Civil Engineering Dept.
Master Program
Infrastructure planning
and management
Lecture(2)
Instructor : Dr. Abed Al-Majed Nassar
2009-2010
Planning Sequences
•Generic
•Programming and Budgeting
Expected results from Planning
Sequences
1
• How alternative projects are identified and selected
for further examination.
2
• How projects prepared at different times by different
investigators are compared.
3
• How a major project proceeds from preliminary study
through construction and operation.
4
• What should be the scope of various types of studies
and reports.
5
• What are the appropriate methodologies to employ to
produce the details of the studies and reports.
Basic contexts for planning public
works and infrastructure
The planning agency
The responsibility for public infrastructure planning,
development, implementation, and operations and
management, generally rests with an agency that has been
granted statutory authority for a particular type of facility
or system of facilities.
Example
• Early planning may be done in a very broad context by
state or regional planning organizations, with input from
operating agencies. The need for, and the performance of
an infrastructure facility may have wide-ranging impacts
and involve many persons and organizations.
Basic contexts for planning public
works and infrastructure
Global, National, State and local Issue,
Objectives and perspectives
The objectives of a project must be viewed from several
different standpoints, depending on the nature and extent
of the project. Several different contexts may be considered
with geographic or political boundaries: global, national,
state, and local.
Basic contexts for planning public
works and infrastructure
Global Issue
The global context of a major project, plan, or program
of projects may be considered in terms of sustainability
or globalization of the economy.
National Issue
National objectives and concerns are usually expressed in
federal legislation, which affects the actions of agencies
at all levels of government.
Basic contexts for planning public
works and infrastructure
State Issue
State objectives are generally expressed in legislation
paralleling the federal structure, but their financial and
regulatory policies may be tailored to the unique
requirements within each state. State agencies are often
designated as responsible for specific infrastructure
facilities.
Examples
• Department
of
Transportation
is
responsible for a portion of the highways
in the state that are designated by law as
state highways.
Basic contexts for planning public
works and infrastructure
Regional and local Issue
Regional and local objectives, like state objectives, may
target additional concerns. For the transportation sector.
Basic contexts for planning public
works and infrastructure
Performance-Based/Customer/User
Context
Performance-based planning and the use of outcome-driven
performance measures have become increasingly important
for public infrastructure projects. Planners must recognize
and work within the nested set of stakeholders.
Global Economy
Federal
Region
(organization, agencies)
State
Mayor/city
manager
Other
department
Other
department
Solid
waste
Water
supply
Education
Roads
Other
Other
Public works
director
Basic contexts for planning public
works and infrastructure
Organization and Institutional Context
There are more than one institution interesting in one
infrastructure facility.
Example
• In Gaza strip there are many institution
had an interest in water (Municipality,
CMWU, PWA)
Basic contexts for planning public
works and infrastructure
Political Decision-Making Context
In most cases, decisions to provide public physical
infrastructure will be made within the political decisionmaking process. Political decisions are made through the
different funding and regulatory contexts, and through the
decision processes of governing entities such as mayors,
city councils, county executives, governors, state
legislators, and politically appointed agency heads and
boards. For any project, the planner must understand the
political decision-making process that will govern the
implementation of the project.
Project plans..
Physical plans..
Financial plans..
Corporate plans..
Arrangement for
Making Planes
..Turbulence..Competition..Urgency
Pressures
Disenchantment
Uncertainties
Confusion
Arrangement for
Making Policies
Joint planning..
Exploring..
Investigation..
Today’s
Realities
Choosing
Strategically
Vacillation
Uncertainties
Making
Progress
Inconsistency
Arrangement for
Making Decisions
Operational decisions..
Managerial decisions..
Resources decisions..
Enterpreneural decisions..
Pressures
..Complexity..Conflict..Overload
Deciding..
Negotiating..
Intervening..
SOME IMPORTANT PERSPECTIVES
FOR PUBLIC WORKS AND
INFRASTRUCTURE
1
2
3
4
• Objectives and Values Change over Time.
• Infrastructure Planning Involves the Concepts of Systems and a
Holistic Approach to Installation, Operation, and Management.
• The Different Infrastructure Systems Need to Be Integrated.
• Infrastructure Planning Involves Not Only the Provision of the
Physical Plant, but Also Its Operation and Management.
5
• The Planning of Infrastructure Is Vital to the Economic Future
of a Country.
6
• The Infrastructure Is Expensive, so the Planning Process Must
Be Thorough.
7
8
9
10
• Many Different Levels of Government Are Involved.
• There Is a Need for a Strong National Role in Infrastructure
Planning.
• Infrastructure Planning Is an Interdisciplinary Process.
• Public Works Planning Methods Are Based on Scientific, Legal,
Ethical, Judgmental, and Other Concepts.
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
• Many Types of Organizations Employ Infrastructure Planners.
• A Successful Project Frequently Requires the Support of Elected
and Agency Officials.
• Public Participation in Planning Is Vital.
• Projects May Have Multiple Purposes and Multiple Objectives.
• Financial Considerations Are Usually an Important Component
of Infrastructure Planning.
• Many Factors Are Involved in a Successful Project.
• Planning Should Involve a Systematic and Logical Process.
18
• Infrastructure Planning May Involve the Formulation
of Alternative Plans to Meet Different Objectives,
and a Methodology of Trade-offs to Select an
Acceptable Plan.
Environmentally Feasible Plans
Institutionally Feasible Plans
Economically Feasible Plans
Politically Feasible Plans
Socially Feasible Plans
The set of feasible alternatives
Financially Feasible Plans
Legally Feasible Plans
Technically Feasible Plans
19
• Planning Objectives and Constraints Should Be
Identified and Considered Together.
Study
authority
Planning
objectives
Continuum of values, idea,
concerns, facts, data, etc.
Public
“IS it so?”
“Does anyone
care?”
Criteria
-Federal interest.
-Corps mission
-Budget priority
-Others
Technical experts
Problems &
opportunities
Planning
constraints
Key Question in the Decision-making
Stages of Planning, Implementation,
and Evaluation
Planning
• What will it cost to take actions needed to achieve desirable
performance, that is, to meet specific objectives, satisfy stated
goals, or conform to specific regulations?
Develop vision, set goals and objectives
Develop, adopt performance measures
Identify alternatives appropriate actions and select a
preferred course (e.g., use benefit-cost analysis)
Adopt plan, allocate resources, and implement plan
Key Question in the Decision-making
Stages of Planning, Implementation,
and Evaluation
Implementation
• How can action best be carried out to achieve desired
performance?
Set productivity Objectives
Develop, adopt, affirm performance measures
Identify alternative implementation strategies
Execute strategy, assess costs and achievements
Key Question in the Decision-making
Stages of Planning, Implementation,
and Evaluation
• Given that resources were used to take certain actions, are the
consequences(outcomes) of these actions consistent with stated
and subsequent goals, that is, performance ”adequate” “good” or
Evaluation “otherwise”?
Identify, review outcomes of previous actions, plans,
policies, regulations.
Develop, adopt, affirm performance measures.
Measure performance and compare results to goal,
objectives, vision t o determine if change in the
infrastructure system is warranted
Adopt plan, allocate resources, and implement plan