BRAVO: Barrier Removal Assessment and Viability Overview
Pride Campaign Barrier Removal Projects Viability and Potential Impacts
Assessment Tool
BESITANG
Economics
Technical
Cultural/Politics
Impacts& Metrics
BRAVO: Executive Summary (1 of 2)
Barrier Removal Strategy
There are some factors behind encroachment activities inside Besitang area in Gunung Leuser National Park (Taman Nasional Gunung Leuser/TNGL). They
include the needs for cultivation area that have driven people to clear up forest area and convert it into cultivation area. Another factor was farmers’
dependence to monoculture system, which relies on certain commodities, such as palm oil and rubber. This has also driven farmers to expand their cultivation
area inside TNGL area. The development of agro-forestry system will help farmers make the most of their land. While it increases the farmers’ land productivity,
agro-forestry system will also stop forest clearing inside TNGL.
Law enforcement is another solution to support the implementation of barrier removal strategy. Community groups involved in the development of agroforestry system will be involved along with other groups to participate in activities to monitor and safeguard the forest area. Without monitoring and law
enforcement efforts, the strategy to develop agro-forestry system will not work properly as forest destruction factors correlate one to the other.
The implementation of agro-forestry system may accommodate commodities, such as:
- Rubber tree
- Timber trees and gaharu (Aquilaria malaccensis)
- Sereh (Cymbopogon nardus), planted along the river (2 lines)
- Nilam (Pogostemon cablin ) or other plants
- Fresh water fish farming (karamba, basket made of bamboo or rattan as fish breeding pool) in rivers or fish pond (kolam/bak)
Agro-forestry system that accommodates such commodities will provide economic support to community and help the cultivated land to produce optimally.
Such benefits of agro-forestry system will help local farmers to realize that they do not need to encroach into the protected area to find land area to be
cultivated and generate income.
Objectives of Barrier Removal Strategy
The development of agro-forestry system has the objective to stop encroachment activities. Some pre-requisite conditions in the community to achieve such an
objective are: community understands the agro-forestry concept and later adopts it; the need for new area to be cultivated decreases; community income
increases; and, finally, the encroachment activities stops.
The development of agro-forestry aims at making the community understand the benefits and techniques to develop agro-forestry pattern in cultivation area
outside the protected forest. Later, they are expected to adopt agro-forestry pattern to make the most of their land without further opening the forest area.
Apart from the development of agro-forestry system, law enforcement and forest monitoring from encroachment activities will be conducted to stop the high
rate of forest encroachment. Such activities will support the agro-forestry development and will serve as deterrent for the community to conduct encroachment
activities.
BRAVO: Executive Summary (2 of 2)
Success Story & Barrier Removal Strategy Relevance
Agro-forestry development has been applied in many places in Indonesia. The implementations have brought positive impacts to nature conservation efforts and
positive economic impacts to communities involved.
Targeted Audience & Barrier Removal Partners
The main targets to adopt agro-forestry system are farmers who have been practicing encroachment activities inside the forest area. They own cultivated areas
that share boundaries with TNGL area. Other targets are farmers who potentially encroach the forest because their land is close to TNGL area. A strategy to
enforce the laws and safeguard the laws is applied to farmers who potentially encroach, but are living outside the targeted area.
Partners involved in barrier removal strategy are Mr. Dedi Natadireja with CV. Suburnik as partner to develop techniques for agro-forestry system development,
Flora & Fauna International (FFI) as partner to mobilize the community, TNGL Agency with Higher Authority (Balai Besar TNGL) as the area authority who
manages TNGL area.
Timing for Barrier Removal Strategy Implementation
Preparation process prior to planning will start in July 2009. This phase will produce technical planning base line to be done in one month. The next step will be
program technical planning phase (tahapan perencanaan teknis program) that will produce program needs tabulation. This will be followed by training and
implementation phase that will end in June 2010.
Implementation Method of Barrier Removal Strategy
The agro-forestry system will be developed with organic pattern. The budget will be managed jointly by a group among the farmers. The farmers will be exposed
to knowledge on land management and organic fertilizer making, so they can self-provide the need of fertilizer. The community will need to supply some of
equipments they need, whereas the rest will be provided by program funding. The community will be involved in seeking the funding. The funding will be
required to maintain the program’s sustainability. The available funding and income will be managed by farmer group so they may be used by other community.
BRAVO Scores
Feasibility Score: 1-4
Impact Score: 1-4
Confidential
BRAVO Besitang Details
Economics (1 of 3)
Costs
Criteria
Explanation
Score
Preliminary
projected costs
Funding to develop agro-forestry system are: seedlings supplying cost, equipment cost, consultant for technical
