Verb Forms — Animate Intransitive Verbs (verb ai)
1
opu stem 1 ‑opi- stem 2 epi-, plural opultuwok
eksku stem 1 -eksqi- plural ekskultuwok (q in stem changes to k before u)
PRESENT TENSE — POSITIVE
Indicative
Changed Conjunct
Unchanged Conjunct Subordinative
Imperative
epiyan/epi eksqiyan/-i
epiyin
etc.
epit
epilit/epilicil
opiyan
opiyin
opit
opilit
ntopipon nteksqipon
ktopipon kteksqipon
ktopipa
kteksqipa
opuwok
ekskuwok
opu
eksku
epiyek
epiyiq
epiyeq
epihtit*/epicik
epilit/epilici(hi)
opiyek
opiyiq
opiyeq
opihtit
opilit
ntopinen
ktopinen
ktopiniya
’topiniya
’topilin
—
opine
opiq
opihtic
opilic
ntopultipon
ktopultipon
ktopultipa
opultuwok
opultu
epultiyek
epultiyiq
epultiyeq
epultihtit*
epultilit
opultiyek
opultiyiq
opultiyeq
opultihtit
opultilit
ntopultinen
ktopultinen
ktopultiniya
’topultiniya
’topultilin
—
opultine ekskultine
opultiq
etc.
opultihtic
opultilic
epimok, epimk
epultimok, epultimk
opimok, opimk
opultimok, opultimk
opin
opultin
opimoc
opultimoc
epiwan/epiw
epiwon
epihq
epilihq/epilihqil
opiwan
opiwon
opihq
opilihq
ntopiwon
ktopiwon
’topiwon
’topiliwon
—
opihkoc
opic
opilic
ntopihpon
ktopihpon
ktopihpa
opiwiyik
opiwi
epiwehk
epiwohq
epiwehq
epihtihq/-ik*
epilihq/epilihqi
opiwehk
opiwohq
opiwehq
opihtihq
opilihq
ntopiwonewin
ktopiwonewin
ktopiwoniya
’topiwoniya
’topiliwon
—
—
opihkeq
opihtic
opilic
ntopultihpon
ktopultihpon
ktopultihpa
opultiwiyik
opultiwi
epultiwehk
epultiwohq
epultiwehq
epultihtihq/-ik*
epultilihq/-ilihqi(hi)
opultiwehk
opultiwohq
opultiwehq
opultihtihq
opultilihq
ntopultiwonewin
ktopultiwonewin
ktopultiwoniya
’topultiwoniya
’topultiliwon
—
—
opultihkeq
opultihtic
opultilic
epimuhk
epultimuhk
opimuhk
opultimuhk
opiwon
opultiwon
opimoc
opultimoc
Singular
1
2
3
4
ntop
ktop
opu
opuwol
kteksq
kteksq
eksku
ekskuwol
eksqiyan
etc.
ntopin
ktopin
’topin
’topilin
nteksqin
etc.
—
opin*
opic
opilic
eksq*
eksqic
eksqilic
Dual
11
12
22
33
44
—
eksqine
etc.
Plural
11
12
22
33
44
ntekskultipon
etc.
Unspecified subject forms
opin
opultin
eksqin
ekskultin
PRESENT TENSE — NEGATIVE
Singular
1
2
3
4
ntopiw
ktopiw
opiw
opiwiyil
nteksqiw
etc.
Dual
11
12
22
33
44
Plural
11
12
22
33
44
Unspecified subject forms
opiwon
eksqiwon
opultiwon
etc.
*Additional participle forms (positive): 33 (dual) epicik, (plural) epulticik; (negative): 33 (dual) epihqik, (plural) epultihqik; Imperative (positive) 2: note that
most verbs of this type (ai 1) form the Imperative singular without adding -in to the stem; generally those that add -in have short stems.
640
Verb Forms — Animate Intransitive Verbs (verb ai)
1
opu stem 1 ‑opi- stem 2 epi-, plural opultuwok
eksku stem 1 -eksqi- plural ekskultuwok (q in stem changes to k before u)*
PRETERIT TENSE — POSITIVE
Indicative
Changed Conjunct
Subordinative
ntopihpon nteksqihpon
ktopihpon kteksqihpon
opuhpon ekskuhpon
opuponil ekskuponil
epiyanpon
epiyinpon
epitpon
epilitpon/-il
ntopinehpon
ktopinehpon
’topinehpon
’topilinehpon
epiyekpon
epiyiqpon
epiyeqpon
epihtitpon/-ik
epilitpon/-i(hi)
ntopinenuhpon
ktopinenuhpon
ktopiniyahpon
’topiniyahpon
’topilinehpon
epultiyekpon
epultiyiqpon
epultiyeqpon
epultihtitpon/-ik
epultilitpon/-i(hi)
ntopultinenuhpon
ktopultinenuhpon
ktopultiniyahpon
’topultiniyahpon
’topultilinehpon
Singular
1
2
3
4
Dual
11
12
22
33
44
ntopiponuhpon
ktopiponuhpon
ktopipahpon
opuponik
opuponi(hi)
etc.
