C atal à
T he Rambles
(Barcelona. Catalonia)
Sociolinguistic
situation
General introduction
Linguistic competence
in Catalonia
Personal usage
among youth people
Public administrations
and official usage
Education
The socioeconomic
sector
Urban population
Media and culture
G aleg o
E uskara
C ymraeg
Elsässisch
Català
Sociolinguistic
situation
Linguistic competence
in Catalonia
Public administrations
and official usage
The socioeconomic
sector
Personal usage
among youth people
Education
Media and culture
General introduction
A vision of the knowlegde of the Catalan
language among the territories
Linguistic normalization,
the commitment of the people
Olimpic venues (Barcelona. Catalonia)
The majority of the Catalan-speaking population is located within Spain, where the official Catalan-speaking
regions occupy over 60,000 km2 with a population of 10,700,000- over 7,400,000 speak it and almost 9,000,000
undestand it.
The sociolinguistic situation in the Catalan-speaking Statutory Regions that form a part of Spain is as follows:
Table 1: Catalan knowlwdge grade
Catalonia
Community
of Valencia
Balearic
Islands
Understand, speak, read and write
41%
12%
22%
Understand, speak and read
24%
19%
32%
Unddestand and speak
9%
24%
17%
Understand
22%
35%
23%
Competence
Català
Sociolinguistic
situation
Linguistic competence
in Catalonia
Public administrations
and official usage
The socioeconomic
sector
Personal usage
among youth people
Education
Media and culture
General introduction
A vision of the knowlegde of the Catalan
language among the territories
Linguistic normalization,
the commitment of the people
U rban population
In the rest of Catalan-speaking territories, linguistic competence is as follows:
South-western France (Department of the
Eastern Pyrenees Region)
According to data compiled in a
survey conducted in 1993 by MediaPlur iel, 40% of the population
(approximately 140,000 persons) stated
that they could speak Catalan, while
16% admitted having difficulty in
expressing themselves due to a lack of
fluency. Linguistic competence increases
with age: while only 16% of young people
between the age of 18 and 24 speak
fluently, this figure increases to 73% in
the case of persons over the age of 65.
Eastern Aragon
Although there are no
official recent statistics
regarding Catalan usage
in the eastern Aragon
region, it is estimated that
90% of the population
(approximately 45,000
persons) consider Catalan
their habitual mode of
expression.
Alghero
There have been no census statistics
in this region, but it is possible to extrapolate
from partial studies. In this way, it is estimated
that there are approximately 18,000 Catalanspeaking inhabitants in this region.
Andorra
According to a study commissioned by
the Government of Andorra, Coneixements
i usos lingüistics de la població d’Andorra
(Linguistic knowledge and usage of the
population of Andorra) (1995), approximately
85% of the surveyed population understands
Catalan, between 75% and 80% can read
and write and over half write correctly.
Català
Sociolinguistic
situation
Linguistic competence
in Catalonia
General introduction
Public administrations
and official usage
The socioeconomic
sector
Personal usage
among youth people
Education
Media and culture
Basic information on the knowlegde of Catalan
in Catalonia (1986-1996)
Catalan, everyone's
responsability
Urban view (Barcelona. Catalonia)
Information from the 1986 municipal register
and 1996 census data show the evolution of
linguistic competence in Catalonia over that
period.
Table 2: Language competece
1986
1996
Understand
90.3%
94.97%
Speak
64.0%
75.30%
Read
60.5%
72.35%
Write
31.5%
45.84%
Expressed in absolute terms, this means that
5,683,237 persons over the age of two understand
Catalan, 4,506,512 can speak, 4,330,251 can read
and 2,743,326 can write. Catalan linguistic competence
is closely linked to cultural origins. In locations where
the number of persons born outside of Catalonia is
low, the generalized usaage of Catalan is practically
100% of the population. In regions where the majority
of the population was born outside of Catalonia, the
competence level still remains over 60% (except in the
county of Baix Llobregat, where the percentage is
slightly lower). It is important to note that the highest
levels of competence are found in the segments of
youth between the ages of 10 and 19.
