1(15)
Comments on the comparison of household
disposable income in the National Accounts and
Income Statistics, 2001
Adjustments have been made to groups of variables to facilitate comparisons
between different types of income and transfers.
The figures refer to sections and lines in the detailed tables (table 2).
Factor income, salaries and wages
I1
Gross salary according to statements of earnings
This mainly includes payments of the type on which the employer/person
making the salary payment shall pay national social insurance contributions.
Certain taxable payments, on which social insurance contributions are not
payable, are shown as salary. This applies to gross salaries that, during the
year, have not exceeded SEK 1 000 per recipient, and salaries paid to persons
who, at the start of the year, were 65 years or older. For those over 65 years a
special tax is paid on salaries. Compensation paid for one-day duty travel,
i.e. duty travel that has not included overnight accommodation is regarded as
salary. The same applies to subsistence allowances and compensation for
business trips made in one’s own car which exceed the standard deductible
amount. Sick pay paid by the employer is also shown here. Compensation for
travel between one’s home and working place is normally placed on an equal
footing as salary. Redundancy payments, paid by employers on the cessation
of employment, are shown here, as are payments of funds from holiday
funds. Benefits that arise from the allotment of shares (share options for
management and personnel), and which are linked to conditions of employment and assessed as earned income, are regarded as cash payments. The
total amount of the above mentioned components is shown on the statement
of earnings and the value is included in its entirety in calculations of the total
amount of salaries and wages.
I2
Difference, declaration of statements of earnings
Income Statistics: Incomes from salaries and wages as given in line 1 are
measured as the amount declared, which consists of gross salaries and wages
according to the statement of earnings. Normally the declared amount is
higher than that shown on the statement of earnings.
I3
Salaries and wages from abroad
National Accounts: An amount is added for salaries received by Swedish
households from foreign producers, on the basis of information supplied by
the Bank of Sweden. Provided that the foreign payment is taxable in Sweden,
but is not included on the statement of earnings, the amount can normally be
found in the Income Statistics under section I line 2 as salary not included in
the statement of earnings.
2(15)
I4
Wage guarantees
National Accounts: Salaries and wages disbursed as a result of the government wage guarantee in bankruptcies under the Wage Guarantee Act
(1992:497) are included in the statements of earnings as salaries paid by
government agencies. Since the guarantee is financed by a statutory social
insurance contribution, these payments are regarded in the National Accounts as transfers to households in the form of social benefits, see section
V1 line 12. Therefore a deduction is made from the total amount of salaries
and wages derived from the statements of earnings.
I5
Benefits according to statements of earnings
This includes the total value of other taxable benefits than salaries and wages, for example the benefit derived from a free or a partly free car, food,
housing, vacation homes, telephones, free newspapers or interest benefits.
The benefits are valued at market value and a deduction made for what the
employee has paid for the benefit via his/her net salary.
National Accounts: The taxable value of the benefit is included in its entirety
in the National Accounts salary and wage calculations. Where car allowance
is concerned, the taxable value stipulated in the tax reform of 1991 corresponds to the value derived from the benefit. Amendments to the rules as a
consequence of political decisions have led to amounts being added to the
taxable benefit value from 1997 onwards. In 2001 the additional amount was
SEK 1 568 million, see section I line 10.
I6
Cash compensation without corresponding costs
Income Statistics: Compensation for costs paid by employers is in certain
cases higher than the costs for which deductions have been made.
I7
Correction for airlines
National Accounts: Sweden owns three-sevenths of an airline, SAS, but this
is not always taken into account in the wage concept used in the statements
of earnings. Deviations between the statements of earnings and threesevenths of the company’s payroll are added as a correction item.
I9
“Black” wages
National Accounts: All economic activity in the country shall be reflected in
the National Accounts. This means that income from the informal sector, socalled “black” income, shall also be included. The total extent of “black”
work is mainly based on built-in reconciliation facilities in the National Accounts system, where income and expenditure shall, in principle, be equal.
For assessments of the structure of the informal sector in different subsectors etc, the study of the informal sector made in 1997 by the Swedish
National Audit Office (RRV) has been used to a certain extent (RRV
1997:59, 1998:28, 29 and 36 and a summary in English, RRV 1998:61).
