TDM Evaluation Tool:
Opportunities for Evidence-Based
Policy Selection
Md. Sami Hasnine (M.A.Sc Student)
Adam Weiss, M.A.Sc (PhD Candidate)
Professor Khandker Nurul Habib, PhD, PEng
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Roadmap of the Presentation
Background
What is TDM?
Objectives
Methods
Why do we Need a Survey?
Data type for RP and SP survey
Data Model
RP and SP Questionnaire
TDM Evaluation tool
Next Steps
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Background
Reduce single-occupant vehicle (SOV)
commuting trips in Peel
The Region of Peel has been implementing
various Transportation Demand Management
(TDM) policies
Before and after survey can evaluate the TDM
effect
Need to evaluate combined and individual effect
of TDM policies before implementing
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What is TDM?
• TDM refers to a variety of strategies that change people’s
travel behavior.
• Primary Objective
 to reduced traffic congestion
• Secondary Objective
 increased safety and mobility
 energy conservation
 emission reductions
• Typical TDM programs reduce Single Occupant Vehicle (SOV)
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Objectives
• To forecast the mode switching behavior of
commuters in response to:
various incentives to use sustainable modes
and/or disincentives for single occupant vehicle
trips.
To develop an evaluation tool to investigate
various TDM policies
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Methods
Conduct a survey to collect the required information to
develop such a tool
Develop policy-sensitive mode choice models
Use this tool to test regional, local and partial effect of
various TDM policies
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Why do we need RP-SP Survey
• Limitations with existing data types
• TTS only has Revealed Preference (RP) data, we need RP and
Stated Preference (SP) data
• The RP approach uses information collected about the actual
choices made by individuals to estimate demand models.
• A major advancement in choice modelling is the use of SP
experiments in which respondents choose from a set of
hypothetical scenarios.
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Why do we Need a Survey?
• Existing TDM surveys are typically qualitative or opinion based
• Metrolinx Smart commute data:
• Data collected limited information regarding home and work
location
• Attitudes and views regarding non SOV modes
• Categorical LOS values for revealed modes only (10-20 minutes)
• A comprehensive RP-SP survey is needed to do forecasting
and policy analysis!
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Data type for RP survey
Detailed
Household
Information
Detailed
Person
Information
Activity
Schedule
Information
Sociodemographic
Information
Revealed
Preference
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Data type for SP survey
Level of Service
(LOS) is
consistent over
the scenarios
TDM policies
are varying over
the scenarios
Stated
Preference
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RP Questionnaire
Respondent must work in Peel and respondent must
answer the SP part
Travel diary for commuters and non-commuters
(over age 12)
Focus on household level information and
characteristics.
We need the commuting mode choice for the
respondent.
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Data Model
Graphical representation of the data that
is to be collected
Utilizes an object oriented approach
Clearly depicts the relationship between
data points
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RP
Detailed Household Information
HH Member information
Number of people over 12
Total number of people
Nickname
Age
Gender
Detailed
Person
Information:
for all HH
member 12
and over
Residence Information
Location
Dwelling type
Ownership Status
Reason behind not living
in Peel
Detail Information
Household auto ownership
Transit Pass Ownership
Bike Ownership
Who is primary user of each
mobility tool
Daily Personal Schedule:
Date
Daily Activity
Day of the week
Schedule
Number of activities
If more than 1 person:
ask relation with first
person (respondent)
Activity
Purpose
Location
Start Time
Duration
Joint activity with HH members
Income
Level of education
Work Location
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
g.
h.
i.
Employment Status
Full time worker
Part time worker
Working from home
Full time homemaker
Not employed
Retired
Fulltime homemaker
Student
None
Parking cost @workplace &
Occupation
Parking cost @school
School Location
Drivers License
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
g.
h.
i.
Activity Purpose
Work/School
Drop-off/Pick-up
Recreation/Entertainme
nt
Household Obligations
Social
Services
Basic Needs
Shopping
Other
Trip
Origin
Destination
Mode (Drive, passenger, local
Transit, regional transit)
Start time
Duration
HH vehicle used?
Joint trip?
Transit routes used
Go or subway access stations
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Detailed Person Information
Name
Income
Age
Under 20000
20000-40000
40000-60000
60000-80000
Over 80000
Occupation Category
a.
General Office / Clerical
b. Manufacturing /
Construction / Trades
c.
Professional /
Management / Technical
d. Retail Sales and Service
e. Not Employed
Gender
Income
Parking daily cost
a. Free
b. Less than 5 dollar
c. 5-10 dollar
d. 10-20 dollar
e. More than 20 dollar
f. Don’t know
Level of education
Work Location
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
g.
h.
i.
Employment Status
Full time worker
Part time worker
Working from home
Full time homemaker
Not employed
Retired
Fulltime homemaker
Student
None
Has Drivers
License
Parking cost
@workplace &
Occupation
Level of Education
Parking cost
@school
School
Location
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
g.