Català
Sociolinguistic
situation
Personal usage
among youth people
General introduction
Public administrations
and official usage
The socioeconomic
sector
Linguistic competence
in Catalonia
Education
Media and culture
The following data is in reference to Catalan
usage by young people and language
fluency
The future: the recuperation of
Catalan among youth people
Yo u t h g r o u p
A survey made by the Gabinet d’Estudis Socials (Social Studies Cabinet) (1990) yielded the
following results regarding Catalan usage among young people:
Catalan usage by youth people
0
10
20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Language used in the home
Language of normal expression
Catalan
Language used with strangers
Spanish
Language used among friends
Both
Language used in the workplace
Language used with schoolmates
Language used in exams
TABLE
Language used in taking notes
Català
General introduction
Sociolinguistic
situation
Linguistic competence
in Catalonia
Personal usage
among youth people
Public administrations
and official usage
Education
The socioeconomic
sector
Media and culture
The following data is in reference to Catalan
usage by young people and language
fluency
The future: the recuperation of
Catalan among youth people
Catalan
Spanish
Both
Language used in the home
57
34
8
Language of normal expression
50
32
17
Language used with strangers
53
40
-
Language used among friends
58
28
13
Language used in the workplace
56
27
16
Language used in taking notes
48
38
12
Language used with schoolmates
57
25
17
Language used in exams
46
38
14
GRAPHIC
Table 3: Catalan usage by youth people
Català
Sociolinguistic
situation
Personal usage
among youth people
General introduction
Public administrations
and official usage
The socioeconomic
sector
Linguistic competence
in Catalonia
Education
Media and culture
The following data is in reference to Catalan
usage by young people and language
fluency
The future: the recuperation of
Catalan among youth people
It should be noted that the improvement in the level of Catalan knowledge and usage in
recent years is also confirmed by the fluency and quality of the language used among young
people.
100
90
Competence level among young people
Speak
80
Read
70
60
Write
50
40
30
10
0
Correctly
With some
errors
With difficulty
Not at all
TABLE
20
Català
Sociolinguistic
situation
Personal usage
among youth people
General introduction
Public administrations
and official usage
The socioeconomic
sector
Linguistic competence
in Catalonia
Education
Media and culture
The following data is in reference to Catalan
usage by young people and language
fluency
The future: the recuperation of
Catalan among youth people
speak
read
write
Correctly
66
73
24
With some errors
19
15
44
With difficulty
8
3
18
Not at all
6
7
15
GRAPHIC
Table 4: Competence level among young people
Català
Sociolinguistic
situation
Public administrations
and official usage
Catalan: the official language of
the Catalan Administration
General introduction
Linguistic competence
in Catalonia
Personal usage
among youth people
Education
The socioeconomic
sector
Media and culture
The following data is in reference to Catalan
usage in the state, autonomous and local
Administrations
Public administration
Both the statutoty and local administrations present a fairly avanced level of linguistic
normalisation, both orally among public servants and between civil servants and the public in
general, as well as in written documents. Fewer advances have been made in the Justice and
State Administrations, where at informal oral, formal and written levels, Catalan is still a minority
language.
Within the scope of the State Administration within Catalonia, the degree of linguistic
normalisation is very low, although use of Catalan in relations between Administration employees
and citizens is permitted (Law 30/1992, Legal Regimen of the Justice and State Administrations,
Art. 35 and 36). For years now, there have been bilingual versions of Income Tax Forms and
election documentation for the General Courts.
GRAPHIC
In practice, full linguistic normalisation can be considered to be effective among employees
of the Regional Government Administration and in the various documents that originate from
the various departments. The data compiled in the 1991 survey can be confirmed for the
employees of the Regional Government Administration.
Català
Sociolinguistic
situation
Public administrations
and official usage
Catalan: the official language of
the Catalan Administration
General introduction
Personal usage
among youth people
The socioeconomic
sector
Linguistic competence
in Catalonia
Education
Media and culture
The following data is in reference to Catalan
usage in the state, autonomous and local
Administrations
In the local Administrations, Catalan is the majority language in most cases, both in Town Halls
and in Provincial Delegations (except in Town Halls in suburban Barcelona due to the special sociallinguistic and demographic configuration in these areas). This widespread usage refers to oral usage
of Catalan in sessions and usage among functionaries, as well as oral and written communication
between functionaries and citizens, including documents.
In general, Catalan usage is minimal in the courts, except for some courts outside of Barcelona.
