Writing the Background,
Conclusion and Implications
Sections
Review: The structure of your ARP
I.
II.
III.
IV.
V.
Introduction
Background (optional)
Arguments (Pro-A’s, Counter-A’s + Refutations)
Implications
Conclusion
Background
 Optional
 Include a Background section if:
 You need to give a lengthy (more than 2
paragraphs) extended definition of your topic and
its related terms
 Placement: between the TS and the arguments
Conclusion
Conclusion
Summarize the main points of your paper:
an informative précis, not an indicative
one
Indicative vs. informative precis
INDICATIVE
This paper has
investigated the question
of whether or not
Facebook use leads to
depression. It has
surveyed the most recent
research on the topic and
presented evidence on
both the affirmative and
negative positions.
Implications have been
presented.
INFORMATIVE
This paper has investigated
the question of whether or
not Facebook use leads to
depression. A survey of the
most recent research on the
topic shows that [present
your findings]. The
implications of these
findings are [present the
implications].
Writing conventions
Review the following:
 What tense is used for reporting verbs (see samples
1 & 2)?
 How long is should the conclusion be? (See sample 2
as your guide f0r this.)
 What linguistic signals (phrases/words) tell the
reader that the writer is about to end?
On Sample 2: Adjustments
 Pronoun P.O.V. = our convention: third person
Writing the Implications Section
Look for:
 Linguistic signals for presenting implications
 Needed content
Definition
 the “logical consequences” of a particular
statement; something that is true as a result of
another true assertion
 Drawing the implications also means explaining the
value or significance of a statement, usually in
connection to society, or certain sectors of it
In other words:
 the “logical consequences” of a particular
statement; something that is true as a result of
another true assertion.
 the “logical consequences” of YOUR RESEARCH;
something that is true as a result of WHAT YOU
HAVE PROVEN TO BE TRUE.
Recall: Think-aloud script
 Which sectors are affected (implicated sectors) by
the statement?
 How are they affected:
 What will happen to them? OR
 What should they do?
Practice
Suppose the following are your MAJOR (not
incidental or minor) findings. Draw possible
implications.
1. Facebook use, according to research, leads to
depression among teenagers. This is because of
their tendency to compare themselves with
others.
 Implicated sector:
 Action or consequence:
 Music therapy, though marginalized in the field of
mainstream therapeutic techniques, has been
proven effective.
 Implicated sector:
 Action or consequence:
General areas for implications
 Research implications – areas on which research has
not yet been done
 Pedagogical implications – consequences or actions
to take in relation to teaching and education
 Policy implications – laws that should be enacted as
a result of your findings
Research Implications
In terms of possible areas for future research,
more studies should be conducted on the
interpersonal function (or meaning) of language.
Specific topics include manifestations of this meaning
in written texts, such as evaluation, stance,
commitment, detachment, and attitude to the
speaker’s proposition and to readers, and how these
are realized linguistically.
What do the underlined show?
Research implications: Questions to
answer
 What questions should you ask yourself in order to
draw out ideas similar to the ones in the sample?
WRONG: Other researchers should write a paper on
this topic using more sources, as this paper includes
only ten.
Pedagogical Implications
 Lastly, corollary to the first implication, teaching
interpersonal meaning and how it is coded
linguistically in written texts may inform our
teaching. Not only should we focus on coherence,
cohesion, and organization. . .we should also pay
attention to interpersonal, attitudinal or
orientational meanings. . . .
What do the underlined show?
Pedagogical implications: Questions
to answer
 What questions should you ask yourself in order to
draw out ideas similar to the sample?
Policy Implications
 There is an urgent need for decentralized and
differentiated policies and procedures simply
because what works for one will not work for
another. On the question of language instruction,
for example, the bilingual policy must be adopted
using a differentiated scheme. . . .
Policy Implications
 There is an urgent need for decentralized and
differentiated policies and procedures simply
because what works for one will not work for
another. On the question of language instruction,
for example, the bilingual policy must be adopted
using a differentiated scheme. . . .
 What do the underlined show?
Pedagogical implications: Questions
to answer
 What questions should you ask yourself in order to
draw out ideas similar to the sample?
Guide for the implications
 REQUIRED: Implications related to two areas
 Some useful phrases:
 This research/ The findings has implications for
______
 This research/ The findings suggests ________
 This research/ The findings points to the need for
X
The significance
of research
Fuels research
(knowledge =
more knowledge)
Stimulates education
(knowledge = good
teaching)
Informs policy
(knowledge =
good laws)
Progress check
 Intro
 Body (half)
 Body remaining half
 Implications
 Conclusion