1
Appendix – Commentary 434
A ppendi x
Va lue for Mone y ? Te acher Compensation a nd St udent Outcomes
in C a na da’s Si x L a rgest Prov inces
Introduction
This Appendix contains two additional lines
of analysis as robustness checks on the results
presented in the main Commentary of the same title.
It also presents further details on the construction
of the data.
Some Additional Results: Different Measures
of Outcomes
I use the Pan-Canadian Assessment Program
(PCAP) Grade 8 results in place of PISA scores to
construct Figures A1a, A1b, A2a and A2b. These
four graphs parallel similar graphs in the text.
PCAP results are presented in Table A1.
In Figures A1a and A1b, I plot PCAP results,
using the salaries of the highest paid and secondhighest paid teachers, when these salaries are
placed in the salary percentiles of all employees,
regardless of education level. In Figures A2a and
A2b, PCAP results are plotted, again using the
salaries of the highest paid and second-highest
paid teachers, when these salaries are placed in the
salary percentiles of all employees with a completed
bachelor’s degree who are not teachers.
The only major difference between the PCAP
results and the previously discussed PISA results
is that Ontario, with its higher teacher salaries,
tends to record better results on the PCAP reading
and mathematics assessments relative to the other
five provinces. However Manitoba, with its even
higher salaries, does not do well on PCAP. Alberta,
with clearly lower salaries than Ontario, dominates
Ontario in science. Overall, there is no consistent
positive relationship between salary percentiles and
PCAP results.
Some Additional Results: Different Measures
of Teacher Income Percentiles
As discussed in the Commentary, the teacher pay
categories followed a British Columbia Teachers’
Federation (2014) analysis. These were roughly the
two highest-pay categories in each province. (For
Manitoba, BCTF actually selected the highest and
third-highest pay categories as comparable to BC
Category 5 and Category 6). In two provinces,
Alberta and Saskatchewan, there is a third-highest
pay category that includes a significant percentage
of teachers. Specifically, the third-highest pay
category of Saskatchewan teachers instructs roughly
50 percent of all students. In Alberta, I was able to
obtain information from several large school boards
on condition I not release their names. It appears
that in Alberta, as in Saskatchewan, the thirdhighest pay category of teachers is commonly used
and may well be the most common teacher.
Table A2, a modified version of Table 1, shows
the entry and highest salaries for the third-highest
pay category of Alberta and Saskatchewan teachers.
These additional third-highest pay salaries are then
placed in percentiles, as in the main text. These are
found in Tables A3 and A4.
Figures A3a, A3b, A4a and A4b present
relationships between test scores on both PISA
and PCAP and the salary percentiles of the most
common teachers in each province. In British
Columbia, the most common pay category is the
second-highest pay category. In Saskatchewan, it is
the third-highest pay category. In Alberta, based on
the limited information I have, I am assuming it is
also the third-highest pay category. In Manitoba, it
is the second-highest pay category, as presented in
the text. In Ontario, it is the highest-pay category.
In Quebec, there is only one pay category.
2
Figure A1: Teacher Salaries As a Percentile of Salaries Among All Earners, with PCAP Scores
Figure A1a: Earnings Percentiles of Second-Highest Teacher Salaries Relative
to All Earners and PCAP Scores
PCAP Score (95 percent Confidence Interval)
540
QC
530
ON
520
510
AB
BC
500
SK
490
480
470
MB
460
450
60
65
70
75
80
85
90
95
Salary Percentile
PCAP Score (95 percent Confidence Interval)
Math
Reading
Science
Figure A1b: Earnings Percentiles of Highest Teacher Salaries Relative
to All Earners and PCAP Scores
540
QC
530
520
ON
AB
510
BC
500
SK
490
480
470
MB
460
450
60
65
70
75
80
85
Salary Percentile
Math
Reading
Source: Author’s calculations as described in text and Appendix.
Science
90
95
3
Appendix – Commentary 434
PCAP Score (95 percent Confidence Interval)
Figure A2: Teacher Salaries As a Percentile of Salaries of Non-teachers with Bachelor’s Degree, with
PCAP Scores
540
Figure A2a: Earnings Percentiles of Second-Highest Teacher Salaries Relative to Non-teacher
Earners with Bachelor’s Degrees and PCAP Scores
QC
530
ON
520
510
AB
BC
500
SK
490
480
470
MB
460
450
60
65
70
75
80
85
90
95
Salary percentile
PCAP Score (95 percent Confidence Interval)
Math
540
Reading
Science
Figure A2b: Earnings Percentiles of Highest Teacher Salaries Relative to Non-teacher Earners
with Bachelor’s Degrees and PCAP Scores
QC
530
ON
520
510
BC
500
490
AB
SK
480
470
MB
460
450
60
65
70
75
80
85
Salary Percentile
Math
Source: Author’s calculations as described in text and Appendix.
