Objective
• Understand the process of translation
• Explain how proteins are assembled
• Analyze the end result (proteins’ function and
structure)
What we know so far!
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DNA is our genetic code
RNA is transcribed from DNA
Central Dogma
DNA determines the traits of organisms
A specific sequence of nitrogenous bases (3) are
a codon.
• Codons result in a specific amino acid being
placed in a protein.
• The structure (and shape) of a protein
determines its function
Translation
• Takes place on the ribosome
• tRNA brings the amino acid to
the ribosome
• Each tRNA molecule only
attaches to only one type of
amino acid.
Translation
• Process begins on ribosome
• tRNA brings specific amino
acid
• Start codon (AUG) signals
the start
• The process repeats for the
next amino acid
• Peptide bonds form between
each amino acid
tRna brings
AA to
ribosome
Start
codon
(AUG)
signals
start
Previous
step is
repeated
again..
Peptide
bonds
form
between
AA
Translation
Twists
into 3D
structure
• Ribosome slides along mRNA
to the next codon
AA chain
• tRNA no longer with an
is freed
from
amino acid is released
ribosome
• New tRNA brings more amino
acids to attach to ribsome
Results in
long
• Results in long chain of amino
chain of
acids until stop codon
AA
• Freed from ribosome to
become proteins after twisting
into 3D structure
tRna
brings
AA to
ribosom
e
Start
codon
(AUG)
signals
start
Previous
step is
repeated
again ..
New
tRNA
brings
more AA
to attach
to
ribosome
Peptide
bonds
form
between
Ribsome AA
slides
along
mRNA to
next
codon
tRna brings
AA to
ribosome
Twists into
3D structure
AA chain is
freed from
ribosome
Start codon
(AUG)
signals start
The
Translatio
n Process
Previous step
is repeated
again ..
Peptide bonds
form between
AA
Results in
long chain of
AA
New tRNA
brings more
AA to attach
to ribosome
Ribsome
slides along
mRNA to next
codon
Why does this matter?
• This process helps produce functioning
organisms engineered to carry out specific roles
in the diverse world.
• If organisms had no genetic material, there
would be no proteins.
• DNA is the building block; proteins are the
results; organisms are the conclusion
• Some proteins are enzymes.
▫ Needed to aid in certain processes
Knowledge Check
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Where does translation take place?
What is a codon?
What is an anticodon?
What determines protein function?
When does a amino acid sequence become a
protein?
• Describe the translation process.
• Why does this matter?