Elementary
Junior High
High school
College
Bachelor
Master or above
None
If more than 1 person:
ask relation with first
person (respondent)
Relationship to
Respondent:
a.
Respondent
themselves
b. Husband/Partner
c.
Wife/Partner
d. Father/In law
e. Mother/ In law
f.
Sister
g.
Brother
h. Grandmother
i.
Grandfather
j.
Son
k.
Daughter
l.
Aunt
m. Uncle
n. Other
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Detailed Household Information
Household Members (12 and over)
Residence Information
Location
Ownership Status
Dwelling type
Household auto
ownership
Manufacturer
Model
Production Year
Primary user
Rational for not living
in Peel
Dwelling Type
a. Single(detached)
b. Semi(detached)
c. Town/Row House
d. Apartment/Flat in detached duplex
e. Apartment/Condo with less than 5 stories
f. Apartment/Condo with more than 5 stories
Transit Pass
Ownership
Transit Agency
Primary user
Bike Ownership
Primary user
Rational of bike ownership
-More convenient commute for spouse
-School location for children
-Housing affordability (close to work is too
expensive)
-Wanting to be close to extended family
-Preference for current neighborhood
-Own property in existing region
-other
-For recreational or exercise purpose
-For working or shopping purpose
-For running errands
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Activity Schedule Information
Travel Diary for Commuters and Non-Commuters
Number of trips each household member (over age 12)
on the last weekday
Trip
•Trip origin
•Origin activity purpose
•Trip destination
•Destination activity purpose
•Joint activity information (trip made by
other household member)
•Departure time for this trip
•Primary mode associated with this trip
Activity
-Purpose
Activity Purpose
a. Work activity
b. School Activity
c. Dropping off or
Picking up
another person
d. Recreation or
Entertainment
out of house
e. Staying at home
f. Returning at
home
g. Social activities
out of home
h. Services
i. Shopping
j. Other
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SP Questionnaire
Experimental design was developed given a list
of policies of interest
Efficient design method was used
Currently using all possible TDM policies and 7
feasible modal alternatives
Focus is based almost entirely on employer
based TDM policy; some overlap with home
based TDM policies and land use policies.
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Stated Preference Table
Attribute
Values
Information Source
LOS attributes
(individual
specific)
Typically don’t vary across
scenarios
Traffic Assignment model, Rule
based fare structure, TTS 2011
TDM Policies
Vary across scenarios.
Mostly binary, experimental
design
7 possible modes:
 Drive, auto passenger, carpool, transit, transit bike on board, bike,
walk.
 Modal availability based on:
 feasibility rules (i.e. can’t drive if you don’t have a drivers license/car)
 Competitiveness (transit with exceedingly high travel time not
considered viable).
Reduced alternatives may result in reduced TDM policies, reducing
the size of the table
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Level of service attributes
Individual Specific
• Total Drive Time
• Transit Walk/ Bike Time
• Transit Wait Time
• Total Time Traveling in the Transit Vehicle
• Travel Cost
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TDM Policies of Interest
• Employer provides incentive for Region of Peel transit passes
(Miway or Brampton Transit)
• Daily parking cost
• Indoor car parking facilities at workplace
• Sheltered bike parking facilities at workplace
• Showers and changing rooms at workplace
• Employer owned bikes available to rent
• Workplace with bike access facilities (Ramps)
• Likelihood of Finding a Parking Spot Within 5 minutes walk to
work place (due to parking reductions)
• Emergency ride home program.
• Car share program
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Capturing Telecommute and
Flexible Work Hours
Not directly able to capture in the standard SP survey, choice
to participate will influence travel time.
To capture this impact, use of pre SP screening questions are
utilized.
Which days during the week would you be willing to Telecommute to work
(work from home on computer related work with access to work related files)
(Select all that apply)
Monday
Tuesday
Wednesday
Thursday
Friday
Would you be willing to consider an alternative work schedule that would result in different start and end times
for your work day? (Select only one)
Start Early (7:30), End Early
Start at Normal Time, End at
Start Late (10:30), End Late
(3:30)
Normal Time (9:00 to 5:00)
(7:30)
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SP survey
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SP survey
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Evaluation Tool (Before input)
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Evaluation Tool (Before input)
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Evaluation Tool(After input)
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Mode share(After input)
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Evaluation Tool(After input)
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TDM Evaluation Tool
Regional Scale
• Individual or combined effect of TDM policies
can be captured
• Changed mode share, changed VKT, CO2 Savings
and other environmental factors
Local Scale
• In small scale: Individual or combined effect of
TDM policies can be captured
• Changed mode share, changed VKT, CO2 Savings
and other environmental factors
Partial
Implementation
• Will provide the effect of partial implementation
of certain policy (e.g., 50% or 30%)
• Changed mode share, changed VKT, CO2 Savings
and other environmental factors
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Example Interface
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Next Step of our project
• Final Data Collection (ongoing)
• Mathematical Model (ongoing)
• TDM Evaluation tool (preliminary framework
completed)
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