Hard Determinism
The Incompatibility Argument
1) Determinism is true.
2) If Determinism is true, then everything we do
is causally determined by things that happened
before any of us were ever born.
3) If that’s the case, then none of could do
otherwise.
4) If that’s the case, none of our actions are free.
5) None of our actions are free.
If determinism… were true, then we appear to be
simply cogs in a larger causal machine. We would
invest nothing of ourselves in our actions and our
lives. As such, the potential truth of determinism
seems to threaten strongly held conceptions about
the nature and values of our lives… including…
our conception of our lives as potentially
meaningful.
-Trever Pisciotta
Freedom is the power, rooted in reason and will,
to act or not to act, to do this or that, and so to
perform deliberate actions on one’s own
responsibility... Freedom makes man responsible for
his acts to the extent that they are voluntary.
Catechism of the Catholic Church
The Incompatibility Argument
1) Determinism is true.
2) If Determinism is true, then everything we do
is causally determined by things that happened
before any of us were ever born.
3) If that’s the case, then none of could do
otherwise.
4) If that’s the case, none of our actions are free.
5) None of our actions are free.
Those who have affirmed that the soul is
distinguished from the body… have… [liberated]
it from those physical laws according to which all
beings of which we have a knowledge are obliged
to act. They have believed that the soul is mistress
of its own conduct, is able to regulate its own
peculiar operations, has the faculty to determine its
will by its own natural energy; in a word, they have
pretended that man is a free agent.
It has been already sufficiently proved that the soul
is nothing more than the body considered
relatively to some of its functions more concealed
than others…
…it has been shown that this soul, even when it
shall be supposed immaterial, is continually
modified conjointly with the body, is submitted to
all its motion, and that… consequently, it is
subjected to the influence of those material and
physical causes which give impulse to the
body…This will is necessarily determined by the
qualities, good or bad, agreeable or painful, of the
object or the motive that acts upon his senses.
If when tormented with violent thirst, he… is he
sufficient master of himself to desire or not to
desire the object competent to satisfy so lively a
want? It will no doubt… be said—if at this
moment it is announced to him that the water he
so ardently desires is poisoned, he will,
notwithstanding his vehement thirst, abstain from
drinking it: and it has, therefore, been… concluded
that he is a free agent.
The fact, however, is, that the motive in either case
is exactly the same: his own conservation. The
same necessity that determined him to drink
before he knew the water was deleterious, upon
this new discovery equally determines him not to
drink; the desire of conserving himself either
annihilates or suspends the former impulse; the
second motive becomes stronger than the
preceding, that is, the fear of death, or the desire
of preserving himself, necessarily prevails.
Choice by no means proves the free agency of
man: he only deliberates when he does not yet
know which to choose of the many objects that
move him; he is then in an embarrassment, which
does not terminate until his will is decided by the
greater advantage he believes he shall find in the
object he chooses, or the action he undertakes.
[Some are] incapable of imagining how man could
either merit reward or deserve punishment from
this being, if he was not a free agent… [The] idea
has gone abroad, that if all the actions of man
were to be contemplated as necessary, the right of
punishing those who injure their associates would
no longer exist.
Bundesarchiv, Bild 102-00652 / CC-BY-SA 3.0
What has this boy to do with it? He was not his
own father; he was not his own mother; he was
not his own grandparents. All of this was handed
to him. He did not surround himself with
governesses and wealth. He did not make himself.
And yet he is to be compelled to pay.
-Clarence Darrow
Laws are made with a view to maintain society, and
to prevent man associated from injuring his
neighbour; they are therefore competent to punish
those who disturb its harmony…