DiFranza et al
Unger et al
Zoe, Jesse, Matt, Syrah
DiFranza et al
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SES
Parents
Peers
Genetics- further research
Advertisements
Design
681 7th grade students (12-13 years old)
7 different schools
Followed over one year
Information of tobacco use obtained through
confidential interviews with children
● Nicotine dependence was measured from
when they first smoked
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Aim
● Find evidence of correlation between
exposure to tobacco (and nicotine)
promotion and overall use by children
Hypothesis
● The earlier that kids are exposed to smoking,
the more likely they are to become addicted
to it.
Social Implications
● Peer pressure to begin smoking
● Causes a higher risk of being addicted to
smoking
● Socio Economic Status plays a role
● Parent’s influence
Psych Implications
● The earlier the age that kids start smoking at
is more dangerous because they will become
addicted earlier.
● Children’s brains and how they are
developed.
Strengths and Limitations
● (-)To what extent do parental influence and
SES play a role in it?
● (-)Children can lie in the interview
● (+) Seems to isolate cause and effect
o
Complete way of approaching hypothesis
Mnemonic Device
K- Keep away from nicotine and cigarettes
I- It hurts
D- Death/Don’t start
Unger et al
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China
Younger children (middle schoolers)
Why they were influenced to smoke
Chinese culture and how it promotes
smoking
Design
● Surveys were given to middle school and
high school students and their parents
● 6 different cities
● The survey was given again a year later
Aim
● Find evidence supporting which factors
influence why young children (in China)
begin to smoke
Hypothesis
● Cultural factors influence why people start
smoking
o
o
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Male or Female
Age
Culture

(China vs. Western Nations)
Social Implications
● Culturally more accepted in China
● Males were more likely than females to
have smoked in the past 30 days
● Parents have big influence on their kids
smoking habits
Psych Implications
● Compares Western Nations to China and the
amount of smoking at young ages
● Males had a higher number of predictors
(likelihood that they would start smoking)
compared to females.
Strengths and Limitations
● (-) Did not factor in social situations
● (-) Did not consider the effect of multiple
influences
● (+) Outlines a correlation
Mnemonic Device
U- Underaged smokers was the focus of the
study
N- Not only adults
G- Gender; males had a higher risk
E- Everyone could be pressured
R- Results showed that smoking was
influenced by social situations
Connections (Both Studies)
● Bio: Nicotine and the addiction that affects
the body
● Cog: Further research- is the brain altered
more as a young child?
● Socio: Mainly focuses in on the peer pressure
Works Cited
"Tobacco Promotion and the Initiation of Tobacco Use: Assessing the Evidence for Causality." Pediatrics. Pediatrics, 1 June 2006.
Web. 1 Dec. 2014.
Unger, Jennifer B. "Influences Affecting Adolescent Smoking Behavior in China." Nicotine & Tobacco Research. Nicotine &
Tobacco Research, Apr. 2006. Web. 2 Dec. 2014.
Research, Health Education, Theory &. Practice, Vol.14 No.6 1999, and Pages 751–7. "Attitudes toward Anti-tobacco Policy
among California Youth." Attitudes toward Anti-tobacco Policy among California Youth: Associations with Smoking Status,
Psychosocial Variables and Advocacy Actions 14.6 (n.d.): 751-63. Oxford Journals. Web. 2 Dec. 2014.