Approximately 98% of the cases are held in Spanish, although the informal usage of oral Catalan is
becoming more frequent. This situation is generally due to the fact that most of the judges are not
of Catalonian origin and that the temporary status of their appointments does not motivate them to
gain further knowledge of Catalan; many of them request to be transferred to their Autonomous
Regions of origin.
In spite of this, there are positive aspects that seem to indicate a change in behaviour: a) there
is a greater knowledge of the linguistic situation in Catalonia, b) there has been an increase in oral
Catalan usage in legal proceedings and c) the employees of the Justice Administration have been
transferred to the Regional Government of Catalonia in April 1996.
Català
Sociolinguistic
situation
Public administrations
and official usage
General introduction
Personal usage
among youth people
Linguistic competence
in Catalonia
Education
Media and culture
The following data is in reference to Catalan
usage in the state, autonomous and local
Administrations
Catalan: the official language of
the Catalan Administration
Time-language distribution
100
The socioeconomic
sector
Catalan
90
Spanish
80
70
60
50
40
30
10
0
Hear
Speak
Read
Write
TABLE
20
Català
Sociolinguistic
situation
Public administrations
and official usage
General introduction
Personal usage
among youth people
The socioeconomic
sector
Linguistic competence
in Catalonia
Education
Media and culture
The following data is in reference to Catalan
usage in the state, autonomous and local
Administrations
Catalan: the official language of
the Catalan Administration
catalan
spanish
Hear
79
21
Speak
79
21
Read
81
19
Write
86
14
GRAPHIC
Table 5: Time-language distribution
Català
Sociolinguistic
situation
Education
The future of Catalan
General introduction
Personal usage
among youth people
The socioeconomic
sector
Linguistic competence
in Catalonia
Public administration
and official usage
Media and culture
The following data is in reference to Catalan
usage in the different levels of official
education and adult Catalan language
courses
P reschoolar education
Pre-school level
According to data compiled by the Department of Education of the Regional Government of
Catalonia, Catalan is the principal language of instruction in the majority of pre-school centers and,
at any rate is an obligatory subject for all children. The information regarding Catalan usage at a
pre-school level in the 1992-93 school year is as follows: almost 87% of children in Catalonia
(138,858 students) receive the majority of their education in Catalan, while only 7.8% (12,556
students) receive part of their education in Catalan. In addition, there is a Language Immersion
Program (PIL) offered in schools in which more than 75% of the students are not of a Catalanspeaking origin.
Primary level
GRAPHIC
Catalan is the principal language of instruction in the majority of primary level schools as well
as being an obligatory subject in all of them. At this level, the majority of students are educated in
Catalan.
Català
Sociolinguistic
situation
General introduction
Personal usage
among youth people
The socioeconomic
sector
Linguistic competence
in Catalonia
Public administration
and official usage
Media and culture
Education
The following data is in reference to Catalan
usage in the different levels of official
education and adult Catalan language
courses
The future of Catalan
Distribution of centers (3 - 14 years of age). 1995-96 school year
100
90
80
Public schools
70
Private schools
60
50
40
30
20
10
Catalan
Monolingual Catalan
Bilingual evolutive (1)
Bilingual evolutive (2)
Bilingual static
Monolingual Spanish
Evol. 1
Evol. 2
Static
Spanish
Schools with full Catalan education
Schools in which units in Catalan exceed level two
Schools in which units in Catalan do not exceed level two
Schools that regularly teach some areas in Catalan
Schools with full Spanish education
TABLE
0
Català
Sociolinguistic
situation
General introduction
Personal usage
among youth people
The socioeconomic
sector
Linguistic competence
in Catalonia
Public administration
and official usage
Media and culture
Education
The following data is in reference to Catalan
usage in the different levels of official
education and adult Catalan language
courses
The future of Catalan
Public schools
Private schools
Catalan
73
58
Evol. 1
15
12
Evol. 2
11
17
Static
1
13
Spanish
0
0
GRAPHIC
Table 6: Distribution of centers (3 -14 years of age). 1995-96 school year
Català
Sociolinguistic
situation
General introduction
Personal usage
among youth people
Linguistic competence
in Catalonia
Public administration
and official usage
The socioeconomic
sector
Media and culture
Education
The following data is in reference to Catalan
usage in the different levels of official
education and adult Catalan language
courses
The future of Catalan
Students group
Secondary level
At the secondary level (BUP), Catalan is the principal language of instruction in the majority of
schools as well as being an obligatory subject. As is the case in other levels, the presence of Catalan
has been increasing steadily in recent years and at present, the students avail of a broad range of
complementary texts for each age group and for each subject.