RRV defines “black” work as “work carried out for payment but, although it
shall be taxed, is not declared to the tax authorities.” The RRV has used a
combination of methods to describe black work. In order to obtain an overall
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picture, an indirect approach has been used, based on data obtained from the
National Accounts. This has been combined with two direct methods: a qualitative measure, and a quantitative measure in which different parties have
been asked about their black activities. The quantitative method consisted of
more than 2 200 interviews, in which the persons questioned stated whether
they had worked black, how they had done so, and the sector in which the
work was done, as well as the amount of work and the payment received.
The qualitative study was based on in-depth interviews made at six places in
Sweden.
The RRV drew the following conclusions in respect of 1997:
- 11 to 14 percent of the population between 18 and 74 years worked black
- The black work amounted to at least 160 million working hours
- The individuals who worked black:
- received on average SEK 25 000 in black payments
- worked on average 5 hours black each week
- received an average hourly payment of SEK 112
Exchanges of services were not included in the study. It must also be said
that the purpose of the RRV’s study was not primary to produce statistics
that described the black sector.
The RRV established that the relative focus of the informal sector is on small
enterprises. The study also provided certain information on sector breakdowns of black work and a breakdown between entrepreneurs and employees. With this as a point of departure, the National Accounts have made a
detailed breakdown of the number of black working hours by sector, and
broken down by entrepreneur and employees in non-financial enterprises and
personal enterprises respectively. According to the estimates, black work is
mainly to be found in non-financial enterprises with 1-9 employees and in all
partnerships and personal enterprises. In financial companies there is, in
principle, no black work. The information in Statistics Sweden’s business
database has formed the basis of the estimates of the proportion of employees in small enterprises (1-9 employees).
Based on the RRV’s calculations, the National Accounts calculated the value
of black wages at SEK 13.9 billion in 2001.
I 10
Additional amounts, car allowances
National Accounts: The taxable value of the benefits are included in their
entirety in the National Accounts’ salaries and wages calculations. Where car
benefits are concerned, the taxable value corresponds to that stipulated in the
tax reform of 1991 as the value derived from the use of the car. Amendments
to the rules as a consequence of political decisions have led to amounts being
added to the taxable benefit value in 1997 and following years. In 2001 the
additional amount was SEK 1 568 million, see section I line 5.
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I 11
Income from partnerships
Income statistics: Incomes from partnerships are included in income from
business activity.
National Accounts: According to the international guidelines, SNA and ESA,
institutional units that have complete bookkeeping, independence in decision-making processes, and are independent legal units and market producers
should be included in the business sector. This applies to Swedish partnerships and limited partnerships which are classified as quasi companies in the
sector non-financial enterprises in Statistics Sweden’s business database.
According to SNA and ESA, earned income of owners of quasi companies
shall be registered as salaries and wages. The same approach is reflected in
the Swedish tax rules which have the effect that, in general, only the partners’ share of capital gains on property or tenant-owner rights shall be taxed
under capital. Other incomes are taxed as earned incomes. The partners’ income from partnerships is therefore classified in its entirety in the National
Accounts as salaries and wages.
I 12
Leasing of PCs
National Accounts: Legislation was introduced in 1997 that enabled employees to borrow computers from their employers. The aim of the legislation
was to improve general computer skills in Sweden. The arrangement led to
an additional amount being included in statements of earnings from 1998
onwards. The employees contribute to the financing of the leasing through a
deduction being made to their salaries before employer’s contribution and
tax in calculated. Technically, from the taxation perspective, this is a question of a reduction in wages. Hence tax relief is motivated. However, in the
National Accounts, the leasing of computer equipment by employees is treated as a transaction between the enterprises that lease the equipment and
households. The financing is done through an imputed salary benefit via the
employer. The statements of earnings report the salaries and wages after the
deduction has been made, which motivates an additional amount from 1998
onwards.
Income statistics: The benefit cannot be estimated due to a lack of data.
I 13
Salaries paid to foreign countries according to statements of earnings
National Accounts: Salaries that enterprises based in Sweden pay to persons
living abroad are included in the National Accounts. To calculate the salaries
received by Swedish households salaries paid to foreign countries are subtracted.
Income Statistics: These wages are not included in the estimates since persons living abroad are not part of the population.
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I 14
Compensation to sportsmen
Income Statistics: Payments to sportsmen are included as a part of ”other
taxable payments which are not pensionable”. These are to be found in the
Income Statistics as positive transfers, see section 5 line 24.
National Accounts: Payments to sportsmen refer to payments from nonprofit organisations, exempted from tax, whose main purpose is to promote
sports activities and where the payments do not exceed 50% of a basic
amount per recipient and year. If the payment is larger, the payment is reported as a cash payment and benefit.
