Exercise Science
Section 24: Physical Education and Sport
An Introduction to Health and Physical
Education
Ted Temertzoglou
Paul Challen
ISBN 1-55077-132-9
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This material may be used only in a course of study in which Exercise Science: An Introduction to Health and Physical Education (Temertzoglou/Challen) is the required textbook.
The Greeks and Romans
 Greeks formed early Olympic Games
 First recorded games in 776 B.C.
 Olympics held beginning of each new Olympiad in homage to
Zeus
 A truce one month before games so athletes could travel to
Olympia
 “Olympic Peace” concept still embraced by modern Olympics
©Thompson Educational Publishing, Inc. 2003. All material is copyright protected. It is illegal to copy any of this material.
This material may be used only in a course of study in which Exercise Science: An Introduction to Health and Physical Education (Temertzoglou/Challen) is the required textbook.
The Americas
 Aztecs played game considered to be forerunner to modern
basketball
 Tlachtli
 Object to get ball through hoop without using hands
 Sports important to Native Canadian culture
 Athletic games were part of religious ceremonies
 Major contribution of Native Canadians was lacrosse
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This material may be used only in a course of study in which Exercise Science: An Introduction to Health and Physical Education (Temertzoglou/Challen) is the required textbook.
The Europeans
 Decline of Roman Empire caused athletic decline
 Events left to elite
 Idea that physical activity was important part of life and education made
resurgence during Renaissance (1400-1650)
 Renaissance was a time of expanding knowledge about:
 Art
 Language
 Science
 History
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This material may be used only in a course of study in which Exercise Science: An Introduction to Health and Physical Education (Temertzoglou/Challen) is the required textbook.
The Europeans – cont’d
 An Italian physician began first childhood physical education classes in
1420
 New sports developed at this time in Europe
 Scotland advanced two major sports:
 Golf (1457)
 Curling (1541)
 Versions of ice and field hockey began in France and England
 Rough and tumble “folk football” predecessor to such
games as:
 Soccer
 Rugby
 American football
©Thompson Educational Publishing, Inc. 2003. All material is copyright protected. It is illegal to copy any of this material.
This material may be used only in a course of study in which Exercise Science: An Introduction to Health and Physical Education (Temertzoglou/Challen) is the required textbook.
Athletics and the Victorian Era
 Victorian ideal of gentleman athlete and amateur:
 Well-rounded and refined British gentleman was a sportsman who
believed fair play to be more important than winning
 Amateurism excluded lower classes from participating
 Sports a reflection of life; same values held true in both
 Developed manly character and camaraderie in men
 Harmful to a woman’s delicate constitution
 Physical education and organized sports implemented into growing
British school system; as well as Germany, France, Russia, and United
States
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This material may be used only in a course of study in which Exercise Science: An Introduction to Health and Physical Education (Temertzoglou/Challen) is the required textbook.
Calisthenics
 Calisthenics
 Vigorous exercises and stretches often done as a group,




sometimes set to music
Prominent method of keeping fit during Queen Victoria’s
reign
Strong connection between calisthenics and early
gymnastics
Enabled average citizen to keep fit and healthy
Series of movements basis for many exercises done today
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This material may be used only in a course of study in which Exercise Science: An Introduction to Health and Physical Education (Temertzoglou/Challen) is the required textbook.
“Restricted” and Segregated Sport
 South Africa banned by international sporting community until 1996
because of apartheid
 North American “Negro Leagues” arose when much of American
society prevented African-Americans from equal access to public
facilities and opportunities
©Thompson Educational Publishing, Inc. 2003. All material is copyright protected. It is illegal to copy any of this material.
This material may be used only in a course of study in which Exercise Science: An Introduction to Health and Physical Education (Temertzoglou/Challen) is the required textbook.
The Olympic Movement
 First modern Olympics in Greece in 1896
 43 events
 245 athletes competed
 No women or non-European countries competed
 The Olympic Charter:
 Details goals for Olympic Movement
 Help create a better world by educating through sport without
discrimination and fostering understanding, friendship, and fair
play
 Emphasizes peace, tolerance, education, fair play, international
understanding, and amateurism
©Thompson Educational Publishing, Inc. 2003. All material is copyright protected. It is illegal to copy any of this material.
This material may be used only in a course of study in which Exercise Science: An Introduction to Health and Physical Education (Temertzoglou/Challen) is the required textbook.