50
Distribution of BUP (secondary level) schools.
40
1994-95 academic year
Public schools
30
Private schools
20
10
Catalan
Catalan
CTCS (1)
CTCS (2)
CTCS (3)
Spanish
CTCS 1
CTCS 2
CTCS 3
Centers with full Catalan teaching
Centers which over 50% teaching in Catalan
Centers which less than 50% teaching in Catalan
Centers in which all groups receive bilingual education
Centers with full Spanish teaching
Spanish
TABLE
0
Català
Sociolinguistic
situation
General introduction
Personal usage
among youth people
The socioeconomic
sector
Linguistic competence
in Catalonia
Public administration
and official usage
Media and culture
Education
The following data is in reference to Catalan
usage in the different levels of official
education and adult Catalan language
courses
The future of Catalan
Public schools
Private Schools
Catalan
32
25
CTCS 1
32
24
CTCS 2
34
25
CTCS 3
1
25
Spanish
0
0
GRAPHIC
Table 7: Distribution of BUP (secondary level) schools. 1994-95 academic year
Català
Sociolinguistic
situation
Education
General introduction
Personal usage
among youth people
The socioeconomic
sector
Linguistic competence
in Catalonia
Public administration
and official usage
Media and culture
The following data is in reference to Catalan
usage in the different levels of official
education and adult Catalan language
courses
The future of Catalan
Within the scope of Technical Training (FP), the figures are lower than for high school students
during the 1994-95 academic year. Only 17% of the schools consider that they teach in Catalan and
15% in half of their classes.
50
Distribution of FP (technical training) schools.
1994-95 academic year
40
Public school
30
Private schools
20
10
0
Catalan
CTCS (1)
CTCS (2)
CTCS (3)
Spanish
CTCS 1
CTCS 2
CTCS 3
Centers with full Catalan teaching
Centers which over 50% teaching in Catalan
Centers which less than 50% teaching in Catalan
Centers in which all groups receive bilingual education
Centers with full Spanish teaching
Spanish
TABLE
Catalan
Català
Sociolinguistic
situation
General introduction
Personal usage
among youth people
The socioeconomic
sector
Linguistic competence
in Catalonia
Public administration
and official usage
Media and culture
Education
The following data is in reference to Catalan
usage in the different levels of official
education and adult Catalan language
courses
The future of Catalan
Public school
Private school
Catalan
20
15
CTCS 1
27
8
CTCS 2
38
44
CTCS 3
15
34
Spanish
0
0
GRAPHIC
Table 8: Distribution of FP (technical training) schools. 1994-95 academic year
Català
Sociolinguistic
situation
General introduction
Personal usage
among youth people
The socioeconomic
sector
Linguistic competence
in Catalonia
Public administration
and official usage
Media and culture
Education
The following data is in reference to Catalan
usage in the different levels of official
education and adult Catalan language
courses
The future of Catalan
Post secondary level
In order to evaluate Catalan knowledge among post secondary level students, the differences among faculties
within the same university and among different universities in Catalonia must be taken into account.
100
Understand
Post secondary level language competence
Speak
90
Read
80
Write
TABLE
70
60
50
40
0
UB (1991-92)
20
UAB (1991-92)
UPC (1990-91)
URV (1992)
UdLI (1994)
UPF (1995)
Català
Sociolinguistic
situation
General introduction
Personal usage
among youth people
The socioeconomic
sector
Linguistic competence
in Catalonia
Public administration
and official usage
Media and culture
Education
The following data is in reference to Catalan
usage in the different levels of official
education and adult Catalan language
courses
The future of Catalan
Table 9: Post secondary level language competence
UAB
(1991-92)
UPC
(1990-91)
URV
(1992)
UdLl
(1994)
UPF
(1995)
Understand
96,20
97,80
92,70
98,90
95,30
93,80
Speak
83,20
92,70
68,20
86,40
84,90
83,30
Read
94,20
95,70
81,20
98,60
94,10
94,80
Write
77,50
87,30
47,50
86,40
79,90
74,70
UB
UAB
UPC
URV
UdLl
UPF
Universitat de Barcelona
Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona
Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya
Universitat Rovira i Virgili
Universitat de Lleida
Universitat Pompeu Fabra
GRAPHIC
UB
(1991-92)
Català
Sociolinguistic
situation
General introduction
Personal usage
among youth people
The socioeconomic
sector
Linguistic competence
in Catalonia
Public administration
and official usage
Media and culture
Education
The future of Catalan
The following data is in reference to Catalan
usage in the different levels of official
education and adult Catalan language
courses
Adult and continuous education
The purpose of the Consorci per a la Normalització Lingüística (Linguistic
Normalisation Consortium) is to oversee and coordinate with Town Halls throughout
Catalonia all of the initiatives for the support and diffusion of Catalan knowledge and
usage. This includes the organisation of a large number of courses every year. During
the 1995-96 academic year, approximately 2,000 courses were given to over 5,000
participants.