I 15
Salaries and wages for national servicemen
Income Statistics: Payments to national servicemen are found under positive
transfers, see section 5 line 26 and 27 and section 6 line 19.
National Accounts: In the National Accounts, national servicemen are regarded as employees in the armed forces. However, their salaries and wages
are not included on the statements of earnings. Therefore an amount for national servicemen’s salaries and wages is added, based on information from
the government accounting system at the National Financial Management
Authority.
1 16
Military catering
Income Statistics: Military catering is not included.
National Accounts: To make it consistent with the salaries and wages of national servicemen, the value of military catering is treated as a benefit in kind
for national servicemen. The source is the National Financial Management
Authority.
Factor income, operating surpluses/income from business activity
II 1
Declarable income
This item consists of the sum of self-employed persons income from Income
Statistics (cf. II 3) and income from hobby activities (cf. II 4) adjusted for
differences in income concepts for instance sick pay (cf. II 5), interests on
loans in business activity and social contributions by self-employed to social
insurance schemes.
II 2
“Black” mixed income
National Accounts: Mixed income for self-employed persons in the NA is, as
the term indicates, a mixture of wage and profit concepts. It consists of incomes less consumption less the net of production taxes and subsidies. Black
mixed income consists of income to self-employed persons not declared or
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6(15)
statistically covered. The item is made up of the difference between the total
income to households, estimated as total GDP at factor prices less factor income attributed to other sectors, and the sum of households wages and salaries (including black wages) and declared income of self-employed persons
(cf. II 1).
II 3
Income from business activity - self-employed firms
Income Statistics: The income consists of declared income of business activities according to the tax assessment - a net concept. To improve comparability, income from business activity has been broken down into income from
self-employed firms and partnerships respectively (line 7).
II 4
Income from hobby activities etc.
Income Statistics: Income from hobby activities refers to profitable activities
of a permanent or temporary nature on which general insurance contributions
are payable. Examples of hobby activities are arts and crafts, market gardening, animal breeding, bee-keeping, cultural activities and equestrian sports.
In addition the following payments are included:
- Payment for work that has been performed in Sweden for foreign
employers who do not have a fixed base in Sweden,
- Payment for work done for foreign employers in countries with which
Sweden does not have a social insurance agreement and which are not
members of EU/EEC,
- Fees or royalties for isolated artistic, literary, scientific etc work, where
there are no terms of employment,
- Research scholarships given by the European Communities (Marie
Curie scholarship) paid directly to the scholar from abroad,
- Payment for employment which is less than SEK 10 000 per payer and
where the payer is a person or estate and the payment is not a payment in
the payer’s business.
II 5
Sick pay to self-employed
Income Statistics: Income from business activity is reduced by the sick pay
etc received, which is treated instead as a positive transfer, section 5 line 17.
II 6
Operating surplus, owner-occupied property
National Accounts: This refers to owner-occupied houses and holiday houses. Property tax is deducted from the value added for these houses, which is
estimated within the framework of the National Accounts’ calculations of
GNP from the production side, and the value of other subsidies is added according to information received from the National Financial Management
Authority. Capital depreciation is calculated in a model based on information
from property taxation and property price statistics. In the model linear depreciation is applied over 75 years for owner-occupied houses and 65 years
for holiday houses. The proportion of owner-occupied houses of all houses
and holiday houses has been put at 93%. This proportion is based on information received from property taxation.
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II 8
Income from partnerships
National Accounts: Income from partnerships is included in income from
salaries and wages, see section 1 line 11.
II 9
Total income from business activity, income statistics
Income Statistics: The concept is a tax assessment concept in the income and
wealth statistics. In the household economy survey, entrepreneur incomes are
refined with the aid of information from the standardised accounting extracts.
Consideration is given to deficits from business activities. Earlier activities
which have reduced the year’s surplus are reintroduced. In addition pension
savings and journeys to and from the workplace that have affected the outcome are also included.
Factor income, capital
III 1
Interest income
Income Statistics: Interest income under SEK 100 per income tax return and
financial institution is not included since it is not taxable and therefore not to
be found in statements of earnings.
National Accounts: Interest earned and paid on money deposited and borrowed is estimated preliminarily with the aid of the average loan stock and
interest rates for different credit institutions. The loans are broken down into
Swedish and foreign currencies. Household non-profit organisations constitute a separate category and therefore estimated interest paid and earned on
their loans and deposits has been excluded in the comparison. Interest on
charge cards is not included.
