JOURNAL OF SEMICONDUCTOR TECHNOLOGY AND SCIENCE, VOL.14, NO.5, OCTOBER, 2014 http://dx.doi.org/10.5573/JSTS.2014.14.5.673 Low Specific On-resistance SOI LDMOS Device with P+P-top Layer in the Drift Region Jia-Fei Yao, Yu-Feng Guo, Guang-Ming Xu, Ting-Ting Hua, Hong Lin, and Jian Xiao Abstract—In this paper, a novel low specific onresistance SOI LDMOS Device with P+P-top layer in the drift region is proposed and investigated using a two dimensional device simulator, MEDICI. The structure is characterized by a heavily-doped P+ region which is connected to the P-top layer in the drift region. The P+ region can modulates the surface electric field profile, increases the drift doping concentration and reduces the sensitivity of the breakdown voltage on the geometry parameters. Compared to the conventional D-RESURF device, a 25.8% decrease in specific on-resistance and a 48.2% increase in figure of merit can be obtained in the novel device. Furthermore, the novel P+P-top device also present cost efficiency due to the fact that the P+ region can be fabricated together with the P-type body contact region without any additional mask. Index Terms—LDMOS, D-RESUFR, voltage, specific on-resistance, P+ region breakdown I. INTRODUCTION The SOI lateral double-diffusion MOSFETs (LDMOS) have been widely used in smart power IC due to its low leakage current, superior isolation and high speed [1]. One of the main issues when designing power LDMOS is the trade-off between the breakdown voltage (BV) and specific on-resistance (Rsp) [2]. The REduce SURface Field (RESURF) technique is the most widely used Manuscript received Jun. 22, 2014; accepted Aug. 18, 2014 College of Electronic Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications E-mail : [email protected] method for designing lateral high voltage and low onresistance MOS devices [3, 4], but Single RESURF (SRESURF) technique must ensure a low drift region concentration to make the epitaxial layer deplete completely, otherwise the high drift concentration will lead to the PwellNdrift junction electric field premature reaching the critical electric field of silicon, thus reducing the breakdown voltage [5, 6]. Moreover, the low drift concentration will also increase the specific onresistance [7]. To address the issue, the Double RESURF (D-RESURF) concept has been introduced to improve this performance of the SOI LDMOS [8]. Many studies show that high breakdown voltage can be maintained, while drift region doping concentration is increased by about twice as much as that in S-RESURF devices, realizing a good trade-off between the breakdown voltage and specific on-resistance [9-17]. However, the surface electric field distribution of the D-RESURF device shows that a low valley value appears in the positive-biased PtopNdrift junction near the channel, thus leading to the breakdown voltage of the D-RESURF device is lower than that of the S-RESURF [9]. Furthermore, according to the RESURF principle, DRESURF device is fairly strict with the charge control of the P-top layer, and the breakdown voltage is sensitive on the P-top layer doping concentration, length and depth, which increases the complexity of the device design and fabrication process invisibly [18]. In this paper, a novel low specific on-resistance SOI + P P-top LDMOS Device is proposed and studied by a 2D semiconductor device simulator, MEDICI. The physical models such as Shockley-Read-Hall recombination model, Auger recombination model and carrier mobility models are used in the simulation. The P+ region 674 JIA-FEI YAO et al : LOW SPECIFIC ON-RESISTANCE SOI LDMOS DEVICE WITH P+P-TOP LAYER IN THE DRIFT REGION generates a new electric field peak in the drift region, which modulates the drift region surface electric field distribution and increases the optimal drift region doping concentration. Hence the proposed device can obtain a high breakdown voltage and a low specific on-resistance, simultaneously. Moreover, the existence of the P+ region reduces the sensitivity of the breakdown voltage on the device parameters and results in the flexible design and fabrication. The fabrication process of the P+P-top device is the same as the conventional SOI D-RESURF LDMOS device without any additional mask. Therefore, the P+P-top device can lead to a significant improvement in figure of merit and reduction in fabrication cost. II. STRUCTURE AND Fig. 1. Cross-section of SOI P+P-top LDMOS device. MECHANISM Fig. 1 shows the cross-section of the SOI P+P-top LDMOS device. The device is characterized by the heavily-doped P+ region in the drift region. The P+ region is connected to the P-top layer and the distance from