Economic Association of Namibia Business
Breakfast Briefing
13 Sept 2016, Windhoek
EE
• The 1996 World Food Summit defined food
security as existing when
“all people at all times have physical, social
and economic access to enough, safe and
nutritious food that meets their dietary needs
and food preferences for an active and
healthy life” (FAO 2003)
2
Availability
(physical presence of food)
 Domestic Production
 Commercial
 Subsistence
 Commercial Imports
 Regional
 International
Accessibility
(Economic & Physical access)
 Purchase
 Markets
 Income
 Prices
 Production
 Family farming
 Social Transfers
 Food assistance
Utilisation
(Nutrition)
Consumption
 Nutrients
 Caloric intake
 Diversity
 Food safety
Biological drivers
 Sanitation
 Hygiene
 Water quality
 Diseases
Child Nutrition
 Infant/Child feeding
 Exclusive
breastfeeding
 Care practices
 Immunisation
Hunger and Food Insecurity
“Facts and figures”
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Trend
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Geography of Hunger
2014–16 estimates by region
Number
(millions)
Share
(%)
Southern Asia
281
35.4
Sub-Saharan Africa
220
27.7
Eastern Asia
145
18.3
South-Eastern Asia
61
7.6
Latin America and the Caribbean
34
4.3
Western Asia
19
2.4
Northern Africa
13
1.6
Caucasus and Central Asia
6
0.7
Oceania
1
0.2
Developed regions
15
1.8
Total
795
100.0
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Most affected
ASIA
Country
AFRICA
Number of Hungry
(millions)
Country
Number of Hungry
(millions)
India
194.6
Ethiopia
31.6
China
133.8
DRC
25.0
Pakistan
41.4
Tanzania
16.8
Bangladesh
26.3
Nigeria
12.9
Indonesia
19.4
Uganda
10.3
Philippines
13.7
Kenya
9.9
Vietnam
10.3
Madagascar
8.0
1. 52% of the world’s hungry are found in just 6 countries (which are also MICs)
2. China, India and Indonesia may be rising economic powerhouses but these three fastgrowing middle income countries are still home to nearly half (44%) of the world’s
hungry, or 347.8 million people (FAO/WFP/IFAD 2015 Report)
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Undernourishment in LIC & LMIC
356m
248m
Low-middle
income
economies
Low income
economies
the undernourished
International hunger targets - 2015
• In developing regions
the prevalence of
undernourishment
dropped from 23.3%
to 12.9%
• 72 countries reached
MDG/WFS hunger
targets (7 African
countries)
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Can hunger/food insecurity be
addressed?
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Some countries have reduced hunger
47%
45%
46%
40%
35%
36%
30%
Ghana
Thailand
25%
China
20%
15%
Vietnam
24%
14%
13%
10%
Brazil
6%
5%
<5%
1990-1992
2000-2002
2005-2007
9%
7%
2010/2012
2014/2016
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Success stories
Strategies
Brazil
Thailand
Agriculture-led strategies
Social protection-led strategies &
targeted nutrition interventions
Agriculture-led, social protection
& targeted nutrition interventions
China
Vietnam
Ghana
√
√
√
√
√
Important factors:
• Increased public and political attention to food and nutrition security
• Country-led approach supported with effective, efficient and sustainable policies that are well adopted to the
local context
• Multi-sectoral approach to accelerate improvements in nutrition including implementing nutrition-specific
interventions (such as fortification, breast feeding, complementary feeding and dietary diversity) and nutrition
sensitive programmes (such as quality sanitation & healthcare, women and girls empowerment etc.)
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BRAZIL’S
ZERO HUNGER
STRATEGY
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Main provisions of Brazilian Zero Hunger
Structural long-term policies
• Generation of income and jobs
• Universal social protection
• Incentives for small-scale farming
• Intensification of agrarian reform
• Minimum wages
• Education incentives
Specific targeted policies
•
•
•
•
Food ration programme
Emergency Food Basket
Maintenance of food security stocks
Ensuring safety and quality of food products
• Workers’ food programme
• Maternal/infant nutrition
• School Meals
Local policies
Rural Areas
• Support to smallscale farming
• Support for local
production and
consumption
Large cities
Small and medium cities
•
•
•
•
Central food bank
Urban agriculture
Partnerships with retailers
Modernisation of food
supply systems
•
•
•
•
“People’s restaurants”
Decentralised food banks
Partnerships with retailers
Modernisation of food
supply systems
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Brazil Zero Hunger Strategy
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Solutions to hunger and food
insecurity
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Economic growth
• Necessary but not sufficient
- Needs to be inclusive to reach the
poorest
• Inclusive economic growth, in which all
members of society benefit, can reduce
hunger and food insecurity.
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Increased investment in agriculture.
• Agricultural growth
• Strategies to increase yields such as irrigation & fertilizers,
• Productive social safety nets, investment in infrastructure,
research & extension, “innovative” finance & technologies
adopted to smallholders and for changing climates.
• Increasing agriculture productivity of smallholder
and family farming
•
Increasing access to services such as markets, information,
financial capital, infrastructure, technologies and risk
reduction tools like risk insurance
20
Social protection (e.g. Cash transfers, schoolfeeding, nutrition programmes etc..)
• Welfare-oriented transfers are a way
to decrease hunger through the
redistribution of income and food
purchasing power
21
National food assistance
programmes do have a
significant impact on
global hunger
Philippines/
Indonesia
Bangladesh
Nicaragua/
Peru
India
20m
30m
30m
800m
22
• Women Empowerment
- Enhancing women’s access to incomes
(markets/jobs) and land significantly
contribute to reducing hunger not only
among women but also their children.
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Labour market enhancement
• creating employment opportunities and
jobs for people (especially in urban areas
where rural-urban comes with its own
challenges)
• Establishment of the basic minimum wage
can increase access and contribute to zero
hunger.
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Investment in Nutrition:
• Nutrition sensitive agriculture can improve access
to nutritious and diverse food commodities.
o production of nutrient-dense crops not starchydense crop that have less nutritional value
o Cost of hunger: Egypt (US$3.7 billion=1.9% of GDP),
Ethiopia (US$4.7 billion=16.5% of GDP), Swaziland
(US$92 million=3.1%) and Uganda (US$899 million
=5.6% of GDP)
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Other important factors:
• Governance, political will & policy integration
• Institutional and human capacity to implement
and coordinate
• Accountability mechanisms (M&E)
• Partnerships e.g. private sector can unlock
potential.
• Technology (digital food delivery technology),
fortification.
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•
•
Conditions for achieving
Zero Hunger
Sustainable Development Goal (SDG2)
“End hunger, achieve food security and improved nutrition and promote sustainable
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agriculture”