! ! # " " ! ( ) % $# ' ! , ' % & ( % && * " ! ! + %! % && * ! " - # ) ' ./ ! ' 0 # " # # 0 ' ! 0' ! " 0 ' # " $ 0' # ! " ! ! - ! # ! # ! ! ' ! 0 0' + ( ' ! ' 1 ' ' ! % #! & ! 2 " " " ! 0 ! 34 $+ " (/567 8 " 9 : 6 ! ! %2 & " ! ! - # ! ! # ! ! 0 ' ! 0' + ( # ! ! ! # ; ' ! ' 0 ' ! 2 ( * ' / ) + ! 0 ' <= ) # ! / ! " ! 0! # ! ! ! # # ! ! + 0 ' ' 0' ; + ! ; # # ' $ > ! ! ' ! ! # ! ") . ! /! " $ # % & & ' * ( & & & + ,& & &% & & & & # ) & & & - # # . / ! /! ") / ? @ @ > 0 ' ( ; / # ! +0 ' ! ! 6AA > ! +! ! .AA B ε %# # & A + .AA # # A .AA # ! > ' / /! + 0 ' ' 0' + ; 4 % ! # /! ! &$ ; > ! # ! ! , > : 9 # 0 ! ! 0' * - ! ! ' Dutch (Aalsmeer) flower auction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from Roth & Ockenfels] ? ' ( # ( [from Roth & Ockenfels] ) * ? [from Roth & Ockenfels] ? ! ! ./ ; ' ! E ! # ! ( $ M ' ' ! 2 ' / % & # $ , ' > ' "' 8 / ! ' # ! # + /; > ! ! ! ! > D " # # %'. ? 'N N& ! '. ? 'N N > ' ' ! <. # ' ' > # ! # ) ! ! ! " ' # # 8 # # ! ! # > %$ $ ! ! ! ! ! ' ' ) & 0 , ' > ' ! + # > ' / /; ) ! ! + ! ! ' ! ' 0! 0' ti = expected payment by bidder (expectation taken over others’ valuations) By choosing his bid bi, bidder chooses a point on this curve (we do not assume it is the same for different mechanisms) ui = vi pi - ti <=> ti = vi pi - ui utility increases vi ti(pi*(vi)) pi = probability of winning (expectation taken over others’ valuations) pi*(vi) dti(pi*(vi)) / dpi*(vi) = vi Integrate both sides from pi*(vi) to pi*(vi): ti(pi*(vi)) - ti(pi*(vi)) = pi*(vi) # ! > ' ! > ! 8 % O%' && pi*(vi) vi(q) dq = ' E ; # ,D I": vi vi s dpi*(s) ! ! %'. ? 'N N& ' O%' & ! % O%' && ! '
© Copyright 2026 Paperzz