Reading
Science
90
95
4
Table A1: Average Results on 2013 PCAP, with Interprovincial Rankings
BC
Alberta
Saskatchewan
Manitoba
Ontario
Quebec
Mathematics
(higher than)
489
(MB)
502
(BC, SK, MB)
488
(MB)
471
512
(BC, AB, SK, MB)
527
(BC, AB,
SK, MB, ON)
Reading
(higher than)
502
(SK, MB)
502
(SK, MB)
487
(MB)
469
524
(BC, AB, SK, MB,
QC)
503
(SK, MB)
Science
(higher than)
501
(SK, MB, QC)
521
(BC, SK, MB, ON,
QC)
486
(MB)
465
511
(BC, SK, MB, QC)
485
(MB)
Assessment
Notes: *Standard errors are presented in Figures A1a through A2b. A province is stated as dominating results in another
province when its 95-percent lower bound exceeds the 95-percent upper bound for the dominated province.
Source: O’Grady and Houme (2014).
Table A2: Teacher Salaries in Third-Highest
Pay Category in Alberta and Saskatchewan,
2013/14
Province
Alberta
Saskatchewan
Table A4: Teacher Salaries in Third-highest
Pay Category in Saskatchewan and Alberta as
a Percentile of Salaries of Non-teachers with
Bachelor’s Degree
Alberta
Saskatchewan
Aged 25-39
69
60
Aged 40-60
66
66
All Ages
67
63
Current Dollars (2013/2014)
Province
Entry
57,935
51,476
Highest
91,961
79,706
Source: Author’s calculations as described in Appendix.
Table A3: Teacher Salaries in Third-highest
Pay Category in Saskatchewan and Alberta as a
Percentile of Salaries Among all Earners
Alberta
Saskatchewan
Aged 25-39
75
69
Aged 40-60
76
76
All Ages
76
73
Province
Source: Author’s calculations as described in Appendix.
Source: Author’s calculations as described in Appendix.
5
Appendix – Commentary 434
PISA Score (95 percent Confidence Interval)
Figure A3: Most Common Teacher Salaries As a Percentile of Salaries Among Earners, with
PISA Scores
Figure A3a: Earnings Percentiles of Most Common Teacher Salaries Relative to All Earners
and PISA Scores
560
550
QC
BC
540
AB
530
520
ON
SK
510
MB
500
490
480
60
65
70
75
80
85
90
95
Salary Percentile
PISA Score (95 percent Confidence Interval)
Math
560
Reading
Science
Figure A3b: Earnings Percentiles of Most Common Teacher Salaries Relative to Non-teacher
Earners with Bachelor’s Degrees and PISA Scores
550
QC
BC
540
AB
530
520
ON
SK
510
MB
500
490
480
60
65
70
75
80
Salary Percentile
Math
Reading
Source: Author’s calculations as described in text and Appendix.
85
Science
90
95
6
PCAP Score (95 percent Confidence Interval)
Figure A4: Most Common Teacher Salaries As a Percentile of Salaries Among Earners, with
PCAP Scores
Figure A4a: Earnings Percentiles of Most Common Teacher Salaries Relative to All Earners
and PCAP Scores
540
QC
530
ON
520
510
AB
BC
500
SK
490
480
470
MB
460
450
60
65
70
75
80
85
90
95
Salary Percentile
PCAP Score (95 percent Confidence Interval)
Math
540
Reading
Science
Figure A4b: Earnings Percentiles of Most Common Teacher Salaries Relative to Non-teacher
Earners with Bachelor’s Degrees and PCAP Scores
QC
530
ON
520
510
BC
500
AB
SK
490
480
470
MB
460
450
60
65
70
75
80
85
Salary Percentile
Math
Source: Author’s calculations as described in text and Appendix.
Read
Science
90
95
7
I calculate the salary percentile for the most
common teacher for all earners as well as for earners
with completed bachelor’s degrees who are not
teachers or professors. Figures A3a, A3b, A4a and
A4b do not reveal an obvious relationship between
the percentile of the most common teacher’s salary
and either PISA or PCAP results.