III 2
Share dividends
National Accounts: There are no statistics on household share dividends, and
therefore the National Accounts use different methods to make calculations.
The information on household ownership of Swedish shares quoted on the
stock exchange and of mutual funds do exist and households are attributed
the same proportion of the total dividends as their proportion of ownership of
the total stock. Reinvested dividends are also included in the dividends on
mutual funds. The household non-profit organisations’ ownership of Swedish shares quoted on the stock exchange is available and therefore it has
been possible to estimate and exclude dividends for these organisations.
III 3
Interest, securities
The difference between the National Accounts and the Income Statistics is
probably mainly due to different accounting principles. Interest income on
securities received by households consists mostly of interest on so-called
zero coupons.
National Accounts: According to the international guidelines in ESA 95,
interest on zero coupons shall be reported when they have matured. Accrued
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interest on National Debt Office borrowing of a zero coupon character is
reported to the National Accounts. Interest on private bonds is calculated.
Income Statistics: The interest is reported when payment is made, i.e. at maturity. These statements of earnings refer to matured interest.
III 4
Difference, declarations of statements of income
Income Statistics: There are no statements of earnings for some declared
interest and dividends. This has the effect that a residual item arises between
declared income and statements of income. The amount can refer to the interest received from private persons who are not liable to submit statements
of income, interest on certain securities and share dividends from close companies. Here yields on zero coupon bonds are also included.
III 5
Comparison National Accounts - Income Statistics
Income Statistics: Declared amounts of income interests, share dividends and
such like, excluding interest subsidies.
III 6
Letting of private housing
Income Statistics: The value refers to payments for private property, private
houses and hired apartments that are let. The sale of products and natural
assets from private property is also included. The declared amount is reduced, partly by SEK 4 000 and partly of 20% of the rental income received
for private properties or by the rental income received for tenant-owned
apartments or hired apartments.
III 7
Positive interest distribution
Income Statistics: Positive interest distribution consists of a transfer of a
standard estimated capital yield from business activity to capital. The transfer
may be made when there is a positive capital activity of more than SEK 50
000. It has the effect that the yield is not taxed on the basis of the progressive
tax scale which applies to income or business. It also means that the amount
transferred is not included in the data for calculations of general insurance
contributions, special wage tax and general pension contributions.
National Accounts: Interest distribution is not calculated.
III 8
Capital gains
Income Statistics: Capital gains include the taxable gains remaining after any
simultaneous capital losses have been deducted.
National Accounts: Capital gains and losses are not included by definition in
the National Accounts’ income concept.
III 9
Total capital income, income statistics
Income Statistics: The yield on capital only includes positive capital yields.
Interest expenses and capital losses etc are defined as consumption and are
thus not included in the disposable income.
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III 10
Yields, premium bonds
Income Statistics: Yields on premium bonds are not included (analogous
with lottery prizes).
National Accounts: Yields are regarded as interest income for households
and interest expenditure for government.
III 11
Property income attributed to insurance policyholders, gross
National Accounts: Property income attributed to insurance policyholders
amount to SEK 51.6 billion in 2001. The capital yield refers only to direct
returns i.e. operating net on properties, interest net and dividends. Capital
gains and losses are not included. Under ESA 95 all direct yields that can be
referred to reserves belonging to insurance policy holders can be shown as
accruing to the policyholders. Only yields on private pension savings remain
in the household sector and are included in household disposable income.
Direct returns on other types of insurances are reinvested by the policyholders in the insurance companies. See section VIII line 1.
III 15
Interest expenditure, including interest subsidies
National Accounts: Here interest on loans from different types of credit institutions is included. The interest payments of personal entrepreneurs are included. Interest is estimated preliminarily on the basis of the credit institutions’ rates of interest for different types of loans and average loan stocks.
Interest expenditure for household non-profit organisations is estimated and
deducted.
Income Statistics: Private interest expenditure is not included in the income
concept. The interest paid by entrepreneurs has, however, reduced income
from business activity, see section 2 line 3.
III 16
Interest on study loans
National Accounts: The information refers to interest, including capitalised
interest.
Income Statistics: Income on study loans is not included in the income concept. Repayment of loans is given, however, as transfer expenditure, see section 8 line 7.
Factor income, payments from close companies
IV
Certain payments from close companies etc.
Income Statistics: Declared benefits for owners of close companies that are
not wages or salaries are reported here, for example excess dividends on
shares and transactions between partners and enterprises which have resulted
in a taxable benefit for the owner.