Plural
11
12
22
33
44
ntopultiponuhpon
ktopultiponuhpon
ktopultipahpon
opultuponik
opultuponi(hi)
PRETERIT TENSE — NEGATIVE
Singular
1
2
3
4
ntopihqopon
ktopihqopon
opiwihpon
opiwiponil
epiwanpon
epiwonpon
epihqopon
epilhqopon/-il
ntopiwonewihpon
ktopiwonewihpon
’topiwonewihpon
’topiliwonewihpon
ntopiponuhqopon
ktopiponuhqopon
ktopipahqopon
opiwiponik
opiwiponi(hi)
epiwehkopon
epiwohqopon
epiwehqopon
epihtihqpon/-ik
epilihqopon/-i(hi)
ntopiwonewinuhpon
ktopiwonewinuhpon
ktopiwoniyawihpon
’topiwoniyawihpon
’topiliwonewihpon
ntopultiponuhqopon
ktopultiponuhqopon
ktopultipahqopon
opultiwiponik
opultiwiponi(hi)
epultiwehkopon
epultiwohqopon
epultiwehqopon
epultihtihqpon/-ik
epultilihqopon/-i(hi)
ntopultiwonewinuhpon
ktopultiwonewinuhpon
ktopultiwoniyawihpon
’topultiwoniyawihpon
’topultiliwonewihpon
Dual
11
12
22
33
44
Plural
11
12
22
33
44
*Forms of eksku (stem 1 -eksqi-) follow the same pattern as opu in the preterit tense.
641
Imperative
Verb Forms — Animate Intransitive Verbs (verb ai)
1
opu stem 1 ‑opi- stem 2 epi-, plural opultuwok
eksku stem 1 -eksqi- plural ekskultuwok (q in stem changes to k before u)
DUBITATIVE PRETERIT TENSE — POSITIVE
Indicative
Changed Conjunct
Unchanged Conjunct Subordinative
ntopips
nteksqips
ktopips
nteksqips
opuss
ekskuss
opusoponil
etc.
epiyans
epiyins
epits
epilits/-ilitsoponil
opiyansopon
opiyinsopon
opitsopon
opilitsopon
ntopiness
ktopiness
’topiness
’topiliness
ntopiponoss
ktopiponoss
ktopipass
opusoponik
opusoponi(hi)
epiyeks
epiyiqs
epiyeqs
epihtits/-ihtitsoponik
epilits/-ilitsoponi(hi)
opiyeksopon
opiyiqsopon
opiyeqsopon
opihtitsopon
opilitsopon
ntopinenuss
ktopinenuss
ktopiniyass
’topiniyass
’topiliness
ntopultiponoss
ktopultiponoss
ktopultipass
opultusoponik
opultusoponi(hi)
epiyeks
epiyiqs
epiyeqs
epihtits/-oponik
epilits/-oponi(hi)
opultiyeksopon
opultiyiqsopon
opultiyeqsopon
opultihtitsopon
opultilitsopon
ntopultinenuss
ktopultinenuss
ktopultiniyass
’topultiniyass
’topultiliness
Singular
1
2
3
4
Dual
11
12
22
33
44
Plural
11
12
22
33
44
DUBITATIVE PRETERIT TENSE — NEGATIVE
Singular
1
2
3
4
ntopihposs
ktopihposs
opiwiss
opiwisoponil
epiwans
epiwons
epihqoss
epilihqoss/*
opiwansopon
opiwonsopon
opihqosopon
opilihqosopon
ntopiwonewiss
ktopiwonewiss
’topiwonewiss
’topiliwonewiss
ntopiponuhposs
ktopiponuhposs
ktopipahposs
opiwisoponik
opiwisoponi(hi)
epiwehkoss
epiwohqoss
epiwehqoss
epihtihqoss/*
epilihqoss/*
opiwehkosopon
opiwohqosopon
opiwehqosopon
opihtihqosopon
opilihqosopon
ntopiwonewinuss
ktopiwonewinuss
ktopiwoniyawiss
’topiwoniyawiss
’topiliwonewiss
ntopultiponuhposs
ktopultiponuhposs
ktopultipahposs
opultiwisoponik
opultiwisoponi(hi)
epultiwehkoss
epultiwohqoss
epultiwehqoss
epultihtihqoss/*
epultilihqoss/*
opultiwehkosopon
opultiwohqosopon
opultiwehqosopon
opultihtihqosopon
opultilihqosopon
ntopultiwonewinuss
ktopultiwonewinuss
ktopultiwoniyawiss
’topultiwoniyawiss
’topultiliwonewiss
Dual
11
12
22
33
44
Plural
11
12
22
33
44
*Participle forms (negative): 4 ep(ult)ilihqosoponil, 33 ep(ult)ihtihqosoponik, 44 ep(ult)ilihqosoponi(hi). Forms of eksku (stem 1 -eksqi-) follow the
same pattern as opu in the dubitative preterit tense.