Construction of Compa r a ble
Sa l a ry Gr ids across Prov inces
To compare salaries across the six provinces, I used
existing grids to construct a teacher’s salary path
starting at age 25 with zero years of experience
through a career that lasts 35 years. There are two
provinces with uniform salary grids across all
schools and boards, Saskatchewan and Quebec.
In Saskatchewan, the provincial grid has several
teacher categories; in Quebec, the provincial grid is
without categories.
The Quebec grid has 17 steps based on annual
experience. The initial placement of a new teacher
in Quebec is determined by the number of years
of that teacher’s schooling – Step 6 if schooling is
evaluated at 19 or more years; Step 4 if there is 18
years of schooling; and Step 2 if there are 17 years
of schooling. In the calculations below, I assume a
Quebec teacher starts at Step 6 following BCTF
(2014).
In the other four provinces, each school authority
or school board, even if part or all of its funding
comes from the province, has a separate grid. In
each of these provinces, I created a provincial grid
as a weighted average of the largest school boards
where the included boards taught 50 percent or
slightly more of the students in that province.
In Ontario, where secondary and elementary
teachers in the same board typically earn different
salaries, I used a weighted salary average of the
two teacher groups with the weights reflecting the
proportion of elementary and secondary teachers
among all teachers in the province.
Appendix – Commentary 434
I used the following school boards or authorities
in the provincial averages:
British Columbia: Surrey, Vancouver, Coquitlam,
Burnaby, Central Okanagan,
Richmond, Greater Victoria,
Langley, Abbotsford.
Alberta: Calgary Public, Edmonton Public,
Calgary Roman Catholic,
Edmonton Roman Catholic, Rocky
View, Elk Island, Pembina Hills.
Manitoba: Winnipeg, River East Transcona,
Louis Riel, Pembina Trails,
Seven Oaks, Brandon.
Ontario:
Toronto, Peel, York, Toronto
Catholic, Dufferin-Peel Catholic,
Thames Valley, Ottawa-Carleton,
Durham, York Catholic, Halton.
Choices for Comparable Classifications across
the Grid
I placed teachers in five of these six provinces in a
salary classification that roughly corresponds to the
highest level of educational achievement (see Table
A5). Quebec is the exception as years of education
determine the starting point in a single grid and
salary increases only with years of experience. In all
other provinces, some type of agency determines a
teacher’s qualifications based on the kind of postsecondary degree, practical experience and various
other factors.
BCTF (2014) assigns teachers outside of its
own province to classifications that correspond to
Category 5 and Category 6 in British Columbia
(see Table A5 for the comparison of categories.
Tables A6 through A8 compare salary levels of
comparable teachers in other provinces). It seems
relatively clear that Category 5 in British Columbia
is a five-year Bachelor of Education program or a
four-year undergraduate degree with an additional
year of professional teacher training. Category 6 is
8
Table A5: Comparable Teacher Categories Across Provinces Following BCTF (2014) Study
BC Category 5
BC Category 6
Five years teacher’s education
Six years teacher’s education
Saskatchewan
Class 5
Class 6
Manitoba
Class 5
Class 7
Ontario
A3
A4
Quebec
Single scale (not applicable)
Single scale (not applicable)
Alberta
Source: Author’s calculations from BCTF (2014) and school board contracts cited in BCTF (2014).
comprised of teachers with an acceptable graduate
degree. However, there appear to be other paths
for a BC teacher to upgrade from Category 5
to Category 6. In addition, BC contracts have a
Category 5+ in which the salary is very close to
a Category 6 but there is no explicit or implicit
requirement for a graduate degree.
I made a partly successful attempt to discover
the percentage of teachers in each province in each
category. What became clear is that the percentage
of teachers in the top two pay categories as selected
by BCTF (2014) varied substantially across
provinces.
According to the BC Public Schools Employers’
Association, about 50 percent of its teachers
are Category 5 and 25 percent are Category 6.
However, the association was unable to provide
what portion of teachers were Category 5+.
The Elementary Teachers’ Federation of
Ontario (ETFO) (2014) reports 79 percent of its
members are in the BC equivalent of Category 6,
a classification called A4 in Ontario. The Ontario
Ministry of Education reports that some threequarters of elementary and secondary teachers
fall into category A4, a classification that does
not require a graduate degree. This is the top pay
category in Ontario.