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Taxable positive transfers
V1
Study grants, adult students
Income Statistics: The study grants include the following grants: special
adult study support, special education allowance for adult students, educational grants for doctoral students, short-term study support, support for persons with reading and writing difficulties, and Swedish for immigrants.
V3
Education grants
Income Statistics: Payment for participation in certain labour market programmes is included in the education grant.
V9
Child pension
National Accounts: The tax-free part of the child pension is also included.
Income Statistics: The tax-free part is to be found under section 6 line 24.
V 11
Voluntary pensions
National Accounts: The tax-free part of the voluntary pension is also included.
Income Statistics: The tax-free part is to be found under section 6 line 22.
V 13
Occupational pension, central government
Government public utilities are classified in the National Accounts in the
business sector and shall therefore not be included in the occupational pension for central government. The size of the difference indicates that pension
from the government public utilities are included in government pension.
V 15
Occupational pension, private
Income Statistics: All the remaining occupational pension that cannot be
specifically referred to central government or municipalities: white collar
workers supplementary pensions, blue collar workers supplementary pensions, direct pensions from former employers, collective early retirement
pensions, some taxable private pensions and all other occupational pensions.
National Accounts: Occupational pension for employees in the company
sector are included here.
V 17
Sickness insurance
Income Statistics: The following are included under health insurance: sickness benefit, pregnancy benefit, disease carrier benefit, sick pay guarantees,
rehabilitation payment and close relative benefit.
National Accounts: Payments from the National Insurance Boards to households in respect of sickness benefit, rehabilitation, close relative benefit and
industrial injuries are included.
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V 18
Industrial injury insurance
In addition to industrial injury insurance, industrial insurance life annuities
and taxable life annuities are included.
V 24
Other taxable payments, non-pensionable
Income Statistics: Payments are included which do not form the basis of social contributions or the special wage tax. These include, for example, life
annuities, dividends from profit sharing funds, and in certain cases, payments
to sportsmen.
National Accounts: The part that is paid to sportsmen is included in the salaries and wages calculations, see section 1 line 14.
V 26-27
Payment for participation in military exercises and daily
allowance in military refresher courses and civil defence
National Accounts: Is found under national servicemen’s wages (section I
line 15).
V 28
Private pension savings
National Accounts: Premiums to and outcome from private pension insurances are regarded as financial transactions. In the National Accounts, only
direct yields are registered in the insurance reserves (see section III line 11),
and administration services which are included in private consumption.
V 29
Periodic maintenance
Income Statistics: This refers to periodic maintenance based on a court verdict or agreement from a former spouse.
V 30
Difference
Income Statistics: Statistics on transfers have been produced from two data
sources. The structure follows the Household Economy survey, which is
based on a sample, while the variable values have been taken from the Income and Wealth Statistics. The calculations of disposable income in the
Income and Wealth Statistics are based on mixed income with an extra
amount added for tax-free transfers. Since the components included do not
always add up to the assessed amount, a difference arises.
Tax-free positive transfers
VI 2
Study assistance
Income Statistics: Study grants in the upper secondary school and supplementary grants in the upper secondary school are included.
VI 6
Maintenance advances
Income statistics: For the sake of comparability, the maintenance advances
are reported net. Normally maintenance advances received are reported gross
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while maintenance support paid is reported as a negative transfer. Maintenance advances gross amounted to SEK 4.4 billion in 2001.
VI 10
Government payments for personal assistants for the disabled
National Accounts: Government payments for personal assistants for the
disabled go directly to households and are reported as income for households. Since the National Accounts report this expenditure under consumption, the income side must also be taken into consideration.
VI 12
Wage guarantees
National Accounts: Correction for wage guarantee payments, see section I
line 4.
VI 13
Non-life insurance compensation
National Accounts: Net estimated non-life insurance premiums and non-life
insurance compensation affect household disposable income and are reported
in the National Accounts, see section VIII line 2.
VI 14
Transfers from abroad
Transfers from abroad are included by definition in the National Accounts
but not in the Income Statistics. The information is obtained from the Bank
of Sweden.
VI 15
Income supplement, tenant-owned apartments
National Accounts: The additional amount shall correspond to the difference
between charges paid by owners of the tenant-owned apartments and the
estimated cost of living in rented accommodation. The latter amount is
namely also assumed for the tenant-owner. In order to obtain the right level
of savings, an additional amount is added to income.
VI 16-17
Special measures, occupationally disabled and payments to
the disabled
Income Statistics: Special programmes for the disabled and payments for the
disabled are regarded as a pure compensation which does not increase disposable income and are therefore not included.