642
Verb Forms — Animate Intransitive Verbs (verb ai)
1
opu stem 1 ‑opi- stem 2 epi-, plural opultuwok
eksku stem 1 -eksqi- plural ekskultuwok (q in stem changes to k before u)
ABSENTATIVE TENSE — POSITIVE
Indicative
Subordinative
Singular
1
2
3
4
ntopine
ktopine
opuwa*
opukkol
nteksqine
nteksqine
ekskuwa
ekskukkol
ntopinehk
ktopinehk
’topinehk
’topilinehk
Dual
11
12
22
33
44
ntopinenu
ktopinenu
ktopiniyaw
opukk
opukk
etc.
ntopinenuhk
ktopinenuhk
ktopiniyahk
’topiniyawehk
’topilinehk
Plural
11
12
22
33
44
ntopultinenu
ktopultinenu
ktopultiniyaw
opultukk
opultukk
ntopultinenuhk
ktopultinenuhk
ktopultiniyahk
’topultiniyawehk
’topultilinehk
ABSENTATIVE TENSE — NEGATIVE
Singular
1
2
3
4
ntopiwonehk
ktopiwonehk
opiwya*
opiwikkol
ntopinehk
ktopinehk
’topinehk
’topilinehk
ntopiwonewinuhk
ktopiwonewinuhk
ktopiwoniyawehk
opiwikk
opiwikk
ntopinenuhk
ktopinenuhk
ktopiniyawehk
’topiniyawehk
’topilinehk
ntopultiwonewinuhk
ktopultiwonewinuhk
ktopultiwoniyawehk
opultiwikk
opultiwikk
ntopultinenuhk
ktopultinenuhk
ktopultiniyawehk
’topultiniyawehk
’topultilinehk
Dual
11
12
22
33
44
Plural
11
12
22
33
44
*Forms for other ai verbs (positive): 2 iyuwa or iywa; 3 wolapewiwa; 4 sakhotqahwa; 5 lintuwa; 6 apsokila; 7 alhoma; 8 lossina; 9 sehkiya;
10 pomuhsiya; 11 oliyya; 12 macehya or maceyya; 13 pomokiya; (negative): 2 ihiwya; 3 wolapewiwya; 4 sakhotqihiwya; 5-8 -uwya; 9-13
-ewya. Forms of eksku (stem 1 -eksqi-) follow the same pattern as opu in the absentative tense.
643
Verb Forms — Animate Intransitive Verbs (verb ai)
2
iyu s/he is there. stem 1 ‑iyi-, -ihi-, stem 2 eyi-, plural iyultuwok
(y in stem 1 changes to h before i; double yy shown in certain forms is hh or hy for some speakers; y drops if word-final)
PRESENT TENSE — POSITIVE
Indicative
Changed Conjunct
Unchanged Conjunct Subordinative
Imperative
nti
kti
iyu
iyuwol
eyyan/eyi
eyyin
eyit
eyilit/eyilicil
iyyan
iyyin
ihit
ihilit
ntihin
ktihin
’tihin
’tihilin
—
ihin
ihic
ihilic
ntihipon
ktihipon
ktihipa
iyuwok
iyu
eyyek
eyyiq
eyyeq
eyihtit/eyicik
eyilit/eyilici(hi)
iyyek
iyyiq
iyyeq
ihihtit
ihilit
ntihinen
ktihinen
ktihiniya
’tihiniya
’tihilin
—
ihine
ihiq
ihihtic
ihilic
eyimok, eyimk
eyultimok, eyultimk
ihimok, ihimk
iyultimok, -imk
ihin
iyultin
ihimoc
iyultimoc
ntihiw
ktihiw
ihiw
ihiwiyil
eyiwan/eyiw
eyiwon
eyihq
eyilihq/eyilihqil
ihiwan
ihiwon
ihihq
ihilihq
ntihiwon
ktihiwon
’tihiwon
’tihiliwon
—
ihihkoc
ihic
ihilic
ntihihpon
ktihihpon
ktihihpa
ihiwiyik
ihiwi, ihiwihi
eyiwehk
eyiwohq
eyiwehq
eyihtihq/eyihqik
eyilihq/eyilihqi(hi)
ihiwehk
ihiwohq
ihiwehq
ihihtihq
ihilihq
ntihiwonewin
ktihiwonewin
ktihiwoniya
’tihiwoniya
’tihiliwon
—
—
ihihkeq
ihihtic
ihilic
eyimuhk
eyultimuhk
ihimuhk
iyultimuhk
ihiwon
iyultiwon
ihimoc
iyultimoc
Singular
1
2
3
4
Dual
11
12
22
33
44
Plural
11 ntiyultipon, etc. (see 1)
Unspecified subject forms
ihin
iyultin
PRESENT TENSE — NEGATIVE
Singular
1
2
3
4
Dual
11
12
22
33
44
Plural
Unspecified subject forms
ihiwon
iyultiwon
11 ntiyultihpon, etc. (see 1)
644
Verb Forms — Animate Intransitive Verbs (verb ai)
3
wolapewiw, wolapewu he is handsome. stem 1a ‑ulapewi-, stem 1b –wolapewi-, stem 2 welapewi-, plural wolapewultuwok
PRESENT TENSE — POSITIVE
Indicative
Changed Conjunct
Unchanged Conjunct Subordinative
Imperative
nulapew
kulapew
wolapewiw, wolapewu
wolapewiwol
welapewiyan/welapewi
welapewiyin
welapewit
welapewilit/-ilicil
wolapewiyan
wolapewiyin
wolapewit
wolapewilit
nulapewin
kulapewin
ulapewin
ulapewilin
—
wolapew
wolapewic
wolapewilic
wolapewiyek, etc.
nulapewinen, etc.
