Performance Evaluation of
OSPF and IS-IS Routing
Protocols using
Dual-Stack Mechanism
ABSTRACT
○Problem Statement:
The Aim Of This Dissertation Is To Investigate,
Evaluate the Performance of Two Most Popular
Link-state Routing Protocols(OSPF & IS-IS) When
Configured In IPv4/IPv6 Dual-stack Enterprise
Networks.
Continued ....
The aim of the work was to provide proof-based
advice for selecting the protocol that offers optimal
performance in business enterprise networks.
With Respect To Several Performance Metrics:
(1) Jitter
(2) Packet End To End Delay,
(3) Throughput
Simulation Tool Used: Opnet Modeler 16.0
Thesis Aims and Objective
1.) Firstly Discuss In More Detail The Dual Stack Over An IP
Network And The Possible Subservices Offered With The
Required Qos.
2.) Thesis Aims To Provide Tangible Performance analyzing
Results
- Regarding Network Metrics:
1.) Throughput
2.) End-to-end Delay
3.) Jitter
This Will Be Achieved By Simulating OSPF And IS-IS
Function On a Dual-stack Enterprise Network By Using
Network Simulation Software.
Continued ....
3.) Design Proposed Model For Dual-stack Enterprise
Network Using The OPNET 16.0 Network Simulator.
Comparing And Analyzing Its Performance Has Been
Tried Under Various Scenarios, Including Well Accepted
Models By Dual-stack Enterprise Network Applying
Different Mechanisms.
IPv4-IPv6 Dual Stack
Support IPv4 only
Support dual IPv4 and IPv6
- In Dual Stack, Both protocols IPv4 and IPv6 run parallel on an equivalent
network infrastructure don’t need encapsulation of IPv6 inside IPv4 and
vice versa
Dual – Stack….
Advantages
○ Simple
○ Easy to understand and
configure
○ Inexpensive
○ Scalable
○ Lower packet-loss rates
○ Higher throughput rates .
○ Direct communication
between nodes .
○ Recommended solution .
Disadvantages
 Need for IPv4 addresses on
every node.
 Extra address advertisement
to DNS.
 More CPU-memory overhead.
Dual-Stack Router Structure and
Function
○ A dual-stack router holds both IPv4 and IPv6 routing
tables which are used according to the IP version that the
router is about to forward.
Open Shortest Path First
(RFC 1247)
Link state routing protocol that was developed by IETF in 1987
○ Interior routing protocol, its domain is also an autonomous
system
○ Special routers (autonomous system boundary routers) or
backbone routers responsible to dissipate information about
other AS into the current system.
○ Divides an AS into areas
○ Error Handing Capability
○ Fast & loop less convergence
OSPF (type of links)
IS-IS (Intermediate System to
Intermediate System Routing Protocol)
○ It is also a link-state routing protocol with several similarities
with OSPF protocol, such as the use of the same SPF algorithm.
○ It was defined by ISO (International Organization for
Standardization)
○ IS-IS is based on the primer OSI (Open System
Interconnection) reference model.
○ It provides rapid Convergence when a topology changes.
○ Minimizes the routes and reduces the size of routing table.
○ Low bandwidth utilization
○ Multiple routes are supported
Simple IS-IS Network
Simulation Scenario
Literature Review
A. Basu et al., studies the stability of the OSPF protocol under steady state
and with interferences. In this study we will see what effects are given by the
TE (Traffic Engineering) extensions on the stability of a network when OSPF
is running. OSPF TE extensions provide mechanisms for ensuring that all
network nodes have a consistent view of the traffic parameters associated with
the network. The authors also analyze whether it is possible to accelerate the
convergence time of the network, analyzing the Hello packets and the number
of route flaps.
B. Albrightson et al. They explain that EIGRP is a protocol based on a
hybrid routing algorithm, sharing some properties of distance vector and link
state algorithms. This protocol is the first Internet protocol that addressed the
loop problem. Other aspects which shows are the type of metrics, the
transport mechanisms and the methods used to discover the networks, among
other features.
Continued………
D. Pei et al. show the design and development of a method for detecting
RIP routing updates. Specifically, RIP-TP protocol is presented. It uses hop
count as routing metric. The authors emphasize its efficiency, simplicity,
low operating cost and compatibility with the standard RIP. In order to
assess the design efficiency, they show a series of experimental simulations
to demonstrate that it is possible the improvement of fault detection in
routing protocols. They particularize these evidences with RIP.
IPv4 Throughput (TCP Traffic)
OSPF IPv4 Clients End-to-End Delay (TCP Traffic)
IS-IS IPv4 Clients End-to-End Delay (TCP Traffic)
OSPF IPv4 Clients End-to-End Delay Variation
(TCP Traffic)
IS-IS IPv4 Clients End-to-End Delay Variation
(TCP Traffic)
conclusion
○ IS-IS dominated over OSPF on both TCP
and UDP traffic experiments.
○ IS-IS achieved 58% higher throughput for
IPV6 clients. In terms of end to end delay,
jitter, OSPF and IS-IS seems almost
equally effective for IPV4 and IPV6, TCP &
UDP.
○ At last OSPF performs slightly better for
TCP traffic and IS-IS perform slightly
better for UDP traffic.
References
○[1] Dooley, M. and Rooney, T. (2013) ‘IPv4/IPv6 Co-Existence Technologies’,
IPv6 Deployment and Management, Wiley-IEEE Press, First
○Edition
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○[3] Carpenter. B and Moore. K (2001) ‘Connection of IPv6 Domains via IPv4
Clouds’, IETF RFC: 3056
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Durand Alain (2013) ‘Tunnel-Based IPv6 Transition’, Internet
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Mechanisms during IPv6 Deployment’, IETF RFC: 6180
Continued .....
○[8] Heping Hou, Qin Zhao and Yan Ma (2010) ‘Design and implementation of a solution to
smooth IPv6 transition’, Advanced Intelligence and Awareness Internet 2010 International
Conference, Beijing, China, pp. 157 – 161
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○[10] Joseph Davies (2013), ‘Understanding IPv6’, Microsoft Press, Third Edition
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Computers and Devices for Communication, 2009. CODEC 2009. 4th International
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IPv6/IPv4 Dual Stack Internet Access Service’, IETF RFC: 4241
THANKS !
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