P+ region to P-well area is L1, L2 is the distance from P-top layer to drain region. LP, TP and NP+top are the length, width and doping concentration of the P+ region, Ld, ts and Nd are the length, width and doping concentration of the drift region, LPtop, TPtop and NP-top are the length, width and doping concentration of the P-top layer, respectively. Fig. 2 compares the surface electric field and potential distributions of the conventional D-RESURF and the proposed P+P-top device when breakdown occurs. These devices are optimized by a 2D semiconductor device simulator MEDICI. From Fig. 2(a), the positive-biased PtopNdrift junction near the channel leads to a low electric field valley in drift region and a high electric field peak at the PwellNdrift junction in the D-RESURF device. Such a non-uniform surface electric field is the reason that the conventional D-RESURF device presents a lower breakdown voltage than the S-RESURF device [17]. Fig. 2(b) shows the results of the proposed P+P-top device with the same structure parameters and applied voltage. It is clear that P+ region generates a new electric field peak at the P+Ptop junction, which increases the electric field in the middle of the drift region and reduces the electric field peak at the PwellNdrift junction, as shown in Fig. 2(b). Therefore, the drift doping concentration can be increased to obtain the more uniform distribution of the surface electric field. Fig. 2(c) shows the surface (a) (b) (c) Fig. 2. Surface electric field and potential distributions for each device (a) conventional D-RESURF device with an optimized structure parameters when breakdown occurs, (b) P+P-top device with the same structure parameters as the conventional D-RESURF device, (c) P+P-top device with the optimized structure parameters at breakdown. JOURNAL OF SEMICONDUCTOR TECHNOLOGY AND SCIENCE, VOL.14, NO.5, OCTOBER, 2014 675 potential and electric field distributions for the P+P-top device with an optimized drift doping concentration at breakdown. Compared to the conventional D-RESURF device in Fig. 2(a), the optimized P+P-top device can lead to an increased drift doping concentration from 4.5×1015 cm-3 to 7.3×1015 cm-3, and a higher breakdown voltage from 405V to 430.8V. Thus, the P+P-top device can obtain a better tradeoff between the breakdown voltage and specific on-resistance than the conventional DRESURF device. (a) III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS In this section, the 2D semiconductor device simulator MEDICI is used for investigating the influence of the P+P-top device parameters on the device breakdown voltage and specific on-resistance. The performance of the P+P-top device is compared with the conventional DRESURF device. 1. Breakdown Voltage (b) Fig. 3 shows the variation of the breakdown voltage with the drift doping concentration for P+P-top device and conventional D-RESURF device. Compared to the conventional D-RESURF device, the P+P-top device presents a drastically increase in the optimum drift doping concentration while keeps a same level for the breakdown voltage, which benefits the tradeoff between the breakdown voltage and specific on-resistance. Furthermore, for the P+P-top device, the breakdown voltage increases with the increase slightly of drift doping concentration when the vertical breakdown occurs, and shows a weak dependence on the P+ region parameters. However, for fixed P+ region parameters, the breakdown voltage is maximized when an optimized drift doping concentration is used. A further increase in the drift doping concentration leads to a rapid reduction in the breakdown voltage because the D-RESURF condition cannot be satisfied [17]. Fig. 3(a) shows that the increase of P+ region depth leads to an increase of the optimum drift doping concentration, while Figs. 3(b) and (c) shows the distance from P-well area to P+ region and P+ region length have to be chose carefully to obtain an optimal drift doping concentration. The Figure shows the optimum L1 and LP are 4 μm and 1 μm for the (c) Fig. 3. Optimal relationships between the breakdown voltage and drift region concentration for (a) various P+ region depth, (b) various distance from P-well area to P+ region, (c) various P+ region length. investigated device, respectively. The electric field distributions shown in Fig. 4 can be used for explaining the physical insight as Fig. 3 shows. Actually, P+ region influences the breakdown characteristics by modulating the electric field peaks at P+Ptop and PwellNdrift junctions. But the critical electric field of the PwellNdrift junction is higher than the P+Ptop junction due to the difference of the curvature radius and 676 JIA-FEI YAO et al : LOW SPECIFIC ON-RESISTANCE SOI LDMOS DEVICE WITH P+P-TOP LAYER IN THE DRIFT REGION region depth. Moreover, from Figs. 4(b) and (c), it is clear that when L1=4 μm and LP=1 μm, the P+P-top device can obtain a relatively uniform surface electric field distribution, thus resulting in the maximal breakdown voltage. For the shorter or longer L1 or LP, the high electric field peak at the P+Ptop or PwellNdrift junctions lead to the device premature breakdown there, thus reducing the breakdown voltage. 