Personal Development: the growth of enduring personality traits that influence the way
individuals interact with their physical and social environments.
Personal Development
Parents
Heredity
Temperament
Permanent traits
(irritability, adventurousness,
confidence, etc.)
Parenting style,
Expectations,
Responsiveness
Environment
Peers
Friendship,
Attitudes,
Values
Remember that you get your heredity from
your biological parents—so what is genetic
and what is psychological is difficult to
determine.
Bioecological model
Bronfenbrenner’s theory describing the
nested social and cultural contexts that
shape development. Every person
develops wihtin a microsystem, inside a
mesosystem, embedded in an exosystem,
all of which are a part of the macrosystem
of the culture.
http://www.education.umd.edu/Depts/EDHD/geron/lifespan/6.html
Bronfenbrenner’s Bioecological Model of
Human Development
•We are born with
NEITHER negative or
positive tendencies
•We are actively involved
in self-development & the
environment
•Person & environment
are BOTH in a state of flux
•Nature & nurture are
BOTH influential
•Can have qualitative and
quantitative change
•Most development is NOT
universal
•Many dynamic contexts:
Social, Historical, and
Cultural
Development must be studied within social contexts
In other words, development involves a complex relationship
between the individual and the various aspects of his/her
environment.
Families

The families of your students have many
structures, including blended families, where
parents, children, and step-children are merged
into families through remarriage.
 Divorce is a common and traumatic occurrence
in children’s lives. They experience many
unwanted and confusing changes. The first two
years are the most difficult.
Parenting Styles
Authoritarian—uses authority negatively (excessively controlling)
Authoritative—uses authority positively (facilitates child’s growth)
Authoritarian
Authoritative: Control depends on needs of child
(some children need more structure &
others need less)
More control
Control
Expectations
Child Response
Authoritative, Authoritarian,
Permissive
Important
Low Expectations
Authoritarian,Permissive,
Uninvolved
Authoritative
Positive
Less control
Permissive,
Uninvolved
Authoritative
Authoritarian
High Expectations
Permissive,
Uninvolved
Negative
Uninvolved
Importance of child to parent
Unimportant
Culture influences parenting styles

Some cultures have parenting styles that are
more authoritarian (for reasons of safety, for
example).
 Some cultures are more indulgent in their
children than other cultures.
 Be aware of your own parents’ style and at the
same time, recognize that whether or not
someone else’s parenting is like that which you
experienced, most of the time, parents have
good intentions and they have good reasons for
their style.
Autonomous
morality
Crisis
Anorexia
nervosa
Developmental
crisis
Identity
Autonomy
Distributive
justice
Bioecological
model
Empathy
Blended
families
External
morality
Identity
achievement
Vocabulary
Punishmentobedience
stage
Social
conventions
Integrity
Moral
realism
Parenting
styles
Racial and
ethnic pride
Social
development
Identity
diffusion
Internalization
Moral
reasoning
Personal
development
Relational
aggression
Social
problem
solving
Identity
foreclosure
Interpersonal
harmony
stage
Morality of
cooperation
Perspective
taking
Self-concept
Theory
of mind
Industry
Law and
order stage
Moratorium
Proactive
aggression
Self-esteem
Universal
principles
stage
Nigrescence
Psychosocial
Self-worth
Overt
aggression
Puberty
Social
contract
stage
Bulimia
Generativity
Initiative
Market
exchange
stage
Collective
self-esteem
Hostile
aggression
Instrumental
aggression
Moral
dilemma