Unit XI) Treatment and
Therapy
Chapter 18
A) The Field
1) Psychologists
a) Clinical – works with classified
emotional problems. Educational fields.
b) Counseling – non-formal cases; include
family; marital. Educational background
less clear.
2) Psychiatrists – trained doctors with
expertise in mental disorders. *Able to
prescribe medication.
3) ***Psychotherapists – broad term for
anyone intent on relieving problems. Any
Dangers?
4) Related: could include school nurses,
social workers, orderlies, guidance
counselors, teachers.
B) Treatment – tends to be broken in to
the same areas as the field of psych.
and personality development.
1) Psychoanalytic (Freud): emphasizes
anxiety as a primary issue to overcome.
Often caused by animal instincts of the ID.
Methods: Free Association (uncovering truths);
and Transference (of conflicts on to therapist).
P.543
2) Humanist (Rogers) – uses less focus on
the therapist, and more on patient.
Methods:
a) “non-directive” therapy allows patient to
determine the direction of sessions and
discover the error of their ways on their own;
b) “positive regard” in that all opinions are
accepted.
3) Behavioral (Watson/Skinner) – uses rapid
and active hands-on approaches.
Methods:
a) Systemic De-sensitivization – slowly “desensitizing” someone to a fear.
ex: elevators, heights
b) Aversive Conditioning – makes the
undesired acts/habits unappealing. About
50% effective, short term in nature.
ex: nails, alcohol taste, shock (Cheers)
c) Token Economy – financial incentives for
success/corrective actions.
4) Group Therapy – attempts to treat
multiple sufferers; share feelings,
provides understanding and support for
others because it allows them to
identify with each other.
Ex: Grief, Various Addictions (A.A.), see
handout.
Final Exam
 Part I – 35 Multiple Choice (70%)
 Part II - Short Answer (10%)
 Part III – Essay (20 %)
Major Areas For Review:
 Personality Theories
 Famous Theorists – (II)
 Physical Aspects to Psychology
 Learning and Intelligence
 Stress/Coping
 Disorders