‫למידה‬
‫ענף בפסיכולוגיה העוסק בשאלה‪:‬‬
‫?‪How do we come to know things‬‬
‫על איזה סוג למידה נלמד?‬
‫הגדרה ללמידה – רעיונות?‬
‫שינוי מתמשך במנגנוני ההתנהגות בסיטואציה מסויימת‪,‬‬
‫שנגרם בעקבות התנסות חוזרת בסיטואציה זו‪,‬‬
‫ובתנאי שאי אפשר להסביר את השינוי בהתנהגות ע"י נטיות‬
‫ההתנהגות המולדת של האורגניזם‪ ,‬הבשלה‪ ,‬או מצב זמני‪.‬‬
‫ למידה‬vs ‫ביצוע‬
Learning is inferred from behavior,
but isn’t the same as behavior
:‫אפשרויות אחרות‬
species specific reflexes – ‫• נטיות מולדות‬
‫) – דפוס מתפתח בהדרגה ללא תלות בנסיון‬maturation( ‫• הבשלה‬
‫ הביטואציה‬,‫ עייפות‬,‫• מצבים זמניים – מוטיבציה‬
)Tolman+Honzik 1930( Latent learning - ‫ומאידך‬
Philosophical Foundations of
Learning Theory
The roots of learning theory are in an area of
philosophy called “epistemology”, a field concerned
with how we acquire knowledge.
Two philosophical traditions emerged from the writings
of the ancient Greek philosophers, Plato and Aristotle,
that parallel the cognitive and behavioral traditions in
learning theory.
These traditions are nativism (Plato) and
empiricism (Aristotle). Cognitive psychology reflects
the nativist tradition. Behavioral psychology reflects
the empiricist tradition.
Philosophical Foundations of
Learning Theory
Nativism says that our most basic ideas are inborn,
ideas like space, time, motion, causality, and substance.
Suppose you saw a motorcycle speed by...
You had to learn what a motorcycle was but
not what the changing image represented —
motion. Nature tells us how to organize our
experiences.
Philosophical Foundations of
Learning Theory
An early example of nativism in Cognitive Psychology was
the Gestalt principles of perceptual organization, like the
law of proximity: Objects that are close together will be
perceived as a group, like:
.. .. ..
We naturally perceive the 6 dots as 3 groups of 2, not as
6 unrelated dots. It’s the same idea as the perception of
motion.
Information that comes to us through the senses is
innately organized.
Philosophical Foundations of
Learning Theory
Empiricism says that all knowledge comes from
experience. Beginning with Aristotle, empiricist philosophers
have proposed theories to explain how experience gets
translated into knowledge.
The basic process proposed was association. An
association is a connection between ideas. If two ideas
(representations) are associated, when you think of one you
will automatically think of the other.
For example:
?
‫שולחן‬
?
?
Philosophical Foundations of
Learning Theory
Why chair? Probably because we see tables and chairs
together so often.
This statement points to two key principles philosophers
used to explain the formation of associations:
Temporal Contiguity
Two events that are experienced at the same
time will tend to be associated.
Frequency
The more often we experience events that
are contiguous, the more strongly we will
associate them.
Philosophical Foundations of
Learning Theory
Research on classical (Pavlovian) conditioning has
shown that the principles of temporal contiguity and
frequency must be modified to explain associative
learning. We’ll see later in the course.
Still, the philosophers’ insights into how
associations are formed continue to provide the
conceptual framework for research in the behavioral
tradition.
‫‪Philosophical Foundations of‬‬
‫‪Learning Theory‬‬
‫דרווין –‬
‫• טשטוש הגבול בין בני אדם לחיות‬
‫• תהליכי למידה כלליים לכל האורגניזמים (פותרים אותה בעיה)‬
‫=> חקר בעלי חיים (והשיטה המדעית)‬