PHYSICAL EDUCATION TEACHERS, ATHLETES AND SPECTATORS’ OPINIONS
ON DEVELOPMENT OF TURKISH HANDBALL: A CASE STUDY IN ESKISEHIR
Sema Çeliksoy - Mehmet Ali Çeliksoy - Erkan Akın
Anadolu University School of Physical Education and Sports, Eskisehir, TURKEY
INTRODUCTION
Handball is a popular sport which has a lot of spectators in many parts of the world. This popularity makes it an important part of physical education classes.
Although handball has been federated since 1976, it is one of the sport branches that has not been in a better position yet. Previously, handball had been in a good process but recently there have been
appreciable decreases in every aspects (clubs, spectators, etc.) Some factors, such as decreasing of the number of supporters, being uninterested in handball, physical education teachers’ tendencies to other
sport branches, not spreading the basic handball training, not giving news about handball in mass media sufficiently, can be seen as a handicap to develop handball.
AIM OF STUDY
In this research, the following question was considered. What are the individuals’ opinions about development of handball in Turkey?
METHOD
A survey was prepared by the specialist researchers and then a piloting was carried out on15 individuals. In this process some items were revised and the duration of answering the items was fixed. Finally,
the survey was carried on handball coaches, athletes, spectators and others (total 100) in 2006.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
In analyzing process the demographic characteristics of the participants were evaluated as follow: % 50 of them were male, % 50 of them were female, % 74 of them were single, % 23 of them were
secondary school students, % 77of them were graduate students, % 55 of them were in 21-30 age group, % 47 of the individuals’ monthly incomes are 400 or under 400 dollars. According to demographic
characteristics, a great many of participants are educated, more than half of them are young and single, nearly half of them have low incomes and many of them are students, teachers, and coaches.
Table 1. Participants’demographic characteristics
Frequency
%
Gender
Male
50
50
Female
50
50
Age
20 and <
21-30
31-40
41-50
17
55
24
4
17
55
24
4
Occupation
Worker
Officer
Referee
Student
Coach
Teacher
Lecturer
Other
1
1
1
35
21
25
3
13
1
1
1
35
21
25
3
13
Frequency
%
Marital Status
Married
Single
26
74
26
74
Income (Monthly Average)
500 YTL ve <
501-750 YTL
751-1000 YTL
1000-1250YTL
1251-1500 YTL
47
5
25
18
3
47
5
25
18
3
23
77
23
77
Education
Secondary School
Graduate / lisans (Vocational
Schools or faculty garduates)
Principal Component Factor was used in order to group, to classify and to deviate to main factors of the 24 variants. According to analysis of results, there were five factors which indicated restrictions in
handball. The primary factor was mini handball which emphasized the importance of mini handball training, facilities, equipments and other factors were seen to have great effects for handball. As a
result, it could be said that some factors such as mini handball training, media, institutionalization, advertisement and organization have great importance for the development of handball and several
projects should be carried out urgently.
Table 2. Factors related to development of handball
Factor
Loadings
Ort
( )
Factorsr
Factor 1: Mini-handball training (5 items)
-There should be handball teams in primary schools
-Form teachers and PE teachers should study aimed at
handball
- Form teachers should join handball seminars
-Definite clubs should have students for mini-handball
-Schools should be supported by clubs in terms of facilities
Factor 2: Media (4items)
-There should be much more news about handball on local
press
-Press should be invited to handball tournaments
-There should be news about handball in local press
Some of the national and international handball matches
should be held in Eskisehir
Factor 3: Institutionalization (6 items)
-There should be fan clubs
-There should be sponsors
-Graduates from Department of coaching of BESYO should
work for mini handball training
-More studies to form clubs should be organized by G.D.Y.S
-Clubs and province delegates should be integrated
Factor 4: Advertisements (4madde)
There should be handball websites
There should be billboard and other advertisement publicity
There should be educational games for kids
There should be some activities such as throwing ball to the
goal on the day of 23 April Children’s Day
,849
,868
4,36
4,45
Eigenvalues
Alpha
(% of
S.D. variance)
(α)
3,947
.82
,577
(16,447)
,557
,823
,694
,545
4,52
4,55
4,53
,540
,592
,610
.,574
4.54
.558
,804
,869
4.38
4.22
.721
.882
,806
4.26
.871
,651
,808
,799
4.09
4.25
4.30
1.20
1.04
.989
,842
4.32
.908
,745
4.28
1.09
,446
,800
,836
,766
Factor 5: Organization (5items)
There should be shows between the matches
,534
There should be beach handball or other organizations
,573
Some famous people should be invited to the organizations
,698
There should be fare free transport
,763
There should be handball organizations in picnic activities of
,654
the schools
S.D. Standard Deviation; 1= Strongly Disagree 5= Strongly Agree.
4.09
4.20
4.07
4.14
4.09
4.19
4.27
4.09
4.15
.975
.984
1.05
1.09
1.18
1.03
.930
1.10
1.23
3,613
(15,056)
.81
2,973
(12,389)
.83
2,329
(9,706)
.81
2,128
(8,867)
.70
ANOVA test was used to reveal the differentiation of attitudes with regard to the factors affecting handball and demographic characteristics. The findings of the research revealed that there were significant
differences between the institutionalization which was one of the factors affecting handball and profession groups. As a result, educators implied that General Directorate for Youth and Sports, province
delegates, clubs and schools should consider club activities and provide sponsors’ support.
Table 3. Arithmetic Average and Standart Deviation and factors affecting Handball
Factors
Mini handball Training
Media
Institutialization
Advertisements
Sports Organizations
MEAN= Arithmetic Average; S.D. = Standart Deviation
Scale: 1= = Strongly Disagree 5= Strongly Agree
MEAN
4.48
4.29
4.15
4.13
4.24
S.D.
.439
.633
.739
.920
.811
Table 4. The differentiation between the demographic characteristics and factors affecting Handball
Gender
Age
Education
Occupation
Factors
Mini handball Training
Media
Institutialization
Advertisement
Sports Organizations
t
-.863
.220
.188
-.036
-.887
p
.390
.826
.851
.971
.377
F
1.448
1.179
1.935
1.885
.268
p
.234
.322
.129
.137
.849
F
.481
3.396
2.446
.542
1.917
p
F
p
.490
.068
.121
.463
.169
.840
.975
3.030
1.696
1.788
.557
.454
.007**
.120
.099
* p < 0.05 ; ** p < 0.01
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..............Mes Premiers Entrainements De Handball, Document Federal,France, 1995.