2. On Resistance (a) For investigating the impact of P+ region on the specific on-resistance of P+P-top device, Fig. 5 gives the current flow line contours when the device is biased on on-state. Obviously, the specific on-resistance can be expressed as: Rsp = RS + Rch + Rld + RD (b) (1) where RS, Rch, Rld and RD are the resistance of the source, channel, drift region and drain, respectively. For the high voltage device, Rld is the key component in the four parts of the on-resistance. Rld includes four parts: the resistance between the channel and P+ region Rld1, under the P+ region Rld2, under the P-top region Rld3 and between the P-top layer and drain region Rld4, as Fig. 5 shows. When the spreading resistance is neglected, the whole drift resistance can be written as [19] 2 LPtop L2P L2 ù 1 é L12 Rld » + + 2ú ê + q m n N d ê ts (ts -TP)(ts -TPtop) ts ú ë û (c) Fig. 4. Surface electric field distributions as functions of (a) P+ region depth, (b) distance from P-well area to P+ region, (c) P+ region length when breakdown occurs for the optimized drift doping concentration. doping concentration. As shown in Fig. 4(a), although the deep P+ region brings the increased electric field peak at the P+Ptop junction, while that at the PwellNdrift junction is almost immune to the depth of P+ region. As a result, the breakdown voltage shows a weak dependence on the P+ (2) where q is the electric charge, μn is the electron mobility in silicon. Fig. 6 compares the I-V characteristics for the conventional D-RESURF and P+P-top device at Vgs=5V. As it is known, pinch-off effect occurs when Vds=Vgs-Vth, where Vth is the threshold voltage. In LDMOS, pinch-off effect depend on the voltage at Pwell/Ndrift junction (VPN) and occurs when VPN=Vgs-Vth. As shown in the figure, the VPN in the P+P-top device is lower than that of the DRESURF device at the same Vds. Therefore, pinch-off effect is negligible to the I-V characteristics of the P+Ptop device. Due to the pinch-off effect occurs at a higer drain voltage, the saturation current of the P+P-top device is higher than that of the conventional D- JOURNAL OF SEMICONDUCTOR TECHNOLOGY AND SCIENCE, VOL.14, NO.5, OCTOBER, 2014 677 (a) Fig. 5. On-state current flowline contours. 3 6 2.5 5 2 4 1.5 3 1 2 0.5 1 0 0 0 3 6 9 12 15 (b) Fig. 6. A comparison of on-state performance at Vgs=5V. RESURF device. And it is clear that the linear region resistance of the P+P-top device is much lower. Therefore, the drain cuurent in linear and satuate region of the P+P-top device is higher than that of the conventional D-RESURF device. Fig. 7 shows the variation of the figure of merit and specific on-resistance as a function of the parameters of the P+ region when breakdown occurs for the optimized drift doping concentration. The key P+ region parameters include the P+ region depth, the distance from P-well area to P+ region and the length of P+ region. No matter which parameter, there is an optimal value allows the device to obtain the lowest specific on-resistance. In fact, for the small L1, LP and TP, the optimal drift doping concentration increases drastically with the increase of them as Fig. 3 shows, which results in a reduction of the specific on-resistance according to Eq. (2). However, for the large P+ region parameters, Fig. 3 indicates that the drift doping concentration tends to saturation. The specific on-resistance increases with the L1, LP and TP as (c) Fig. 7. Figure of merit and specific on-resistance as functions of (a) P+ region depth, (b) distance from P-well area to P+ region, (c) P+ region length when breakdown occurs for the optimized drift doping concentration. shown in Eq. (2). Actually, the deep TP and long LP means a narrow current flow channel under the P+ region, leading to a large Rld2. Moreover, the figure of merit (FOM=BV2/Rsp) [20] is also shown in Fig. 7 to evaluate the performance of the device. The maximum FOM and minimum Rsp can be obtained under the same optimal geometric parameters of the P+ region. The reason is that 678 JIA-FEI YAO et al : LOW SPECIFIC ON-RESISTANCE SOI LDMOS DEVICE WITH P+P-TOP LAYER IN THE DRIFT REGION