Defining and
Classifying Groups
Command Groups
Formal
Task Groups
Interest Groups
Informal
Friendship Groups
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1. FORMING
Member Questions
- What is expected of me?
- What are our goals and why?
- Who are these other people?
- How do I fit in?
- How much work will this involve?
Interpersonal Issues
Uncertainty, self-consciousness,
Silence, Dependence
Task Issues
Leader Behaviors
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orient members, establish trust,
establish clear purpose
- Make introductions
- Establish foundation of trust
- Model expected behaviors
- Clarify goals and expectations
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2. STORMING
Member Questions
Interpersonal Issues
Task Issues
Leader Behaviors
©Prentice Hall, 2001
- How will disagreements be handled?
- How will negative info. be communicated?
- Can team members (leader) be changed?
- How can we make decisions?
- Do I want to stay on team?
Disagreements & competition among members,
Cliques being formed,
Manage conflict, overcome group think,
Examine key work processes
- Be an effective mediator
- Identify a common goal
- Provide individual & team recognition
- Foster win-win thinking
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3. NORMING
Member Questions
Interpersonal Issues
Task Issues
Leader Behaviors
©Prentice Hall, 2001
- What are the expectations?
- What role is best for me?
- Will I be supported?
- How much should I conform?
- How much should I invest?
Cooperation, conformity to norms,
Commitment to team vision
Maintain unity and cohesion,
Clarify and differentiate roles
- Facilitate role differentiation
- Support team members
- Provide feedback
- Articulate vision
- Generate commitment to vision
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4. PERFORMING
Member Questions
- How can we continuously improve?
- How can we be more creative?
- How can we build on our competencies?
- How can we maintain our energy &
commitment to the team?
Interpersonal Issues
High mutual trust & commitment to team,
Support of team members
Task Issues
Leader Behaviors
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Capitalize on competencies, improve speed
Encourage creative problem-solving
- Foster creativity & continuous improvement
- Support team members in their roles
- Provide ongonig feedback on team performance
- Help team avoid reverting to earlier stages
- Advance the quality culture of the team
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Team Development
1. FORMING
break the ice ; facilitate
2. STORMING
conflict, disagreement ; resolve differences
3. NORMING
order ; clarify roles and values
4. Performing
cooperation, problem-solving ;
task accomplishment
5. Adjourning
group disbands when goals are met
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Questions to be Asked?
What are we trying to accomplish?
Task vs. Growth & Development
Who Should be on Team?
Need for Functional Expertise
- Engineering types
- Operations / manufacturing
- Marketing / sales
- Finance / accounting
When are people needed?
©Prentice Hall, 2001
Chapter 8
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Punctuated-Equilibrium Model
Performance
(High)
Phase 2
First
Meeting
Completion
Transition
Phase 1
Time
(Low)
A
©Prentice Hall, 2001
(A+B)/2
Chapter 8
B
8
Sociometry and Analyzing
Group Interaction
• Social networks
• Cliques
• Clusters
• Stars
• Isolates
• Liaisons
• Coalitions
• Bridges
• Emergent clusters
• Prescribed clusters
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Chapter 8
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Group Behavior Model
Group
Member
Resources
External
Conditions
Group
Task
Group
Processes
Performance
and
Satisfaction
Group
Structure
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Chapter 8
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External Conditions
Imposed on the Group
• Overall strategy
• Employee selection
• Authority structures
• Evaluation-rewards
• Formal regulations
• Culture
• Resources
• Work setting
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The Resources
of Group Members
Knowledge,
Skills, and
Abilities
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Personality
Characteristics
Chapter 8
12
Identity
Expectations
Group
Roles
Conflict
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Perception
Chapter 8
13
Performance
Appearance
Group
Norms
Resources
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Arrangement
Chapter 8
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Size of the Group
• Small groups
• Large groups
• Social loafing
• Individual effort
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The Composition
of the Group
Diversity Demography
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Chapter 8
Cohorts
16
Cohesiveness-Productivity Relationship
Cohesiveness
Performance Norms
High
Low
High
High
Productivity
Moderate
Productivity
Low
Low
Productivity
Moderate to Low
Productivity
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Effects of Group Processes
Process Gains
Synergy
Potential
Group
Effectiveness
Potential
Group
Effectiveness
Process Losses
Social Loafing
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Group Decision Making
Advantages
Disadvantages

More Diversity of Views

Dominant Individuals

Increased information

Unclear Responsibility

Higher-quality decisions

Time and money costs

Improved Commitment

Conformity pressures
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Chapter 8
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Accuracy
Creativity
Group Effectiveness
and Efficiency
Speed
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Acceptance
Chapter 8
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