facilitations fee, trainings cost, plot development cost, maintenance and fertilizer cost. Average cost needed is
±US$6,000. The details are: ±US$1,000 for equipments; ±US$2,000 for seedlings supplying and plot development;
±US$1,000 for training and group capacity strengthening; ±US$1,000 for consultancy and technical facilitation; and
±US$1,000 for maintenance.
Predictability of
cost burden
It is not difficult to predict the costs needed to implement agro-forestry system. Adding the cost of each item needed
will result in total average cost for the implementation of agro-forestry system. Dimension of demonstration plot will
also determine the cost. However, the dimension of demonstration plot may be adjusted to the cost availability. Cost
will also be determined by price fluctuation of the items needed.
Cost per
behavior
changed (ie per
person in target
audience
It is difficult to predict the cost per person in the targeted audience for behavior change at the moment. However,
such a cost will be available at early phase of the implementation
Average Score
CAS-COD-Prez-Date-CTL
4
3
$
3
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BRAVO Besitang Details
Economics (2 of 3)
Criteria
Explanation
Score
Revenues
Profit/(Loss)
Description of
revenue
streams
Fundraising total: $
Sources:
Earned income total: $
Sources:
To this point, source of funding still relies on the grant provided by Rare. Campaign manager and institution linked
to this program have been trying to generate more funding from other source, and so far are waiting for responses.
Some of the potential donors include:
-Village program funding for Tourism in Tangkahan. Namo Sialang Village will receive this funding in 2009.
-Several other donors. We are currently waiting for their response.
Percentage of
total cost
available
1: 0 – 25% 2: 25 – 50% 3: 50 – 75% 4: 75 – 100%
To this point, source of funding still relies on the grant provided by Rare
Likelihood of
fundraising
success
1 = Very low likelihood of raising the necessary funds; 4 = Likelihood of raising necessary funds almost a certainty
Success in generating funding from different parties is possible. No response to the funding proposal to this point
yet.
Fundraising
timing
Fundraising efforts will still be conducted up to the implementation phase.
Funding
Alignment
1 = Funding timeline is not aligned with project timeline; 4 = Funding timeline is well-aligned with project timeline
To this point, no other funding sources other than Rare .
1
Sustainable
Funding
1 = Unsustainable funding source; 4 = Very sustainable funding source
Unknown.
1
Difference
between
Revenues and
Costs
Unknown
1
Average Score
CAS-COD-Prez-Date-CTL
5
1
1
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BRAVO Besitang Details
Economics (3 of 3)
Criteria
Explanation
Score
Income
Substitution (if
applicable)
New income
source relative
to old income
1 = Income source is reduced by 20% or more; 4 = Income source is increased by 20% or more
The implementation of agro-forestry system to accommodate certain commodities will benefit farmers as they will
not depend on only one commodity. Dependence to only one commodity risks farmers to price fluctuation of the
commodity. Such dependence will affect income. Incorporating different commodities with short, medium and long
term in one plot will sustainably maintain farmers’ income.
4
New income
source
sustainability
1 = New income source is unsustainable; 4 = Income source is highly sustainable
With correct implementation, agro-forestry system as alternative economic income will be sustainable. Selling
different commodities, each harvested in different time, will generate sustainable income for farmers.
4
Average Score
4
CAS-COD-Prez-Date-CTL
6
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BRAVO Besitang Details
Technical (1 of 2)
Criteria
Attainability &
Availability
Technology
Technology
assistance
Explanation
Score
1 = Technology and/or required assistance needed is unavailable; 4 = Technology is attainable and third-party
assistance, if required, is available
Technology and expert/practitioner needed is available. To implement the agro-forestry system, consultant in land
cultivation and equipment/technology are also available. Experts/practitioners are available locally. Equipments are
available locally and from outside of Sumatra.
4
1 = Technology assistance is required, yet not available; 4 = Technology assistance is significant and available
Technology assistances (in cultivation technology and technology to maximize the implementation agro-forestry
results) are required. Facilitators are available..
4
Appropriate for 1 = Available technology is not appropriate for circumstances; 4 = Acquirable technology is suited for circumstances
circumstances Refinery technology is suitable in all kinds of situation. It does not depend on weather as it uses fuel. However, range
of operational cost will very much depend on fuel price.
Average Score
CAS-COD-Prez-Date-CTL
7
3
3.7
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BRAVO Besitang Details
Technical (2 of 2)
Criteria
Capacity /
Organizational Ability
Explanation
Score
Barrier
Removal
Partner
support
1 = BR Partner does not exist or is not willing to support the project; 4 = There exists a willing Barrier Removal Partner
There is one barrier removal partner. He is an agricultural practitioner, currently facilitating an agricultural development
program in Balige, North Sumatra, and is an organic fertilizer development formulator at CV.Suburnik. No contract has
been established with him and the relationship is so far based on friendship. To involve him in the program will require