the breakdown voltage shows a weak dependence on the P+ region parameters. The FOM is dominated by the specific on-resistance. Besides, Fig. 7 also shows the merits of the P+P-top device compared to the conventional D-RESURF device. The specific onresistance of the proposed device can decreases from 302 mΩ·cm-2 to 224 mΩ·cm-2, which results in a drastically increase in FOM from 0.56 MW/cm2 to 0.83 MW/cm2. Conventional D-RESURF Optimal NP-top 450 P+P-top device 350 Optimal NP-top 300 400 L1=4µm Tp=2µm Lp=1µm 350 250 P+P-top device Conventional D-RESURF device 4 6 8 10 12 200 Doping concentration of P-top layer , NP-top(1015cm-3) 3. Optimization of P-top Layer (a) The length, depth and doping concentration of the Ptop layer are the key parameters in the D-RESURF SOI LDMOS. Fig. 8 compares the influence of the P-top layer parameters on breakdown voltage and specific onresistance for the conventional D-RESURF device and P+P-top device. In the figure, the drift doping concentration is optimized to obtain the optimal surface electric field distribution and maximal breakdown voltage for any given P-top layer parameters. Owing to the modulation effect of the P+ region on the surface electric field profile, the P+P-top device presents the high breakdown voltage under the condition of the wider range of the P-top layer parameters. In other words, the breakdown voltage is insensitive on the P-top layer parameters in the P+P-top device, which brings a potential flexibility in design and fabrication. Moreover, compared to the conventional D-RESURF device, the specific on-resistance of the P+P-top device decreases drastically. Actually, the optimal drift doping concentration in the conventional D-RESURF device can be calculated by [9]: N d = N eff + h ´ N p -top , (0 £ h £ 1) (3) where η is the junction depth factor of the P-top layer and Neff is equivalent doping concentration of the drift region. They are fixed for the given geometric parameters of drift region. Similarly, the optimal drift doping concentration in the P+P-top device can be modified as: N d = N eff + h ´ N p -top + l ´ N p + top , ( 0 £ h , l £ 1) (4) where λ is the junction depth factor of the P+ region which is a constant when the structure parameters is (b) (c) Fig. 8. Breakdown voltage and specific on-resistance as functions of (a) P-top layer doping concentration, (b) P-top layer length, (c) P-top layer depth when the drift doping concentration is optimized to maximize the breakdown voltage. given. From Eqs. (3) and (4), it is evident that the heavier impurity can be adopted in the drift region for the P+Ptop device due to the additional P+ region. Thereby the specific on-resistance reduced drastically according to Eq. (2). For the investigated devices, Fig. 8 shows the optimal P-top layer doping concentration, length and JOURNAL OF SEMICONDUCTOR TECHNOLOGY AND SCIENCE, VOL.14, NO.5, OCTOBER, 2014 679 Table 1. Optimal parameters for each device Symbol P+P-top device conventional DRESURF device TP(µm) 2 —— LP(µm) 1 -3 Nd(cm ) 7.3×10 Np-top(cm-3) N- drift region SiO2 —— 15 P-well 15 4.9×10 10×1015 8×1015 LPtop(µm) 20 16 TPtop(µm) 1.4 1 BV(V) 430.8 410.4 Rsp(mΩ·cm2) 224 302 FOM(MW/cm2) 0.83 P--Substrate (a) Formation of N- drift and P-well (b) Formation of P-top layer and field oxide (c) Formation of gate oxide and Polysilicon (d) Formation of source and drain region 0.56 depth of the P+P-top device are 10×1015 cm-3, 20 μm and 1.4 μm, respectively. While for the conventional DRESURF device, they are 8×1015 cm-3, 16 μm and 1 μm, respectively. Furthermore, the optimal parameters for these devices are listed in Table 1. Compared to the conventional D-RESURF device; the proposed P+P-top device exhibits a reduced specific on-resistance by 25.8%, an increased breakdown voltage by 5%, and thus an increased FOM by 48.2%. 4. Fabrication Process Fig. 9 illustrates the fabrication process flow of major steps in fabricating the SOI P+P-top LDMOS device. The device fabrication processes are the same as those for the conventional D-RESURF LDMOS. Firstly, implant ions is used to form the N- drift region and P-well area (see Fig. 9(a)). It is followed by the P-top layer implantation, field oxide grown and gate oxide growing. After that, polysilicon was deposited and patterned for gate region, as shown in Figs. 9(b) and (c). Subsequently, source, drain and P-type body contact regions ion implantations are performed. Then the formation of P+ region is the key process for the P+P-top device fabrication. It can be fabricated together with the P-type body contact region without any additional mask, which is shown in Fig. 9(e). Finally, metallization and