The Junta Permanent de Català (Permanent Catalan Commission), ascribed to
the Servei d'Assessorament Lingüístic (Linguistic Consulting Service) of the Direcció
General de Política Lingüística (General Directorate for Linguistic Policy) (Department
of Culture of the Regional Government of Catalonia) has had an increase in applications
for exams of various levels over the decade of the nineties (from 10,372 in 1991 to 35,498
in 1996).
Català
Sociolinguistic
situation
The socioeconomic
sector
Catalan, a working tool
General introduction
Personal usage
among youth people
Linguistic competence
in Catalonia
Public administration
and official usage
Education
Media and culture
The following data is in reference to the
usage of Catalan in the socioeconomic
sector: publicity, labeling and companies
I nside of a shop
Publicity
Within the scope of roadside publicity, a very small percentage of private publicity is in
Catalan, while the majority of the institutional publicity is in Catalan. Similarly, practically all of
the publicity in public radio is also in Catalan, as is the case with publicity in the two television
channels of the Catalan Radio and Television Corporation (CCRTV) and in Spanish Television
channel two (TV2) commercials are in both Catalan and Spanish. Most of the direct mail publicity
is in Catalan or in a bilingual format.
In 100% Catalan newspapers, the majority of the advertisements are in Catalan, except for multinational
car sales advertising, which is in Spanish.
Labeling
The Associació per la Defensa de l'Etiquetage en Català (Association for the Defence of
Labelling in Catalan) (ADEC) has a record of almost 1,000 companies that provide Catalan
labelling, of which, over two thirds are concentrated in six sectors: wines and liquor, bakery, dairy,
meat and sausage, handicraft and oil products. Some supermarket chains label their products
only in Catalan. Nevertheless, the use of Catalan in the supermarket sector is minimal.
Català
Sociolinguistic
situation
The socioeconomic
sector
Catalan, a working tool
General introduction
Personal usage
among youth people
Education
Linguistic competence
in Catalonia
Public administration
and official usage
Media and culture
The following data is in reference to the
usage of Catalan in the socioeconomic
sector: publicity, labeling and companies
Boqueria market
(Barcelona. Catalonia)
Companies
In the banking sector, the situation is much better because a large number of savings banks
operate only in Catalan and offer their customers the language of choice in their dealings.
In the business sector and among self-employed professionals, more and more Catalan is
being used in recent years, in spite of many gaps that continue to exist, making this sector one of
the challenges for linguistic normalisation.
A study made in 1992 by ICOP S.A., commissioned by the General Directorate of Linguistic Policy, analyses
language usage among the major companies with head offices in Catalonia.This study is based on annual invoice
figures (all of the companies under study invoice over 1,000 million pesetas annually). Almost 90% of the employees
of these companies understand, read and speak Catalan correctly, although only 40% have a sufficient written
knowledge. The oral use of Catalan in the workplace is relatively high for managerial posts: 82% of surveyed
employees speak Catalan very frequently and 13% frequently. 66% of the employees that are in contact with the
customer use Catalan very frequently (this figure is 78% for office employees). These percentages are lower for
the reading knowledge of Catalan (40% read Catalan documents) and the written knowledge (only 12.3% of
employees write in Catalan very frequently). Oral and written fluency in Catalan is a selection criterion in 47% of
the companies and 30% respectively.
