BEFORE WE BEGIN – QUIZ EXTRA CREDIT
Write Yes or No on the paper/Fold it
On the outside (after you fold), write your
super secret name
 If EVERYONE in this class writes no, then EVERYONE
gets 5 extra points added to their last quiz
 If only ONE person writes yes, then just that person
gets 15 extra points added to their last quiz
 If TWO or more people put yes, then nobody gets any
extra credit.
UNIT II PART 2
Module 77 – Prejudice and Discrimination
Module 80 – Altruism
Module 78 - Aggression
MUZAFER SHERIF –
THE ROBBERS CAVE EXPERIMENTS
As you read, jot down examples of the
following terms. Some may not apply.
Use your CCN to verify definitions
beforehand.
Us vs. Them (in-group bias) –
favoring own group
Scapegoating –
prejudice is the outlet for anger by
providing someone to blame
Categorization/Stereotyping –
simplifying world by putting people in
to groups, usually based on a single
characteristic (color of skin, gender,
age, sexual orientation)
Vivid Cases (confirmation bias)judging an entire group based on a
single(highly emotional) case or
person or example
Just-World PhenomenonObjects of prejudice get what they
deserve and deserve what they
get.
Blame-the-Victim DynamicVictim responds to prejudice with
anger or self-blame. The prejudiced
group uses this as evidence to
justify discrimination.
Rewind
Finalize Unit II Part 2
Reminders for test
Notebook preparation form
SEPTEMBER 28
DEFINITIONS OF PREJUDICE
 A bias (judgment) for or
against something formed
without sufficient basis; to
“prejudge”
 Webster’s Dictionary
 Attitudes and beliefs involving
a tendency to prejudge people,
usually negatively and usually
on the basis of a single
personal characteristic (race,
sex, religion, hair length, age,
etc.), without any objective
basis for making such
judgment.
 Sociology
DEFINITIONS OF PREJUDICE
A positive or negative attitude,
judgment, or feeling about a person
that is generalized from attitudes or
beliefs about the group to which the
person belongs.
 Psychology
A – Affect/emotion
Feeling hatred
Feeling angry
B – Behavior
Actions
Discrimination
C – Cognition
Thoughts
Beliefs
Stereotyping
Justifying
HISTORY OF PREJUDICE IN AMERICA
 Old-Fashioned Prejudice
 Overt and easy to “see”
 Manifest hostility toward groups/group members.
 Hatred and superiority are the key components of the ABC’s
 Modern Prejudice
 Overt hatred becomes ambivalence toward groups
 Superiority is maintained, but not discussed outwardly
 Lack of acknowledgment and subtle gestures become key components of ABC’s
 If “called out,” individuals easily excuse behaviors due to cultural acceptance of
ambivalence
 A culture of “I love everybody” couched in subtle gestures and statements that
demonstrate implicit bias
PREJUDICE
What about your own prejudice?
 Implicit Bias
 https://implicit.harvard.edu/implicit/takeatest.html
Implicit Bias: Something that happens TO us based on our consistent
exposure and surroundings. It is what we DO with it that makes all the
difference.
 We are often afraid it will “leak” out in our actions/words
 "Job applicants with white names needed to send about 10
resumes to get one callback; those with African-American
names needed to send around 15 resumes to get one callback.“
 Bertrand Research
http://www.nber.org/digest/sep03/w9873.html
ROOTS OF PREJUDICE:
CAN YOU THINK OF EXAMPLES OF THESE IN
OUR WORLD TODAY?
Us vs. Them (In-group Bias)
 The more time you spend with your group members (in), the less you
are able to see things from another’s perspective (them). This lack of
perspective leads to group polarization and group think.
Scapegoating
 I’m angry about my __________________, so I blame “them” for
________________.
Categorization
 Simplifying the world into general groups (us versus them). This
generalization often creates in-group bias.
Vivid Cases
 Justifying your prejudice based on a few/one vivid case (confirmation
bias)
 This ONE time, one of “them”______________, so ALL of “them” are
like that (stereotyping).
THE ROOTS OF PREJUDICE
Just World Phenomenon
 People get what they deserve. Reward good/punish bad.
 After years of doing ________ to “us,” it is only fair that
“they” get to feel threatened.
 My “in group” is successful because we’ve earned it.
Blame-the-Victim Dynamic
 The victimized group lashes out against or internalizes
the prejudice. Their behaviors are subsequently used
against them as justification for the prejudice.
Altruism
The act of being KIND – genuinely kind!
An unselfish regard for the welfare of others
MODULE 80
MENDING PREJUDICE/ALTRUISM
Social trap is a term used by psychologists to describe a
situation in which a few members of a group act to obtain
short-term individual gains, which in the long run leads to
a loss for the group as a whole.
What did individuals try to gain?
What did the group lose?
SOCIAL TRAPS
MENDING PREJUDICE/ALTRUISM
Conciliation/GRIT
 Graduated and
Reciprocated
Initiatives in
Tension reduction
 Several small
conciliatory acts by
each of the groups
 Foot-in-the-door
 Reciprocity norm
Foot in the Door
 Get prejudiced individual to agree
to small request
 meet with a member of the
out group for a short time
 read a story
 take the implicit bias test
 Will likely agree to a larger
request
 stop posting horrid
statements
 do something FOR a member
of the out group
 defend a member of the out
group
 change!
MENDING PREJUDICE/ALTRUISM
Reciprocity Norm
 “They” do something kind, so “we” feel obligated to do something kind in
return.
 Mutual liking grows with time spent together
 Eventually the boys in Sherif’s study liked each other so much they insisted
on riding the same bus home together.
Social Exchange Theory
 When the benefits outweigh the costs in relationships
 What are the benefits of changing my bias?
 Are they greater than the cost?
 Is there disharmony in my relationships/family because of my prejudice? Is
the benefit of having a loving family worth putting in the effort to change?
 Create a feeling of “benefit” with social responsibility, cooperation, social
responsibility
MENDING PREJUDICE/ALTRUISM
 Social-Responsibility Norm
 Expect those who are in power to help those that
need help.
 (Cooperation) Superordinate Goals
 Larger task to work toward –service project
 Cooperation takes them away from minutia of ingroup activities and allows for each group to see the
“them” members as less generalized.
 Robbers Cave Experiment
 Fosters communication/mediation
INDIVIDUAL BEHAVIOR IN GROUPS
Bystander Intervention
 NOTICE
 INTERPRET
 ASSUME RESPONSIBILITY
Bystander Effect
 Kitty Ginovese/Article
(attached)
 Kitty Ginovese
 What Would You Do?
 Harold Takooshian – Why does
 *The presence of bystanders
affects the interpretation and
assumption of responsibility
this happen?
 Situations Ambiguous
 Don’t Know How
 Fear
 Apathy (minor part)
Danger
GROUP INFLUENCE
 When will we help? Darley and Latane
 Person needs/deserves help
 Similarity
 Observational learning
 Not rushed
 Small towns/demographics
 Guilt/reciprocity/responsibility
 Focused
 Good mood
MODULE 78 - AGGRESSION
REMINDERS
 Test Friday
 EVERYTHING DUE
 If you have been absent, get work submitted before the end of your class period
 FRIDAY IS THE DEADLINE – even if you are absent Friday!!
 Study in small increments
 Emphasize vocabulary
 Complete the review packet – read instructions
 Put your notebook together BEFORE class – you won’t have time
during
 Come ready to go!