The Social cooperation in Italy
and the CGM consortium experience
Pècs
18 October 2012
Italian social cooperatives
The origin
Social cooperatives were born in Italy during the 70s.
They have been recognised by the Italian legislation on
November 8th, 1991, through the Law 381/91.
Social cooperatives have as their purpose “to pursue
the general interest of the community in promoting
human concerns and in the social integration of
citizens”
Law 381/91 Art.1
public
nature
private
Primary and secondary objects are reversed if compared to
ordinary enterprises:
Primary object
Secondary object
Satisfaction of all its social interlocutors
Accomplishment of the general
interest of society
Respect for the “economic”
and “efficient placement”
criteria for all the available resources
Law no. 381/91 Art.1- Typologies
Type A
Cooperatives of SOCIO-HEALTH
and EDUCATIONAL SERVICES
“Users”: handicapped, elderly,
minors, mental disabled persons,
social excluded, drug addict
people, children..
Type B
WORK INTEGRATION
Cooperatives mainly supporting
adult people EXCLUDED
FROM SOCIETY;
DISADVANTAGED PERSONS
(drug addict, offenders,
handicapped people, …)
Law 381/91 Art.1 - Typologies
A Type
B Type
Operators/
employees/
members
Everybody
30% of
(coherently with disadvantaged
the carried out people
activities).
Market
Fields:
Socio-health
Educational
Any
Law 381/91 Art.1
It's social because
it carries out
activities of social
interest
a
Social
Cooperative
b
It's social for the way
in which productive
activity is carried on
Law 381/91- Members
We have 3 categories of members:
economic compensation.
1. WORKER MEMBERS
(Ordinary working members, paid members, disadvantaged working
members).
2. VOLUNTEER MEMBERS.
3. USER MEMBERS
(users of services/activities of social cooperatives + their families)
+ FUNDING MEMBERS (Law 52/92, art.4)
(whoever grants capital (without limits) to the cooperative, but not directly
involved in the cooperative activities; natural and legal persons.)
Social cooperation in Italy
Social Cooperatives
Members
Workers
Work placements
7.363
262.389
244.223
30.141
Volunteers
34.626
Income
€ 6.400.000.000
This phenomenon is widespread in the whole country,
although not in a homogeneous way.
Source: ISTAT data 2005
Social cooperation in Italy
 A-type cooperatives: 59%
 B-type cooperatives: 32,8 %
 Mixed cooperatives: 4,3
 Consortia: 3,9%
B-type cooperatives and consortia are more spread in the Northern regions;
In the Southern part we mainly find A-type cooperatives;
In Central regions instead, we find many mixed cooperatives.
Source: ISTAT –data 2005
Social cooperation in Italy
278.849 persons operate in social cooperatives divided as follows:
 244.223 paid human resources
 30.478 volunteers
 3.145 civil service
 733 ecclesiastic people
 Compared to 2003, people employed in cooperatives increased by 26,2%.
 Women represent 71,2% of the total amount of people working in social
cooperatives (74% employees, 52,5% volunteers).
Source: ISTAT – data 2005
Social cooperation in Italy
A-type cooperatives divided into fields of activity
 59,1% of A-type cooperatives operate in the field of social care, followed by the
education and research field (21%), culture, sport and entertainment fields (10,7%)
and health (9%).
 Also in this case, we find important differences in the A-type sectorial
specialisation of social cooperatives across the country.
Source: ISTAT – data 2005
Social cooperation in Italy
Work placements in B-type cooperatives
 Disadvantaged people in B-type cooperatives are 30.141
(27,8% more if compared to 2003).
 The percentage of disadvantaged workers is 55,5% of the
total workforce (much higher than the minimum of 30%
required by law).
 The average number of disadvantaged people for each
cooperative is 12.
 The most numerous categories are handicapped people
(46,3%) and drug addict people (16%).
Source: ISTAT – data 2005
The social cooperation in Italy
The development of the social cooperation
New needs not satisfied
 Increasing demand of greater quality of life
 Transformation of the social and familiar roles
Transformation of the welfare systems
 Local dimension of welfare
 Contracting out of the services
 Local programming (law 328/00)
Evolution of the third sector
 Greater economic and social importance
 From protection’s forms to services’
production
 From the voluntary service to the social
enterprise
The social cooperation in Italy
Social cooperative models
The size
Location
… distinguishing them between
cooperatives located in the
northeast, northwest and in the
south…
…based on the size of the
incomes, we identify
cooperatives with small,
medium and large sizes …
Various organizational and
ownership schemes determined
by…
The presence of volunteers
The membership
…distinguishing between
cooperatives that are lacking
and cooperatives with a
meaningful presence…
…based on the presence of one
or more stakeholders (single or
multi stakeholder)…
Social cooperation in Italy
Consortia
The main purpose of social consortia is to offer services aimed at sustaining the
expertise and management activities of member cooperatives:
o management of human resources
o account assistance and finance consulting
o management of administrative documents
o training
o information
o projects planning
o assistance in taking part to public tenders
o support in elaborating political strategies
o taking part to public tenders on behalf of member cooperatives (general
contractors).
