Verb Equations
ACTIVE
TENSE
STEM
PRESENT
IMPERFECT
FUTURE
2nd Principal Part (Inf. “re”)
TENSE MARKER
N/A
-bast nd)
(1 /2 b/ (3rd/4th) (a)e
PERFECT
N/A
rd
PLUPERFECT
3 Principal Part (Perf.
Act. - “i”)
-era-
FUTURE PERFECT
-eri-
ENDINGS
-o/m
-s
-t
-i
-isti
-it
-o/m
-s
-t
-mus
-tis
-nt
-imus
-istis
-erunt
-mus
-tis
-nt
PASSIVE
TENSE
PRESENT
IMPERFECT
FUTURE
PERFECT
PLUPERFECT
STEM
2nd Principal Part
“re”)
(Inf. -
4th Principal Part (Supine/
Perfect Passive Participle)
FUTURE PERFECT
TENSE MARKER
N/A
-bast nd)
(1 /2 b/ (3rd/4th) (a)e
su-/es- (Present of sum)
era- (Imperfect of sum)
eri- (Future of sum)
Conjugations
1st -are
2nd -ēre
3rd/3rd “io” -ĕre
4th -īre
Tense Translations
Active
PRESENT -- I am [verb]ing (Present Continuous); I [verb] (Simple Present)
IMPERFECT -- I was [verb]ing (Past Continuous); I [verb]ed (Simple Past)
FUTURE -- I will be [verb]ing (Future Continuous); I will [verb] (Simple Future)
PERFECT -- I have [verb]ed (Past Complete); I [verb]ed (Simple Past)
PLUPERFECT -- I had [verb]ed (Past Complete)
FUTUREPERFECT -- I will have [verb]ed (Future Complete)
Passive
PRESENT -- I am being [verb]ed (Present Continuous); I am [verb]ed (Simple Present)
IMPERFECT -- I was being [verb]ing (Past Continuous); I was [verb]ed (Simple Past)
FUTURE -- I will be [verb]ed (Future Continuous)
PERFECT -- I have been [verb]ed (Past Complete); I was [verb]ed (Simple Past)
PLUPERFECT -- I had been [verb]ed (Past Complete)
FUTUREPERFECT -- I will have been [verb]ed (Future Complete)
ENDINGS
-or/r
-ris
-tur
-mur
-mini
-ntur
-o/m
-s
-t
-mus
-tis
-nt
Noun Declensions
1ST DECLENSION
(Primarily Feminine)
Case
Singular
Plural
Nom.
a
ae
Gen.
ae
arum
Dat.
ae
īs
Acc.
am
as
Abl.
ā
īs
2ND DECLENSION
(Masculine/Neuter)
Case
Singular
Plural
Nom.
us/um*
ī/a*
Gen.
ī
orum
Dat.
o
īs
Acc.
um
as/a*
Abl.
o
īs
*Indicates a change due to the Neuter gender
Adjectives
Adjectives must agree with the nouns they modify in three ways: 1. Gender 2. Number 3. Case
ex. Longus est annus. “The year is long.”
Terram bonam vidisti? “Did you see the good land?”
Cases and Functions
Nominative -- Comes from nomen, meaning “name” (i.e., it NAMES the SUBJECT)
The primary function of this case is the subject of the sentence.
Genitive -- Comes from gigno, meaning “beget, arise” (i.e., it shows the ORIGIN of the noun)
The primary function of this case is to indicate possession.
Dative -- Comes from do, meaning “give” (i.e., you must give something TO someone)
The primary function of this case is to show the indirect object in a sentence.
Accusative -- Comes from accuso, meaning “accuse” (i.e, you need an OBJECT for an accusation)
The primary function of this case is to show the direct object of the verb.
Ablative -- Comes from abfero, meaning “carry away from” (i.e., separation FROM some thing/one)
The primary functions of this case are 1) to show the use of a preposition, 2) to indicate
separation, 3) to show location, and 4) to show the instrument used.
Nota Bene -- These are primary functions, NOT the only functions.