22 wolapewiq, etc.
welapewultiyek, etc.
wolapewultiyek, etc.
nulapewultinen, etc.
22 wolapewultiq, etc.
welapewiwan/-iw
welapewiwon
welapewihq
welapewilihq/-ilihqil
wolapewiwan
wolapewiwon
wolapewihq
wolapewilihq
nulapewiwon
kulapewiwon
ulapewiwon
ulapewiliwon
—
wolapewihkoc
wolapewic
wolapewilic
wolapewiwehk, etc.
nulapewiwonewin, etc.
22 wolapewihkeq
Singular
1
2
3
4
Dual
11 nulapewipon, etc. (see 1) welapewiyek, etc.
Plural
11 nulapewultipon, etc.
PRESENT TENSE — NEGATIVE
Singular
1
2
3
4
nulapewiw
kulapewiw
wolapewiw
wolapewiyil
Dual
11 nulapewihpon, etc. (see 1) welapewiwehk, etc.
Plural
11 nulapewultihpon, etc.
welapewultiwehk, etc.
wolapewultiwehk, etc. nulapewultiwonewin, etc.
Unspecified subject forms: wolapewin, welapewimok, etc.; see 1.
645
22 wolapewultihkeq
Verb Forms — Animate Intransitive Verbs (verb ai)
4
sakhotkuhu s/he jumps into view. stem 1 ‑sakhotq_hi-, plural sakhotkuhultuwok; see notes below.
PRESENT TENSE — POSITIVE
Indicative
Changed Conjunct
Unchanged Conjunct Subordinative
Imperative
nsakhotqihi
ksakhotqihi
sakhotkuhu
sakhotkuhuwol*
sakhotqahyan/-qihi
sakhotqahyin, -qahhin
sakhotqihit
sakhotqihilit
sakhotqahyan
sakhotqahyin, -hin
sakhotqihit
sakhotqihilit
nsakhotqihin
ksakhotqihin
’sakhotqihin
’sakhotqihilin
—
sakhotqihin
sakhotqihic
sakhotqihilic
sakhotqahyek
sakhotqahyek
nsakhotqihinen
22 sakhotqihiq
sakhotkuhultiyek
sakhotkuhultiyek
’sakhotkuhultinen
22 sakhotkuhultiq
nsakhotqihiw
ksakhotqihiw
sakhotqihiw
sakhotqihiwiyil
sakhotqihiwan/-iw
sakhotqihiwon
sakhotqihihq
sakhotqihilihq
sakhotqihiwan
sakhotqihiwon
sakhotqihihq
sakhotqihilihq
nsakhotqihiwon
ksakhotqihiwon
’sakhotqihiwon
’sakhotqihiliwon
­
—
sakhotqihihkoc
sakhotqihic
sakhotqihilic
11 nsakhotqihihpon, (2)
sakhotqihiwehk, etc.
sakhotqihiwehk, etc.
nsakhotqihiwonewin, etc. 22 sakhotqihihkeq
sakhotkuhultiwehk
sakhotkuhultiwehk
’sakhotkuhultiwonewin
Singular
1
2
3
4
Dual
11 nsakhotqihipon, etc. (2)
Plural
11 nsakhotkuhultipon (1)
PRESENT TENSE — NEGATIVE
Singular
1
2
3
4
Dual
Plural
11 nsakhotkuhultihpon (1)
22 sakhotkuhultihkeq
Unspecified subject forms: sakhotqihin, etc. (see 2); q changes to k before u; qih or kuh at end of stem changes to qah before h or w or y.
646
Verb Forms — Animate Intransitive Verbs (verb ai)
5
lintu s/he sings. stem 1a ‑olintu- stem 1b lintu- stem 2 elintu-, plural lintuhtuwok
PRESENT TENSE — POSITIVE
Indicative
Changed Conjunct
Unchanged Conjunct Subordinative
Imperative
ntolint
ktolint
lintu
lintuwol
elintuwan/elintu
elintuwon
elintaq
elintulit/elintulicil
lintuwan
lintuwon
lintaq
lintulit
ntolintun
ktolintun
’tolintun
’tolintulin
—
lint
lintuc
lintulic
ntolintupon
ktolintupon
ktolintupa
lintuwok
lintu
elintuwek
elintuwoq
elintuweq
elintuhtit/elintucik*
elintulit/elintulici(hi)
lintuwek
lintuwoq
lintuweq
lintuhtit
lintulit
ntolintunen
ktolintunen
ktolintuniya
’tolintuniya
’tolintulin
—
lintune
lintuk
lintuhtic
lintulic
elintuhtiyek, etc.
lintuhtiyek, etc.
ntolintuhtinen, etc.
22 lintuhtiq, etc.
ntolintu
ktolintu
lintu
lintuwiyil
elintuwan/elintu
elintuwon
elintuhk
elintulihq/-il
lintuwan
lintuwon
lintuhk
lintulihq
ntolintuwon
ktolintuwon
’tolintuwon
’tolintuliwon
—
lintuhkoc
lintuc
lintulic
ntolintuhpon
ktolintuhpon
ktolintuhpa
lintuwiyik
lintuwi
elintuwehk
elintuwohq
elintuwehq
elintuhtihq/-ik*
elintulihq/-i(hi)
lintuwehk
lintuwohq
lintuwehq
lintuhtihq
lintulihq
ntolintuwonewinen
ktolintuwonewinen
ktolintuwoniya
’tolintuwoniya
’tolintuliwon
—
—
lintuhkeq
lintuhtic
lintulic
elintuhtiwehk, etc.
lintuhtiwehk, etc.
ntolintuhtiwonewin, etc.