National Accounts: The above payments are made directly to the households
and are reported as income for these households. Since the National Accounts report the expenditure under consumption, the income side must also
be taken into consideration.
VI 18
Payment to asylum seekers
Income Statistics: Payments to asylum seekers are not included. Persons
without resident permits are not officially registered and thus not included in
the population.
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VI 19
Payments to national servicemen
National Accounts: Payments to national servicemen are treated as wages,
see section I line 15.
V 20
Study loans
Income Statistics: Study loans in the study support system and adult education systems are included. Since the loans are included, the repayment of
study loans is included as a negative transfer, see section VIII line 7.
National Accounts: In the National Accounts study loans are treated as financial transactions and are therefore not included. However, interest expenses are included, see section III line 16.
VI 22-25
Tax-free components of voluntary pensions, life annuities
and pensions, child pensions and sickness benefit
Income Statistics: Income statistics include the tax-free component of pensions, life annuities and sickness benefit etc.
National Accounts: It is not possible to make a classification into tax-free
and taxable components in respect of pensions, life annuities and sickness
benefit and therefore the entire amount is found under taxable transfers. See,
for example, section V line 9, 11 and 17.
Negative transfers, taxes
VII 1-16
The structure follows the calculations made in the National Accounts to arrive at the final tax. Under points 1-8 amounts debited preliminarily are to be
found together with the final reconciliation. Total tax in National Accounts is
obtained through, among other things, the addition of a tax on yields from
investments and a motor vehicle tax. The tax on yields from investments
consists of tax on private pension savings, which, in the National Accounts,
are transferred from insurance companies to households. Vehicle tax is that
part of the vehicle tax which does not refer to commercial traffic.
VII 9
Final tax, Income Statistics
Income Statistics: The point of departure of the tax calculation is the final
tax. Components of the final tax that have already reduced income from
business activity are corrected as shown in lines 19-23.
VII 17
Correction, VAT
Income Statistics: This refers to outgoing VAT for entrepreneurs with a low
turnover who have been debited with VAT as part of their final tax.
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VII 19-22 Correction for property tax, general insurance contributions for the self-employed, general wage charge, special wage tax and
tax on dividends etc
Income Statistics: In order to avoid it being included twice, the final tax is
reduced by the taxes and contributions which have already reduced the result
of business activity. The re-introduction of government property tax refers
only to deductible taxes of the type relating to rented and industrial property.
VII 23
Correction for denomination fee
Income Statistics: The denomination fee shall not reduce the disposable income since it is a voluntary contribution comparable with a membership fee.
VII 18-33
National Accounts: In order to arrive at the final direct tax (line 29), the total
tax is corrected by items which shall be reported under other types of expenditure than income tax, such as VAT, real estate tax, contributions of the
self-employed, general wage charge and special wage tax.
Negative transfers, other
VIII 1
Insurance contribution, occupational pension funds
National Accounts: Property income from occupational pension funds is reinvested into the funds by the insurance policyholders. Property income is
thus not included in household disposable income. See section III line 11.
VIII 2
Non-life insurance premiums
National Accounts: Net calculated non-life insurance premiums and non-life
insurance compensation affect household disposable income and are reported
in the National Accounts, see section VI line 13.
VIII 3
Transfers to foreign countries
Transfers to foreign countries are included by definition in the National Accounts but not in the Income Statistics. The information is obtained from the
Bank of Sweden.
VIII 4
Transfers to central government
National Accounts: Transfers from households to central government consist
mostly of fines and penal charges.
VIII 5
Transfers to non-financial corporations
National Accounts: Includes connection charges for the use of electricity and
heating networks.
VIII 6
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Transfers to municipalities
15(15)
National Accounts: Transfers to municipalities consist of fees for funeral
services to the municipalities (Stockholm and Tranås), which manage the
local cemeteries.
VIII 7
Repaid study loans
Income Statistics: Repaid study loans are reported here as a counterweight to
the transfer income study loans, see section VI line 20.
National Accounts: Only interest on study loans is reported, see section III
line 16.
VIII 8
Difference
Income Statistics: Statistics of transfers have been produced on the basis of
two sources of data. The structure follows the Household Economy survey,
while the variable values are taken from the Income and Wealth Statistics.
The calculation of disposable income in the Income and Wealth Statistics is
based on mixed income with an additional amount included for tax-free
transfers. Since the components included do not always add up to the assessed amount a difference arises.
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