passivation are carried out to complete the LDMOS fabrication process (see Fig. 9(f)). IV. CONCLUSIONS A low specific on-resistance SOI P+P-top LDMOS device is proposed. A P+ region connected to the P-top layer is introduced to modulate the drift region surface (e) Formation of P-type body (f) Formation of contact hole contact region and P+ region and metal electrode Fig. 9. Key fabrication processes for the SOI P+P-top LDMOS device. electric field distribution and increase the optimal drift doping concentration. The operation mechanism is investigated and the structure parameters are optimized by a 2D device simulator, MEDICI. The results show that the proposed structure enables a 5% increase in breakdown voltage and a 49% increase in optimum drift doping concentration. As a result, the specific onresistance decreases by 25.8% and the FOM increases by 48.2%. Another merit of the P+P-top device is that the P+ region weakens the sensitivity of the breakdown voltage on the device parameters and results in the flexible design and fabrication. Moreover, the introduced P+ region can be fabricated together with the P-type body contact region without any additional mask in comparison with the conventional D-RESURF device. Therefore, SOI P+P-top LDMOS device is a promising candidate for SOI power integrated circuits owing to the 680 JIA-FEI YAO et al : LOW SPECIFIC ON-RESISTANCE SOI LDMOS DEVICE WITH P+P-TOP LAYER IN THE DRIFT REGION high performance and the cost efficiency. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS [9] This work was supported by the Specialized Research Fund for the Doctoral Program of Higher Education of China (No. 20133223110003). REFERENCES [1] A.A. Orouji and M. Mehrad, “The Best Control of Parasitic BJT Effect in SOI-LDMOS with SiGe Window under Channel,” Electron Devices, IEEE [10] [11] Transactions on, Vol. 59, No.2, pp.419-425, Feb. [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] 2012. K. Mao, M. Qiao, Z.J. Li and B. 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Phys, Vol. 52, No.1, pp.014302, Apr. 2013. Jia-Fei Yao received the B.S. degree from Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing, China, in 2010. He is currently studying for the PH.D. degree in microelectronics in Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications. His research interests in the power device design and power device model. Yu-Feng Guo received the Ph.D. degree in Microelectronics from University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China, in 2005, B.S. and M.S. degrees in material engineering from Sichuan University, Chengdu, China, in 1996 and 2001, respectively. From July 1996 to September 1998, he was an assistant engineer in Luoyang Ship Material Research Institute. He joined Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing, China, in 2005 where he is currently a Professor and Vice-Dean at the College of Electronic Science & Engineering, Director, and Center of Electrical & Electronic Experiment Teaching. He is also a consultant of Semiconductor Device Laboratory, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan. He is currently leading a research group in power semiconductor devices, power integrated circuits and RF integrated circuits. His current research interests include the characterization, simulation and modeling of power semiconductor devices, RF devices, and Nano CMOS devices. 681 Guang-Ming Xu received the B.S. and M.S.degree degree from Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications in 2011 and 2014, respectively. His research interests in power device design. Ting-Tng Hua received the B.S. degree from Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing, China, in 2009. She is currently studying for the Ph.D. degree in Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications. Her research interests in power device design and power device model. Hong Lin receied the M.S.degree in Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing, china, in 2006, and B.S degree in Nanjing university, Nanjing, china, in 2002. He joined Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing, China, in 2006 where He is a lecturer at the College of Electronic Science & Engineering. He research interests in power device design and power device model. Jian Xiao received the B.S. and M.S. degrees in Electrical Engineering from Southeast University in 1998 and 2004 respectively, where he is currently pursuing the Ph.D. degree in electrical engineering. He is research interests mainly include multimedia processing, reconfigurable computing and related SoC designs.
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