In Saskatchewan, 50 percent of its teachers are
in Category 5 or Category 6 – roughly 40 percent
in the former and 10 percent in the latter. The other
half of the province’s teachers is in Class 4, a salary
group with a lower salary than either category
selected as comparable by BCTF (2014).
The Manitoba Teachers Federation reports that
about 50 percent of its members are in Class 5 (the
second-highest pay category in my terminology
and one selected by BCTF) and roughly 25 percent
in Class 6 or Class 7, part of the highest pay
category. Class 7 Manitoba teachers were treated as
equivalent to the highest-paid Category 6 teachers
in British Columbia.
I was unable to get complete information on the
distribution of teachers in Alberta by classification.
I have made contact with a number of school
boards who have provided the information on
the distribution of teacher classification within
their board. The information was provided on the
condition that I not identify the individual boards.
It would appear that a significant percentage of
Alberta teachers fall into Class 4 and are paid
lower salaries. There is a reasonable case to be made
that Class 4 is the most common current teacher
9
Appendix – Commentary 434
Table A6: BC Category 5 Equivalent Salary Grids for the First 12 Years (Second-highest Salaries)
Province
BC
Alberta
Saskatchewan
Manitoba
Ontario
Quebec
Current Dollars (2013/2014)
Year 0
46,597
61,419
54,393
55,318
49,632
49,940
Year 1
49,158
64,620
56,781
58,058
53,069
52,064
Year 2
51,719
68,014
59,273
60,970
56,521
54,277
Year 3
54,281
71,385
61,875
63,924
59,985
56,585
Year 4
56,842
74,715
64,592
66,908
63,569
58,991
Year 5
59,402
78,113
67,427
69,970
67,098
61,499
Year 6
61,963
81,522
70,387
73,062
70,630
64,112
Year 7
64,524
84,855
73,476
76,235
74,157
66,838
Year 8
67,086
88,267
76702
79,518
77,756
69,678
Year 9
69,647
91,659
80,069
83,782
81,280
72,640
Year 10
74,353
95,284
83,584
84,517
84,993
75,729
Year 11
74,353
95,284
83,584
84,517
85,798
75,729
Source: Author’s calculations as described in text and Appendix.
classification in Alberta. Neither the Ministry of
Education in Alberta nor the Alberta Teachers’
Federation would provide any information on
teacher classification on a province-wide basis.
Using the L a bour Force Surv e y
to Construct Compa r a ble
E a r nings
The variables used from the Labour Force Survey
(LFS) are:
UHRSMAIN – usual hours per week worked at
main job.
HRLYEARN – hourly earnings at main job.
Using population weights, I calculated
annual earnings as equal to UHRSMAIN 
HRLYEARN  52.
Details on the LFS are found in Statistics Canada
(2012). I used two months of data: October 2013
and April 2014 to represent earnings over the
2013/14 academic year. All observations from
10
Table A7: BC Category 6 Equivalent Salary Grids for the First 12 Years (Highest Salaries)
Province
BC
Alberta
Saskatchewan
Manitoba
Ontario
Quebec
Current Dollars (2013/2014)
Year 0
51,245
66,961
57,952
62,100
52,955
49,940
Year 1
54,046
68,457
60,448
64,974
56,402
52,064
Year 2
56,847
71,834
63,051
68,111
59,977
54,277
Year 3
59,648
75,226
65,766
71,409
63,566
56,585
Year 4
62,449
78,540
68,599
74,839
67,344
58,991
Year 5
65,250
81,951
71,553
78,339
71,125
61,499
Year 6
68,051
85,522
74,635
81,900
74,910
64,112
Year 7
70,852
88,675
77,849
85,474
78,695
66,838
Year 8
73,653
92,085
81,202
89,083
82,505
69,678
Year 9
76,454
95,419
84,699
93,662
86,289
72,640
Year 10
81,535
99,112
88,347
94,467
90,184
75,729
Year 11
81,535
99,112
88,347
94,467
91,816
75,729
Source: Author’s calculations as described in text and Appendix.
both months can be used since the LFS rotates its
sample every 6 months. For comparison purposes, I
calculated annual earnings for all full-time, singlejob workers in each of the six provinces and for
each age group in the LFS. I then calculate salary
percentiles and round up to the nearest whole
number.