a funding allocation for accommodation and other fees. He has been included in BRAVO design and process.
3
Barrier
Removal
Partner’s
ability to drive
change
1 = BR Partner lacks a track record of driving behavior; 4 = BR partner has a proven track record of driving behavior
Partner has the experience as community facilitator in several areas, including in Balige of North Sumatra, from 2007
until today. He has developed an agro-forestry system that accommodates commodities like coffee, rice and other
horticulture vegetations with intercropping system. In developing community’s economy through agricultural practices,
he uses empowerment and independence approaches, as well as organic method.
4
Budget
planning and
cost efficient
execution
1 = BR Partner has not demonstrated sufficient budget planning skills and cost efficient execution of plans; 4 = BR
Partner has proven proficiency in budget planning and cost efficient execution of past plans
According to barrier removal partner, based on his experience, funding has not been an issue to a project success. In
his opinion, project implementation can be adjusted to funding availability. With minimum funding, an agro-forestry
funding can still reach its goal on condition that demonstration plot dimension and demonstration equipment should be
minimized. To remove the barrier, famers need to be trained and be used to self sufficient (swadaya) practices, such
as farmers use their own agricultural equipments, and farmers cultivate their own land.
3
Average Score
Other
Partners
Other critical
partners
1 = Other partners do not exist or will not be impactful 4 = Other partners are available and capable of assistance
Other partners to implement barrier removal strategy:
-TNGL Agency with Higher Authority (Balai Besar TNGL) as partner to implement law enforcement that will support the
agro-forestry practices.
-FFI Medan as partner to strengthen the targeted farmers’ capacity involved in monitoring and joint patrol to secure the
area.
-CV. Suburnik and Mr. Dedi Natadireja as technical partner in implementation of agro-forestry system..
Average Score
CAS-COD-Prez-Date-CTL
8
3.3
3
3
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BRAVO Besitang Details
Cultural/Political (1 of 2)
Criteria
Community Leadership
Leaders and
influencers in
the community
Explanation
Score
1 = Dearth of strong leaders and influencers in the community; 4 = Visible leaders with clout to drive behavior
To facilitate the adoption, approaches to key persons in the community, including head of villages and sub villages,
persons with influence, leaders of community organizations and the organizations, are conducted.
4
Leadership
willingness to
endorse
1 = Unwilling to get on board with project; 4 = Firm commitment from leadership to help drive change efforts
Community based institutions/organizations in every villages have supported the adoption of barrier removal project.
At the level of head of village and head of sub village, as well as key leaders in the community, supports have been
secured.
Average Score
CAS-COD-Prez-Date-CTL
9
4
4
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BRAVO Besitang Details
Cultural/Political (2 of 2)
Criteria
Political
Environment
Current
legislative and
legal landscape
Ability to drive
legislative
change
Explanation
Score
1 = Legislative and legal restrictions will hamper efforts; 4 = Legislative and legal framework will aid program
The majority of area inside Besitang in TNGL is area of cultivation/plantation. Consequently, the development of
agro-forestry system as barrier removal project coincides with current regulations in Langkat District of North
Sumatra.
3
1 = Lack of knowledge regarding political environment and unclear timeframe for advocacy; 4 = Depth of political
knowledge and ability to push for appropriate changes within a given timeframe
Pride campaign for change in the area is aimed to trigger new policies that support the conservation of TNGL at
least in the targeted villages. A change in regulation at local level will to a certain point affect the area socially. So far
there is an impression that government is not implementing the regulations related to TNGL.
3
Average Score
3
Values and Norms
1 = Plan is unconcerned with political and cultural norms 4 = Plan assesses and takes into account the values and
norms governing the political and cultural environment
The majority of community inhabiting the surrounding Besitang area of TNGL is farmers. Most of the land in the area
is owned by government or private companies. The farmers are used to monoculture system, especially oil palm or
rubber. Such a habit tends to make farmers reluctant in practicing agro-forestry system that accommodates different
commodities in one plot. The community of different ethnic groups is generally mixed and lives together, although
there are some settlements that group people based on their ethnicity. Local norms have very much been
considered in organizing the community and conducting the campaigns.
4
1 = Normative obstacles are too formidable to be overcome; 4 = Obstacles are manageable and a clear tack to
address them is employed
There is an important thing to consider when involving the community or targeted audience in the program. There
Ability to address has to be a success story example. The community will not change their cultivation pattern because they are used to
normative
such a pattern. They are convinced that their practices have been successful and that a change from the pattern
obstacles
they have adopted to a new one will disturb their land production. Farmers’ dependence to one commodity makes