22 lintuhtihkeq, etc.
Singular
1
2
3
4
Dual
11
12
22
33
44
Plural
11 ntolintuhtipon, etc. (1)
PRESENT TENSE — NEGATIVE
Singular
1
2
3
4
Dual
11
12
22
33
44
Plural
11 ntolintuhtipon, etc.
*Additional participle forms (positive): 33 elintaqik; (negative): 33 elintuhqik; unspecified subject forms: lintun, elintumok, etc. (see 1).
647
Verb Forms — Animate Intransitive Verbs (verb ai)
6
apsokil s/he is small. stem 1 ‑apsokil-, plural apsokiluhtuwok
PRESENT TENSE — POSITIVE
Indicative
Changed Conjunct
Unchanged Conjunct Subordinative
Imperative
ntapsokil
ktapsokil
apsokil
apsokilul
apsokilan/apsokilu
apsokilon
apsokilok
apsokillit/-licil*
apsokilan
apsokilon
apsokilok
apsokillit*
ntapsokilon
ktapsokilon
’tapsokilon
’tapsokillin*
—
apsokil
apsokiloc
apsokillic*
ntapsokilupon
ktapsokilupon
ktapsokilupa
apsokiluk
apsokilu
apsokilek
apsokiloq
apsokileq
apsokiluhtit/-ucik
apsokillit/-lici(hi)*
apsokiluwek
apsokiluwoq
apsokiluweq
apsokiluhtit
apsokillit*
ntapsokilonen
ktapsokilonen
ktapsokiloniya
’tapsokiloniya
’tapsokillin*
—
apsokilone
apsokiluk
apsokiluhtic
apsokillic*
apsokiluhtiyek, etc.
apsokiluhtiyek, etc.
ntapsokiluhtinen, etc.
22 apsokiluhtiq, etc.
apsokiluwan/apsokilu
apsokiluwon
apsokiluhk
apsokilulihq/-ulihqil
apsokiluwan
apsokiluwon
apsokiluhk
apsokilulihq
ntapsokiluwon
ktapsokiluwon
’tapsokiluwon
’tapsokiluliwon
—
apsokiluhkoc
apsokiloc
apsokillic*
apsokiluwehk, etc.
apsokiluwehk, etc.
ntapsokiluwonewinen
22 apsokiluhkeq, etc.
apsokiluhtiwehk, etc.
apsokiluhtiwehk, etc.
ntapsokiluhtiwonewinen
22 apsokiluhtihkeq
Singular
1
2
3
4
Dual
11
12
22
33
44
Plural
11 ntapsokiluhtipon (see 1)
PRESENT TENSE — NEGATIVE
Singular
1
2
3
4
ntapsokilu
ktapsokilu
apsokilu
apsokiluwiyil
Dual
11 ntapsokiluhpon, etc. (5)
Plural
11 ntapsokiluhtihpon, etc.
*Alternatives to forms with double ll: apsokilulit, ’tapsokilulin, apsokilulic, etc.; additional participle form (positive): 33 apsokilkik.
648
Verb Forms — Animate Intransitive Verbs (verb ai)
7
alhom s/he swims around. stem 1 ‑alhom-, plural alhomuhtuwok. Note shortened stem in alhok, alhoc, alhokik (below chart).
PRESENT TENSE — POSITIVE
Indicative
Changed Conjunct
Unchanged Conjunct Subordinative
Imperative
ntalhom
ktalhom
alhom
alhomul
alhoman/alhom
alhomon
alhok
alhomolit/-olicil
alhoman
alhomon
alhok
alhomolit
ntalhomon
ktalhomon
’talhomon
’talhomolin
—
alhom
alhomoc, alhoc
alhomolic
alhomek, etc. (6)*
alhomek, etc. (6)
ntalhomonen, etc. (6)
22 alhomuk, etc. (6)
alhomuhtiyek, etc. (1)
ntalhomuhtinen, etc. (1)
22 alhomuhtiq (1)
alhomuwan/alhomu
alhomuwon
alhomuhk
alhomulihq/-ulihqil
alhomuwan
alhomuwon
alhomuhk
alhomulihq
ntalhomuwon
ktalhomuwon
’talhomuwon
’talhomuliwon
—
alhomuhkoc
alhomoc, alhoc
alhomolic
alhomuwehk, etc.
alhomuwehk, etc.
ntalhomuwonewin, etc.