A Comparison: Salaries in Contract Data
Survey Measures of Earnings of Educational
Workers
It is possible to use the both the LFS and the
National Household Survey (NHS) to measure
the earnings of persons employed in the education
sector (See Table A9). The upper panel of Table A9
shows peak 2013/14 teacher earnings in the three
11
Appendix – Commentary 434
Table A8: Salary Grids for the First 11 Years
in Alberta and Saskatchewan (Third-highest
Salaries)
Alberta
Saskatchewan
Current Dollars (2013/2014)
Year 0
57,935
51,476
Year 1
61,310
53,776
Year 2
64,624
56,180
Year 3
68,019
58,690
Year 4
71,390
61,313
Year 5
74,738
64,054
Year 6
78,135
66,916
Year 7
81,544
69,907
Year 8
84,877
73,031
Year 9
88,287
76,295
Year 10
91,961
79,706
Year 10
91,961
79,706
Year 11
91,961
79,706
Source: Author’s calculations as described in Appendix.
pay categories – highest, second-highest (and thirdhighest in Alberta and Saskatchewan) discussed
earlier. This data came from the contracts in force in
2013-14.
I then attempt, to the extent possible with the
public use files of the two surveys above, to find
employees with similar backgrounds to the teachers
at peak earnings. In the LFS, the comparator
category is teachers and professors. Table A9
presents median salaries for teachers and professors
aged 40-49 when the respondent has been in
the same job for 10 years or more and is a union
member. I use these restrictions to help identify
teachers who are at the peak salary. Using a median
is an attempt to find the more numerous teachers
in the pool of teachers and professors. I look only at
those who indicate they are union members in an
attempt to exclude teachers in private schools.
The LFS education categories separate university
degree holders into two groups: those with
completed bachelor’s degree(s) and those with a
higher degree. Consider first those employees with
any degree. The match between the LFS data in
2013/14 with the contract data from 2013/14 is
partly successful.
The LFS education category salaries in 2013/14
are lower than the contract data. The closest
matches are in British Columbia for a secondhighest paid teacher and in Ontario for the median
earnings of a teacher or professor with a bachelor’s
degree. In these two cases, the matches are almost
perfect. Remember that in Ontario 75 percent of
teachers are in the highest pay category.
The NHS reports annual wages in increments
of $1,000 from the year 2010, four years before
the contract data in 2013/14. There are narrower
educational categories in the NHS so that I can
identify respondents with bachelor’s degrees,
master’s degrees and doctorates within the group
of full-time professional workers in education. I
measure median wages of those persons who are
education professionals aged 45-49 in an attempt to
look at peak earnings.
For educational workers with a master’s or
bachelor’s degree, as well as those with exactly a
bachelor’s or master’s degree, the pattern of pay
across the six provinces in 2010 is similar to that
in the 2013/14 contract data. Salaries in Alberta
and Ontario are higher than in the other provinces.
In comparison, salaries in Quebec and British
12
Table A9: Salary of Education Workers – Calculations from Different Public Sources
Province
Year
BC
Alberta
Saskatchewan
Manitoba
Ontario
Quebec
Data from Teachers’ Contracts
Current Dollars (2013/2014)
Peak of Highest Pay Category
2013/14
81,535
99,112
88,347
94,467
91,816
75,729
Peak of Second-Highest Pay
Category
2013/14
74,353
95,284
83,584
84,517
85,798
75,729
Peak of Third-Highest Pay
Category
2013/14
91,961
79,706
Data from Labour Force Survey: Teachers and Professors
Current Dollars (2013/2014)
Median Earnings, Age 40-49, any
Degree and Union Member with
120 Months Tenure
2013/14
79,996
90,001
75,004
77,877
90,994
69,999
Median Earnings, Age 40-49,
Bachelor’s Degree and Union
Member with 120 Months
2013/14
74,997
85,342
75,004
75,004
90,001
70,004
Data from National Household Survey: Full Time Professional Workers in Education
Current Dollars (2010)
Median Wage, Bachelor’s or
Master’s Degree, Age 45-49
2010
76,000
87,000
74,000
77,000
86,000
68,000
Median Wage, Bachelor’s Degree,
Age 45-49
2010
73,000
86,000
73,000
77,000
87,000
68,000
Median Wage, Master’s Degree,
Age 45-49
2010
82,000
91,000
92,000
63,000
84,000
67,000
Median Wage, PhD, Age 45-49
2010
96,000
92,000
120,000
88,000
120,000
110,000
Data from Labour Force Survey: Teachers and Professors
Current Dollars (2010)
Median Earnings, Age 40-49, any
Degree and Union Member with
120 Months Tenure
2010
69,992
77,937
69,997
70,005
85,007
68,005
Median Earning, Age 40-49,
Bachelor’s Degree and Union
Member with 120 Months Tenure
2010
65,005
79,996
69,992
69,992
83,993
67,995
Source: Author’s calculations as described in text and Appendix.
