What if something goes wrong in coding?

MUTATIONS (an error in DNA)

CAN OCCUR WITH JUST A SINGLE BASE PAIR
CHANGE.
SUBSTITUTION- when a TA pair is
replaced by a GC pair in DNA.
-If it occurs in a specific location, for
instance, in the CFTR gene, it will cause cystic
fibrosis.
 BASE DELETIONS & INSERTIONS- when
base pairs are added or removed from the
gene.
 BASE


MUTATIONS OCCUR DURING DNA REPLICATION.
MUTATIONS (an error in DNA)

USUALLY THE ERROR IS EDITED OUT BY THE
DNA POLYMERASE (proof-reader), AND FIXED BY
THE REPAIR ENZYMES.

MUTAGENS- An environmental factor that damages
DNA and are most likely to blame for mutations.
EX: ultra violet rays & chemicals in cigarette smoke
nuclear radiation
Mutation is the alteration of DNA sequence, whether it
be in a small way by the alteration of a single base pair,
or whether it be a gross event such as the gain or loss of
an entire chromosome. It may be caused through the
action of damaging chemicals, or radiation, or through
the errors inherent in the DNA replication and repair
reactions. One consequence may be genetic disease.
However, although in the short term mutation may seem
to be a BAD THING, in the long term it is essential to
our existence. Without mutation there could be no
change and without change life cannot evolve. If it had
not been for mutation the world would still be covered
in primeval slime!
WHAT IS DNA MADE UP OF?


NUCLEOTIDES STRUNG TOGETHER IN A
PARTICULAR ORDER.
Each nucleotide contains :
Deoxyribose (5- carbon
sugar)
Phosphate
Nitrogen base
-Adenine
-Guanine
-Thymine
-Cytosine
HOW IS THE STRUCTURE OF
DNA ORGANIZED




The sides of the DNA “ladder” are alternating
sugar (deoxyribose) and phosphate.
The steps (rungs) of the DNA “ladder” are the
pairs of nitrogen bases.
adenine always pairs with thymine (A-T)
cytosine always pairs with guanine (G-C)
GIVEN THE FOLLOWING:
ADENINE CYTOSINE THYMINE ADENINE GUANINE GUANINE CYTOSINE THYMINE -
STATE WHAT NITROGEN
BASE WOULD PAIR WITH
THESE NITROGEN BASES.
AND THE ANSWER IS…
ADENINE CYTOSINE –
THYMINE ADENINE GUANINE GUANINE CYTOSINE –
THYMINE -
THYMINE
GUANINE
ADENINE
THYMINE
CYTOSINE
CYTOSINE
GUANINE
ADENINE
OR
A–T
C–G
T–A
A–T
G–C
G–C
C–G
T- A
Replication
DNA
Transcription
RNA
Translation
Protein
How DNA determines
everything in our body.
DNA REPLICATION
http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/0072507470/student_view0/chapter3/animation__dna_replication__quiz_1_.html
DNA REPLICATION

Before a cell can divide
(mitosis) it must make an
exact copy of its DNA
(interphase).

If it doesn’t make an
exact copy you could end
up with a nose coming
out of your ear!!!
DNA Replication is how
DNA makes more of itself.
Enzymes aid in this
process.
What is an ENZYME??
An enzyme is a complex protein that
speeds up a reaction
There are 2 important enzymes used
in DNA replication
Polymerase
Helicase
HELICASE:
unzips
the DNA molecule
POLYMERASE:
Bonds the
complementary
nucleotides that are
floating around in the
nucleus to the
existing DNA strand
Making a new DNA is like making a new
zipper by using the old zipper as a
model. A zipper is a little simpler than
DNA because a zipper only has one kind
of tooth, and DNA has four (A, T, C, G).
The first thing the DNA does is unwind, then
it un-zips to pull the two strands apart.
What helps it unzip?
The REPLICATION
FORK is the point
at which the chains
separate.
HELICASE!!!
•There are free floating
nucleotides in the nucleus.
•Because the nitrogen
bases fit together only in
specific pairs, the free
nucleotides line up in the
proper order all by
themselves!
•Polymerase bonds the
paired bases to make exact
copies of the DNA.
And when this is done, there are two exact
DNA molecules! Each with one old strand and
one new strand!
Do you see how the new DNA strands are
exact copies of old strands?
Summary of DNA Replication :
1. DNA is unzipped by helicase and the two strands
are exposed. The REPLICATION FORK is the
point at which the chains separate.
2. Free floating nucleotides come over and properly
line up (attach) with their partner (A with T, and G
with C).
3. Polymerase bonds the paired bases together.
4. The result is two exact daughter molecules of
DNA, each with one old strand and one new strand.
Agenda
DNA
Wed Nov 30
extraction activity-due at end of
period
Complete and turn in handouts – puzzle
and
replication – due at end of period.
Warm Up - page 38
If the sequence of bases on one side of a DNA
molecule is TTAGCCT, the correct sequence of the
letters on the complementary side of the DNA
molecule is:
A. AGGCTAA
C. AGGCTAA
B. AATCCGA
D. AATCGGA
How DNA determines traits…
•A gene is a section of the DNA
strand that gives the code for one
protein.
•The proteins coded for in genes
dictate how an organism will develop,
regulate cell processes, construct
muscle & bone, fight diseases…
RNA
 Ribonucleic Acid
 Similar
to DNA but:
 Single stranded
 Sugar is ribose instead of
deoxyribose
 Contains same bases except
thymine is replaced with uracil
(so RNA has G, C, A, U)
There are 3 types of RNA:
•mRNA (messenger RNA) – carries code
out of the nucleus
•tRNA (transfer RNA) – reads code and
carries amino acids to mRNA
•rRNA (ribosomal RNA) – part of
structure of a ribosomal
HOW IS THE STUDY OF DNA
BEING USED TODAY?

PHARMACUTICAL BIOTECHNOLOGY
Uses bacteria to produce medicines &
enzymes for food production.
-Chymosin (used to make cheese)
-Insulin
-Vaccines
-Identifies new potential medicines

AGRICULTURAL BIOTECHNOLOGY
Introduces new traits into plants for specific
benefits.
-growing plants with more nutrients
-plants being more resistant to pests
-grow more food on less land

TO HELP THE ENVIRNONMENT
-fewer chemical applications
-reduced killing of beneficial insects
-less need to add fertilizers
-reduced chemical runoff in lakes &
streams.
-decreased soil erosion

INDUSTRIAL BIOTECHNOLOGY
-Oil-eating bacteria
-Biodegradable plastic
-Silk
-Vitamins

DNA FINGERPRINTING
Technique used to identify individuals
IN CLOSING




DNA contains the instructions for making an
organism, including YOU!!!!
Your DNA determines how you look, what blood
type you have, even your tendency to get some
diseases.
Each chromosome contains a strand of DNA
Almost every cell in your body contains the same
DNA & same genes.
QUESTION #3
WHAT CELLS IN YOUR BODY DO
NOT CONTAIN ALL OF YOUR
DNA.
AND THE ANSWER IS…
YOUR GAMETES (only have half)
AND MATURE RED BLOOD
CELLS (don’t have any).