International Olympic Committee
 Baron Pierre de Coubertin founded International Olympic
Committee (IOC) in 1894
 International members who represent Olympic movement in their
countries
 Main responsibility is to govern the Winter and Summer
Olympics
©Thompson Educational Publishing, Inc. 2003. All material is copyright protected. It is illegal to copy any of this material.
This material may be used only in a course of study in which Exercise Science: An Introduction to Health and Physical Education (Temertzoglou/Challen) is the required textbook.
Summer and Winter Games
 Summer Games
 Held every four years
 Winter Games
 Held every four years since its inception in 1924
 Until 1994 Winter Games fell in the same year as the
Summer Games
©Thompson Educational Publishing, Inc. 2003. All material is copyright protected. It is illegal to copy any of this material.
This material may be used only in a course of study in which Exercise Science: An Introduction to Health and Physical Education (Temertzoglou/Challen) is the required textbook.
The Rise of Professional Sports
 National Hockey League (NHL)
 Began in 1917 with five teams
 Montreal Canadiens
 Montreal Wanderers
 Ottawa Senators
 Quebec Bulldogs
 Toronto Arenas
 Canadian Football League (CFL)
 Evolved in late 1800s and early 1900s from rugby
 In 1909 Governor Early Grey donated trophy
 Grey Cup
 CFL formed in 1958
 Only professional league to operate solely in Canada
©Thompson Educational Publishing, Inc. 2003. All material is copyright protected. It is illegal to copy any of this material.
This material may be used only in a course of study in which Exercise Science: An Introduction to Health and Physical Education (Temertzoglou/Challen) is the required textbook.
Professional Sports and Leagues – cont’d
 National Lacrosse League
 Formed in 1986
 12 teams
 Three teams in Canada
© iStockphoto.com/”jbpcpa”
 Calgary Roughnecks
 Edmonton Rush
 Toronto Rock
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This material may be used only in a course of study in which Exercise Science: An Introduction to Health and Physical Education (Temertzoglou/Challen) is the required textbook.
20th Century Canadian Achievements
 The Canada Games
 First held in Quebec in winter of 1967
 All provinces have hosted games
 The Crazy Canucks
 1970s kamikaze, fearless, high-speed skiing
 Major League Baseball
 Arrived in Canada in 1969 with the Montreal Expos
 American League Toronto Blue Jays began in 1977
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This material may be used only in a course of study in which Exercise Science: An Introduction to Health and Physical Education (Temertzoglou/Challen) is the required textbook.
Marathon of Hope
 Terry Fox began Marathon of Hope in 1980
 Raised money to fund cancer research
 Ran 42km every day through the Maritimes, Quebec, and
most of Ontario
 Had to stop running after 143 days due to aggressive
cancer
 Died in 1981 at age 22
©Thompson Educational Publishing, Inc. 2003. All material is copyright protected. It is illegal to copy any of this material.
This material may be used only in a course of study in which Exercise Science: An Introduction to Health and Physical Education (Temertzoglou/Challen) is the required textbook.
Man in Motion World Tour
 Rick Hansen gained international recognition in 1985 with his
Man in Motion World Tour
 The tour spanned:
 Four continents
 34 countries
 More than 40,000kms
 Raised $24 million for spinal cord injury research
©Thompson Educational Publishing, Inc. 2003. All material is copyright protected. It is illegal to copy any of this material.
This material may be used only in a course of study in which Exercise Science: An Introduction to Health and Physical Education (Temertzoglou/Challen) is the required textbook.
The Contribution to Canadian Society
 Influence of sport role models
 Sport heroes come to be regarded as some of the most
influential role models in modern world
 Exploitation
 Any relationship in which one party engages in the majority of
the effort without receiving a fair share of the results
 Sport equity
 Occurs whenever the same athletic opportunities are afforded
to one group of people as they are to another
©Thompson Educational Publishing, Inc. 2003. All material is copyright protected. It is illegal to copy any of this material.
This material may be used only in a course of study in which Exercise Science: An Introduction to Health and Physical Education (Temertzoglou/Challen) is the required textbook.
©Thompson Educational Publishing, Inc. 2003. All material is copyright protected. It is illegal to copy any of this material.
This material may be used only in a course of study in which Exercise Science: An Introduction to Health and Physical Education (Temertzoglou/Challen) is the required textbook.