22 alhomuhkeq, etc.
alhomuhtiwehk, etc.
alhomuhtiwehk, etc.
ntalhomuhtiwonewin, etc. 22 alhomuhtihkeq
Singular
1
2
3
4
Dual
11 ntalhomupon, etc. (6)
Plural
11 ntalhomuhtipon, etc. (1) alhomuhtiyek, etc. (1)
PRESENT TENSE — NEGATIVE
Singular
1
2
3
4
ntalhomu
ktalhomu
alhomu
alhomuwiyil
Dual
11 ntalhomuhpon, etc. (6)
Plural
11 ntalhomuhtihpon (see 1)
*Additional participle form (positive): 33 alhokik. Verbs ai 7 with stems in -ahm or -ehm (see, e.g., ikotohom, ptohom) drop the h when there
is no ending in Conjunct forms using that stem: 1 ikotam, ikotem.
649
Verb Forms — Animate Intransitive Verbs (verb ai)
8
lossin s/he is lying down. stem 1a ‑olossin-, stem 1b lossin- stem 2 elossin-, plural lossinuhtuwok; see notes below.
PRESENT TENSE — POSITIVE
Indicative
Changed Conjunct
Unchanged Conjunct Subordinative
Imperative
ntolossin
ktolossin
lossin
lossinul
elossinan/elossinu*
elossinon
elossit (short stem)
elossinolit/-olicil
lossinan
lossinon
lossit
lossinolit
ntolossinon
ktolossinon
’tolossinon
’tolossinolin
—
lossin
lossinoc*
lossinolic*
ntolossinupon
ktolossinupon
ktolossinupa
lossinuk
lossinu
elossinek
elossinoq
elossineq
elossinuhtit/-ucik
elossinolit/olici(hi)
lossinuwek
lossinuwoq
lossinuweq
lossinuhtit
lossinolit
ntolossinnen
ktolossinnen
ktolossiniya
’tolossiniya
’tolossinolin
—
lossinne*
lossinuk
lossinuhtic
lossinolic
11 ntolossinuhtipon (1)
elossinuhtiyek, etc.
lossinuhtiyek, etc.
ntolossinuhtinen, etc.
22 lossinuhtiq, etc.
ntolossinu
ktolossinu
lossinu
lossinuwiyil
elossinuwan/elossinu
elossinuwon
elossinuhk
elossinulihq/-ulihqil
lossinuwan
lossinuwon
lossinuhk
lossinulihq
ntolossinuwon
ktolossinuwon
’tolossinuwon
’tolossinuliwon
—
lossinuhkoc
lossinoc
lossinolic
ntolossinuhpon
ktolossinuhpon
ktolossinuhpa
lossinuwiyik
lossinuwi
elossinuwehk
elossinuwohq
elossinuwehq
elossinuhtihq/-uhthqik
elossinulihq/-ulihqi(hi)
lossinuwehk
lossinuwohq
lossinuwehq
lossinuhtihq
lossinulihq
ntolossinnen
ktolossinnen
ktolossiniya
’tolossiniya
’tolossinolin
—
—
lossinuk
lossinuhtic
lossinolic
lossinuhtiwehk, etc.
ntolossinuhtiwonewin
22 lossinuhtihkeq
Singular
1
2
3
4
Dual
11
12
22
33
44
Plural
PRESENT TENSE — NEGATIVE
Singular
1
2
3
4
Dual
11
12
22
33
44
Plural
11
ntolossinuhtihpon, etc. elossinuhtiwehk, etc.
* Unspecified subject forms lossin, elossimok, etc. (see 1). Speakers frequently use verb ai 1 for certain forms of these verbs, as if the stems ended
in -i instead of -in; for example, 1 elossiyan/elossi, lossiyan; 3 lossic, lossilic, lossine, etc. (see 1).
650
Verb Forms — Animate Intransitive Verbs (verb ai)
9
sehke s/he stands. stem 1 ‑sehke-, plural sekhotuwok, sehkawotuwok, etc.
putuwe s/he blows. stem 1 ‑putuwe-, plural putuwahtuwok (for verbs ending in -uwe, the w drops if word-final)
PRESENT TENSE — POSITIVE
Indicative
Changed Conjunct
Unchanged Conjunct Subordinative
Imperative
sehkiyan/sehki
sehkiyin
sehket
sehkelit/sehkelicil
sehkiyan
sehkiyin
sehket
sehkelit
nsehkan
ksehkan
’sehkan
’sehkalin
—
sehk(en)
sehkec
sehkelic
sehkiyek
sehkiyiq
sehkiyeq
sehkehtit/sehkecik
sehkelit/sehkelici(hi)
sehkiyek
sehkiyiq
sehkiyeq
sehkehtit
sehkelit
nsehkanen
ksehkanen
ksehkaniya
’sehkaniya
’sehkalin
—
sehkane
sehkeq
sehkehtic
sehkelic
sekhotiyek, etc.
sekhotiyek, etc.
nsekhotinen, etc.
22 sekhotiq, etc.
nsehkew nputuwew
ksehkew
etc.
sehkew
sehkewiyil
sehkewan/sehkew
sehkewon
sehkehq
sehkelihq/sehkelihqil
sehkewan
sehkewon
sehkehq
sehkelihq
nsehkawon
ksehkawon
’sehkawon
’sehkaliwon
—
sehkehkoc
sehkec
sehkelic
nsehkehpon
ksehkehpon
ksehkehpa
sehkewiyik
sehkewi(yi)
sehkewehk
sehkewohq
sehkewehq
sehkehtihq/-ehtihqik
sehkelihq/-elihqi(hi)
sehkewehk
sehkewohq
sehkewehq
sehkehtihq
sehkelihq
nsehkawonen
ksehkawonen
ksehkawoniya
’sehkawoniya
’sehkaliwon
—
­—
sehkehkeq
sehkehtic
sehkelic
sekhotiwehk, etc.
sekhotiwehk, etc.
nsekhotiwonewin, etc.