them dependent to price fluctuation of commodity they planted. This pattern triggers farmers to expand their land
ownership to the protected area. Agro-forestry program will focus on land intensification that accomodate different
plant commodities.
3
Assessment of
norms
Average Score
CAS-COD-Prez-Date-CTL
10
3.5
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BRAVO Besitang Details
Impact and Metrics (1 of 2)
Criteria
Conservation Impact
Likelihood of
conservation
impact
Impact
sustainability
Explanation
Score
1 = Conservation impact is unlikely to be achieved; 4 = Conservation impact is very likely to be realized
The agro-forestry program aims to increase local community’s economic value. It is also designed to support the
conservation of TNGL in Besitang area. Values to be developed in such an agro-forestry system implementation are: (1)
economic value, by developing high economic value plants to raise people’s income and prevent them from expanding
their land to protected area; (2) conservation value, by designating the agro-forestry plot as area to monitor the
protected area from illegal activities; (3) human-wildlife conflict mitigation value, by planting vegetations that certain
wildlife species, especially elephant, dislike.
4
1 = The conservation impact goal is unlikely to be sustained in the long-term; 4 = The impact goal should be viable in
the long-term
The agro-forestry pattern will be developed in community’s land, so the likelihood of community independently continue
the program and adopt the change is greater. Since the lands belong to farmers, they will very likely continue the
system if they sense the benefits of the new practice. Such an implementation will also allow farmers to take benefits of
their own land area.
4
Average Score
CAS-COD-Prez-Date-CTL
11
4
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BRAVO Besitang Details
Impact and Metrics (2 of 2)
Criteria
1st Tipping
Point
Tipping Points
2nd Tipping
Point
3rd Tipping
Point
Explanation
Score
The first tipping point is the community understands that agro-forestry system will generate more income and optimize
land use. It is expected that the need to open a new agricultural area will decrease and the need to encroach TNGL
area will stop.
The second tipping point is the implementation of agro-forestry system in a demonstration plot. It serves as a process to
educate the community. Later, the community is expected to develop the practice to larger audience, so more farmers
may adopt the system independently in their own area and do not encroach the forest.
The third tipping point is to ensure up to 50 percent of farmers, who encroached the forest, to implement the agroforestry system. Trainings will be organized to improve the targeted audience capacity in agro-forestry or other skills.
TNGL area monitoring and patrolling will be conducted to secure the area from encroachment activities. Such actions
will serve as deterrent and give obedience impacts to commitment to safeguard the protected area among the
community. Metrics to be used are number of encroachment activity, number of farmers adopting barrier removal
strategy, number of plants to rehabilitate in TNGL area, village regulations to support agro-forestry implementation,
formation of group of people involved actively in adopting agro-forestry system, and members of community who are
active in monitoring and safeguarding TNGL area.
Average Score
Metrics
Measurable
outcomes
1 = The program lacks clear metrics or are difficult to measure; 4 = The program has established clear, measureable
metrics
Conservation impacts of the campaign are easy to measure. The metric is number of encroachment. To measure this,
TNGL Agency with Higher Authority is willing to work together to monitor and safeguard the area. Another metric is number
of those adopting the barrier removal strategy. Measurable outcomes are number of plants to be planted, the
establishment of group in the community that actively are involved in monitoring and safeguarding TNGL area, village
regulations that support the agro-forestry implementation and joint efforts with the community to safeguard the area.
Average Score
CAS-COD-Prez-Date-CTL
12
4
3
3
3.7
4
4
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Barrier Removal Assessment and Viability Overview (BRAVO)
Composite Score
Category
Economics
Feasibility
Technical
Cultural / Political
Subcategory
Score

Costs
3

Revenues
1

Income Substitution
4

Technology
3.7

Capacity / Organizational Ability
3.33

Other Partners
3

Community Leadership
4

Political Environment
3

Cultural Norms
Impact
Impact and Metrics
Conservation Impact

Tipping Points

Metrics
33
3.5
3.16
4
3.7
3.9
4
Impact Score
CAS-COD-Prez-Date-CTL
27
3.5
Feasibility Score

Average
Category Score
13
3.9
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BRAVO Besitang Details
Risk Factors
Risk Factors
Consequence
Mitigation Strategies
-
Lack of support from local village government
- Program will face difficulty to mobilize
community
- To communicate intensively
-
Wariness to adopt the agro-forestry system
- Strategy cannot be developed
- To communicate, disseminate issue,
conduct training, educate community on
agro-forestry benefits.
- Simple strategy implementation
- To find more funding sources
- Lack of funding
- To apply self-sufficient community pattern
CAS-COD-Prez-Date-CTL
14
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BRAVO Besitang Details
Authors and approvals
List BRAVO authors and their affiliation
CAS-COD-Prez-Date-CTL
15
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