Català
Sociolinguistic
situation
Media and culture
Put Catalan on the screen
General introduction
Personal usage
among youth people
Linguistic competence
in Catalonia
Public administration
and official usage
Education
The socioeconomic
sector
The following data is in reference to Catalan
usage in written and audiovisual media:
theate, film, literary and musical industries
R ock group
Newspapers
With the advent of democracy, the first fully Catalan newspaper was edited after an absence of
Catalan press over a period of almost forty years. In April 1976, the Avui newspaper was launched
and the supply of daily newspapers gradually increased: Regió 7 (1978), Punt Diari (1979, currently
El Punt). In 1986, the Diari de Barcelona was re-launched, although it is no longer in circulation
today, and in 1989-90, the Diari de Girona is born. Considering the significant increase in the
number of newspapers in Catalan, it is important to note that their circulation (11% in total) remains
far lower than Spanish language publications.
Radio
The publicly-funded radio stations of a general scope that offer 100% Catalan broadcasts are:
Ràdio 4, Catalunya Ràdio, RAC 105, Catalunya Música, Catalunya Informació and COM
Ràdio.
The following private stations broadcast totally or partially in Catalan: Cadena Flash (100%),
Cadena Nova (50%), Antena 3 Radio (30%), Onda Cero (30%) and Cadena SER (15%).
Català
Sociolinguistic
situation
Media and culture
Put Catalan on the screen
General introduction
Personal usage
among youth people
Linguistic competence
in Catalonia
Public administration
and official usage
Education
The socioeconomic
sector
The following data is in reference to Catalan
usage in written and audiovisual media:
theate, film, literary and musical industries
Television
The situation with respect to Catalan usage in the television medium is as follows:
a) Televisión Española: the two TVE channels broadcast mainly in
Spanish, although TV2 has some Catalan programs.
b) Televisió de Catalunya: the two CCRTV channels have exclusively
Catalan language programs. Between the two channels, approximately 85%
of the publicity is in Catalan, both oral and written.
c) Antena 3 Televisión: the presence of Catalan is purely symbolic.
d) Tele 5: the situation is similar to Antena 3, in spite of efforts to broadcast
dual system programs in a few episodes of series such as "Melrose Place"
and "Beverly Hills 90210".
e) Canal Plus: there is no Catalan programming, other than rare and isolated
examples of films once a month that are dubbed in Catalan.
Català
Sociolinguistic
situation
Media and culture
General introduction
Personal usage
among youth people
Linguistic competence
in Catalonia
Public administration
and official usage
Education
The socioeconomic
sector
The following data is in reference to Catalan
usage in written and audiovisual media:
theate, film, literary and musical industries
Put Catalan on the screen
C astellers
Book Publishing
The publications of books in Catalan had been constantly increasing since the advent of
democracy, until 1994, when rates began to fall. The following are figures for the last few years:
Table 10: Development of Catalan publishing
1989
4.327
1990
4.838
1991
4.965
1992
5.806
1993
5.905
1994
5.281
1995
5.793
Català
Sociolinguistic
situation
Media and culture
Put Catalan on the screen
General introduction
Personal usage
among youth people
Education
Linguistic competence
in Catalonia
Public administration
and official usage
The socioeconomic
sector
The following data is in reference to Catalan
usage in written and audiovisual media:
theate, film, literary and musical industries
Theatre
There are a number of professional companies that operate entirely (or almost entirely) in Catalan
and which have been very active in the last decade and have gained a successful following in Catalan society. Among
the many companies, we have Els Comediants, the Companyia Flotats (linked to the Department of Culture of
the Regional Government of Catalonia), La Cubana, Dagoll-Dagom, La Gàbia Teatre, Els Joglars, El Talleret
de Salt and the Teatre Lliure. In addition, the recently inaugurated National Theater of Catalonia has done both
Catalan and foreign works. There are also a number of experimental theatre companies that offer works that are
mainly in Catalan; one of these is the Teatro Fronterizo.
Film Industry
Practically all of the films shown in Catalonian theatres are in Spanish, most of which are dubbed
into Spanish in conformance with a 1942 Decree.
A study made during the week of April 12th -18th, 1996 on Catalonian films in Barcelona yielded
the following results: 0.50% projections/day, 0.33% projections/week, 0.56% ticket sales/day and 0.23%
ticket sales/week.
According to data compiled by INUSCAT in 1994 for the media and culture sector, the
presence of Catalan in the film-making sector is 0.43%, compared to 91.64% for films in Spanish
and 7.88% for original versions dubbed in Spanish.