22 sekhotihkeq, etc.
Singular
1
2
3
4
nsehk
ksehk
sehke
sehkiyil
nputu
kputu
putuwe
etc.
putu
putuwec
etc.
Dual
11
12
22
33
44
nsehkepon
ksehkepon
ksehkepa
sehkiyik
sehki(yi)
Plural
11 nsekhotipon, etc. (see 1)
PRESENT TENSE — NEGATIVE
Singular
1
2
3
4
Dual
11
12
22
33
44
Plural
11 nsekhotihpon, etc. (1)
Unspecified subject forms sehkan, sehkemok, etc. (see 1).
651
Verb Forms — Animate Intransitive Verbs (verb ai)
10
pomuhse s/he walks along. stem 1 ‑pomuhse-, stem 2 pemuhse-, plural pomapasuwok (mainly Passamaquoddy; same as 9,
except that plural uses a different stem, -pomapasi-; plural as in 9, pomuhsahtuwok, is mainly Maliseet).
PRESENT TENSE — POSITIVE
Indicative
Changed Conjunct
Unchanged Conjunct Subordinative
Imperative
pemuhsiyan/-i, etc.
pomuhsiyan, etc.
npomuhsan, etc.
2 pomuhs, etc.
pemuhsiyek, etc.
pomuhsiyek, etc.
npomuhsanen, etc.
2 pomuhseq, etc.
pemapasiyek, etc.
pomapasiyek, etc.
npomapasinen, etc.
2 pomapasiq, etc.
pemuhsewan/-i, etc.
pomuhsewan, etc.
npomuhsawon, etc.
2 pomuhsehkoc, etc.
pemuhsewehk, etc.
pomuhsewehk, etc.
npomuhsawonewin, etc.
2 pomuhsehkeq, etc.
pemapasiwehk, etc.
pomapasiwehk, etc.
npomapasiwonewin, etc.
2 pomapasihkeq, etc.
Singular
1 pomuhse, etc. (see 9)
Dual
11 npomuhsepon, etc.
Plural
11 npomapasipon, etc. (1)
PRESENT TENSE — NEGATIVE
Singular
1 pomuhsew, etc. (see 9)
Dual
11 npomuhsehpon, etc.
Plural
11 npomapasihpon, etc.
Unspecified subject forms pomuhsan, pemuhsemok, pomapasin, pemapasimok, etc. (see 1).
652
Verb Forms — Animate Intransitive Verbs (verb ai)
11
oliye s/he goes there. stem 1 ‑oliya-, stem 2 eliya-, plural oliyahtuwok, oliyawolotuwok, etc.; see notes below.
PRESENT TENSE — POSITIVE
Indicative
Changed Conjunct
Unchanged Conjunct Subordinative
Imperative
ntoli
ktoli
oliye
oliyyil
eliyayan/eliyay
eliyayin
eliyat
eliyalit/eliyalicil
oliyayan
oliyayin
oliyat
oliyalit
ntoliyan
ktoliyan
’toliyan
’toliyalin
—
oli
oliyac
oliyalic
ntoliyapon
ktoliyapon
ktoliyapa
oliyyik
oliyyi
eliyayek
eliyayiq
eliyayeq
eliyahtit/eliyacik
eliyalit/eliyalici(hi)
oliyayek
oliyayiq
oliyayeq
oliyahtit
oliyalit
ntoliyanen
ktoliyanen
ktoliyaniya
’toliyaniya
’toliyalin
—
oliyane
oliyaq
oliyahtic
oliyalic
eliyahtiyek, etc.
oliyahtiyek, etc.
ntoliyahtinen, etc.
oliyahtiq, etc.
ntoliyaw
ktoliyaw
oliyew
oliyewiyil
eliyawan/eliyaw
eliyawon
eliyahq
eliyalihq/eliyalihqil
oliyawan
oliyawon
oliyahq
oliyalihq
ntoliyawon
ktoliyawon
’toliyawon
’toliyaliwon
—
oliyahkoc
oliyac
oliyalic
ntoliyahpon
ktoliyahpon
ktoliyahpa
oliyewiyik
oliyewi
eliyawehk
eliyawohq
eliyawehq
eliyahtihq/-ahtihqik
eliyalihq/eliyalihqi(hi)
oliyawehk
oliyawohq
oliyawehq
oliyahtihq
oliyalihq
ntoliyawonewin
ktoliyawonewin
ktoliyawoniya
’toliyawoniya
’toliyaliwon
—
­—
oliyahkeq
oliyahtic
oliyalic
eliyahtiwehk, etc.
oliyahtiwehk, etc.
ntoliyahtiwonewin, etc.
oliyahtihkeq, etc.
Singular
1
2
3
4
Dual
11
12
22
33
44
Plural
11 ntoliyahtipon, etc. (1)
PRESENT TENSE — NEGATIVE
Singular
1
2
3
4
Dual
11
12
22
33
44
Plural
11 ntoliyahtihpon, etc.