Among the most offered services are those concerning the assistance in taking
part to public tenders (74,6% of consortia), projects planning and coordination
(72,5%) organising the exchange of information and experiences between
cooperatives (70,8%), promoting cooperatives’ image and the promotion of
Source: ISTAT – dara 2005
new services (67,6%).
The new law on social enterprise (L.D.155/2006)
Definition of social enterprise: any kind of private organisation (e.g.
associations, foundations, co-operatives, non-cooperative companies) which
permanently and principally operates an economic activity aimed at the
production and distribution of social benefit goods and services while pursuing
general interest goals.
• SE may not limit their goods or services to members only.
• Social benefit goods and services qualified on the basis of
economic and social sectors (social assistance, healthcare, education,
environment, cultural sector, social tourism, university education, research
and cultural services, instrumental services for SEs), or
the specific scope of the enterprise, namely the working integration purpose
of the organisation (minimum 30% disadvantaged workers)
• Non-distribution constraint (also for companies), except for:
“capped” remuneration of financial instruments in favour of nonmembers
(today 5%).
The new law on social enterprise (L.D.155/2006)
(In associations companies) majority of directors shall be appointed by
members (non-members may appoint the remaining part)
SE may not be “controlled” by for profit entities and/or by public entities
(independency requirement)
Required: beneficiaries’ and workers’ involvement (information, consultation,
participation, influence on specifically relevant decisions)
Limited liability if assets amount to a certain value
Accounting and reporting rules (derived by company law)
Social balance sheets requirement
Internal or external auditors (if applicable on the basis of legal requirements
mainly concerning the size of the firm)
The Cgm consortium
The consortium structure
cooperative
Local
consortium
cooperative
Local
consortium
cooperative
Local
consortium
The cooperatives
are generally
joined in local
consortia on
territorial basis
(provincial or
metropolitan )
The local consortia
can be member of
the national
consortium CGM
The Cgm consortium
The numbers of Cgm
CGM is the biggest network enterprise of the
Italian social cooperation
It associates 78 territorial consortium networks
(provincial or metropolitan) which at their turn associate
1.150 social cooperatives diffused on all the national
territory, for a total of 35.000 workers, 5.500 volunteers
and an aggregated turnover of 1,1 billion euros. It
associates also 4 funding members.
The Cgm consortium
Its mission and values
Our mission
Cgm supports the development of social cooperatives.
It helps third sector organisations to become social
enterprises close to the citizens in every phase of their
life-cycle.
Our values
The centrality of the person. Ethics of the action. The
economic pluralism and the democracy. The
entrepreneurship. The active citizenship.
The Cgm consortium
Main areas of action
 Disabilities
 Childhood and adolescence
 Labour inclusion of disadvantaged persons
 Migration, international cooperation
 Active labour policies
 Mental health
 Social tourism
The Cgm consortium
To bring about its own projects…
...and in conformity with its own statute, Cgm carries out:
•
Editorial activitiy
•
Studies and researchs
•
Training
•
Technical-managerial and organizational advice
Moreover it:
coordinates relationships between social cooperatives’ sector and
public actors (mainly Government and Ministries)
promotes and encourages new initiatives for social cooperatives.
The Cgm cooperative group
In 2005 Cgm has decided to create trademark companies for its consolidated
activities in order to increase the know-how accuminated by Cgm during the last
decade. These companies manage specialized and consolidated activities
according to a strong entrepreneurial logic. They are:
ACCORDI (AGREEMENTS): for labour inclusion, particularly in the environmental
area
CGM FINANCE (FINANCE CGM): intergroup financial company
COMUNITA’ SOLIDALI (SUPPORTIVE COMMUNITIES): care (elderly, disabilities,
mental health)
LUOGHI PER CRESCERE (SPACES TO GROW): education (childhood, minors,
education)
MESTIERI (EMPLOYMENT): labour mediation, guidance and training
SOLIDARETE: internationalisation of social enterprise
CONNECTING PEOPLE: migration
WELFARE ITALIA: welfare and services for families
What is social business for the European
Commision
Milano
Via Marco Aurelio, 8
tel. +39 02 36579650
Rome
Palazzo della Cooperazione
Via Torino, 146
Representation
Bruxelles
Square de Meeus 18
www.cgm.coop
[email protected]
CONFCOOPERATIVE
FEDERSOLIDARIETA’