University of Groningen
Environmental policy and technology diffusion under imperfect competition
Vries, Frans Pieter de
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Publication date:
2003
Link to publication in University of Groningen/UMCG research database
Citation for published version (APA):
Vries, F. P. D. (2003). Environmental policy and technology diffusion under imperfect competition: an
evolutionary game theoretical approach Groningen: s.n.
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