13
Appendix – Commentary 434
Table A10: Aboriginal Shares of Population, 2011
Province
BC
Alberta
Saskatchewan
Manitoba
Ontario
Quebec
All Persons – Aboriginal
Identity
5.5
6.0
15.6
16.6
2.4
1.8
Persons Aged 5-14 – Aboriginal
Identity
8.6
9.6
26.4
26.4
3.3
2.7
All persons – Band Member or
Registered Indian
3.0
3.1
9.8
9.5
1.1
0.9
Persons Aged 5-14 – Band
Member or Registered Indian
4.6
5.2
19.1
17.1
1.6
1.4
Source: Author’s calculations from National Household Survey (2011), public use microfile.
Columbia are relatively low. If we consider only
persons with either degree or with a bachelor’s
degree, salaries in Manitoba are higher than in
Saskatchewan.
In Ontario and Quebec, as predicted by the
contract data and the proportion of teachers in the
highest pay categories, there is little wage premium
in obtaining a master’s degree. However, the payoff
for a master’s degree is high in British Columbia,
Alberta and Saskatchewan. The Manitoba data
is puzzling. Professional workers in education in
Manitoba, at least according to the NHS, earn less
with a master’s degree than with a bachelor’s degree.
I have no explanation for the low median salary
estimate of an education worker with a master`s
degree in Manitoba of $63,000. Perhaps this is a
case where the NHS fails to produce good quality
data even at the provincial level on a relatively small
number of persons.
The NHS allows me to separate the professional
workers in education with doctorates from other
professional workers in education. The median
salaries for these PhDs, presumably professors,
are higher than for the less educated professional
education workers. The presence of this group
warns against using average salaries from the LFS
category of teachers and professors. Averages are
likely to be very misleading in this data because of
the effect that professors with high salaries will have
in skewing up the averages.
The last panel in Table A9 shows the LFS
median earnings of teachers and professors in
2010. This is an attempt to match the LFS to the
NHS directly above and maintains the pattern of
the highest-paid teachers being in Alberta and
Ontario and the lowest-paid in Quebec and British
Columbia. It also shows that the LFS earnings
measures in the four Western provinces and to a
lesser degree in Ontario are significantly less than
the NHS values for the corresponding categories.
Me a sur ing the Percentage
of A bor igina ls across the
Prov inces
Table A10 uses NHS data to create four measures
of the Aboriginal population in the six provinces.
These percentages are derived from two NHS
14
questions. One asks for the respondent’s identity as
non-Aboriginal or of Indian, Métis, Inuit or other
Aboriginal background. The responses are used in
the first two rows of Table A10 and to construct
Figure 3.
It is very clear that the provinces fall into
three groups. Alberta and British Columbia have
about 6 percent of their population responding
as Aboriginals; Saskatchewan and Manitoba 16
percent and Ontario and Quebec about 2 percent.
Since Aboriginal birth rates are higher than
those in the overall population, the percentage of
the population aged 5 to 14 that self-identifies
as Aboriginal is higher than the overall share of
Aboriginals. In Saskatchewan and Manitoba 26.4
percent of the population aged 5-14 is Aboriginal, a
very high percentage relative to other provinces.
Another pair of Aboriginal-related questions
in the NHS asks if a respondent is either a band
member or a registered Indian. I present the
percentage of those who are either a band member
or registered Indian for the population as a whole
as well as the group aged 5 to 14 in the bottom two
rows of Table A10. A much smaller percentage of
persons are registered Indians than self-identify in
either age group.
For the purposes of this study, the NHS data
(and any other data that I have used) are not able to
identify the percentages of Aboriginal children in
schools that participate in the PCAP or PISA tests.
The data in Table A10 indicate these percentages
will be highest in Saskatchewan and Manitoba.
They also indicate that the percentage of children
aged 5-14 that are registered Indian, and perhaps
more likely to be in band-operated schools, is
higher in those two provinces than in Alberta and
British Columbia.