Double yy shown in certain forms is hh or hy for some speakers; y drops if word-final; unspecified subject forms oliyan, eliyamok, etc. (see 1).
653
Verb Forms — Animate Intransitive Verbs (verb ai)
12
macehe s/he departs. stem 1 –mac_ha-, plural macahahtuwok, etc.; see notes below.
PRESENT TENSE — POSITIVE
Indicative
Changed Conjunct
Unchanged Conjunct Subordinative
Imperative
nmacaha
kmacaha
macehe
maceyyil
macahayan/macahay
macahayin
macahat
macahalit/-alicil
macahayan
macahayin
macahat
macahalit
nmacahan
kmacahan
·macahan
·macahalin
—
macaha
macahac
macahalic
nmacahapon
kmacahapon
kmacahapa
maceyyik
maceyyi
macahayek
macahayiq
macahayeq
macahahtit/-acik
macahalit/-alici(hi)
macahayek
macahayiq
macahayeq
macahahtit
macahalit
nmacahanen
kmacahanen
kmacahaniya
·macahaniya
·macahalin
—
macahane
macahayeq
macahahtic
macahalic
macahahtiyek, etc.
macahahtiyek, etc.
nmacahahtinen, etc.
22 macahahtiq, etc.
Singular
1
2
3
4
Dual
11
12
22
33
44
Plural
11 nmacahahtipon, etc. (1)
PRESENT TENSE — NEGATIVE
Singular
1
2
3
4
nmacahaw
kmacahaw
macehew
macehewiyil
macahawan/macahaw
macahawon
macahahq
macahalihq/-alihqil
macahawan
macahawon
macahahq
macahalihq
nmacahawon
kmacahawon
·macahawon
·macahaliwon
—
macahahkoc
macahac
macahalic
11
12
22
33
44
nmacahahpon
kmacahahpon
kmacahahpa
macehewiyik
macehewi
macahawehk
macahawohq
macahaywehq
macahahtihq/-ahtihqik
macahalihq/-alihqi(hi)
macahawehk
macahawohq
macahaywehq
macahahtihq
macahalihq
nmacahawonewin
kmacahawonewin
kmacahawoniya
·macahawoniya
·macahaliwon
—
—
macahahkeq
macahahtic
macahalic
macahahtiwehk, etc.
macahahtiwehk, etc.
nmacahahtiwonewin, etc.
22 macahahtihkeq
Dual
Plural
11 nmacahahtihpon, etc.
* Double yy shown in certain forms is hh or hy for some speakers; the symbol “·” shows where apostrophe is used before c, k, p, q, s, t;
unspecified subject forms macahan, macahamok, etc. (see 1).
654
Verb Forms — Animate Intransitive Verbs (verb ai)
13
’tome s/he smokes tobacco. stem 1a ‑utoma-, stem 1b ’toma-, stem 2 wetoma-, plural ’tomahtuwok
PRESENT TENSE — POSITIVE
Indicative
Changed Conjunct
Unchanged Conjunct Subordinative
Imperative
nutom
kutom
’tome, ’toma
’tomiyil
wetomayan/wetomi
wetomayin
wetomat
wetomalit/-alicil
’tomayan
’tomayin
’tomat
’tomalit
nutoman
kutoman
utoman
utomalin
—
’tom(an)
’tomac
’tomalic
nutomapon
kutomapon
kutomapa
’tomiyik, ’tomak
’toma, ’tomiyi
wetomayek
wetomayiq
wetomayeq
wetomahtit/-acik
wetomalit/-alici(hi)
’tomayek
’tomayiq
’tomayeq
’tomahtit
’tomalit
nutomanen
kutomanen
kutomaniya
utomaniya
utomalin
—
’tomane
’tomaq
’tomahtic
’tomalic
11 nutomahtipon, etc. (1)
wetomahtiyek, etc.
’tomahtiyek, etc.
nutomahtinen, etc.
’tomahtiq, etc.
nutomaw
kutomaw
’tomew, ’tomaw
’tomewiyil
wetomawan/wetomaw
wetomawon
wetomahq
wetomalihq/-alihqil
’tomawan
’tomawon
’tomahq
’tomalihq
nutomawon
kutomawon
utomawon
utomaliwon
—
’tomahkoc
’tomac
’tomalic
nutomahpon
kutomahpon
kutomahpa
’tomewiyik, -awiyik
’tomewi, ’tomawi
wetomawehk
wetomawohq
wetomawehq
wetomahtihq/-ahtihqik
wetomalihq/-alihqi(hi)
’tomawehk
’tomawohq
’tomawehq
’tomahtihq
’tomalihq
nutomawonewin
kutomawonewin
kutomawoniya
utomawoniya
utomaliwon
—
—
’tomahkeq
’tomahtic
’tomalic
wetomahtiwehk, etc.
’tomahtiwehk, etc.
nutomahtiwonewin, etc.
’tomahtihkeq, etc.
Singular
1
2
3
4
Dual
11
12
22
33
44
Plural
PRESENT TENSE — NEGATIVE
Singular
1
2
3
4
Dual
11
12
22
33
44
Plural
11 nutomahtihpon, etc. (1)
Unspecified subject forms ’toman, wetomamok, etc. (see 1).
655