KS4 Physical
Education
Bones
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Learning objectives
Learning objectives
What we will learn in this presentation:
How bones form (ossification) and their composition
How diet and exercise effect bone density
The functions of the skeleton
The way bones affect body shape and size and their
effect upon weight and performance
How bones provide support, movement and
protection
To recognise and name bones
The 5 regions of the vertebral column
To classify different types of bones.
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Ossification
Ossification is the process by which bone is formed
from cartilage. The cartilage cells die off and are
calcified to produce bone.
In the womb the skeleton of the
foetus is initially formed from an
elastic tissue called cartilage
(except for the clavicle and parts
of the cranium).
As a baby grows the cartilage
becomes bone and hardens. This is
part of the process of bone growth.
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Bone growth
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Bone composition
epiphysis
The end (or head) of the bone
is called the epiphysis.
It is made up mainly of
spongy bone which is full of
tiny cavities.
diaphysis
The shaft of the bone is
called the diaphysis. It is
hollow and made up of
hard, dense compact bone.
epiphysis
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Bone composition
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Bone composition
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Diet and exercise for healthy bones
Bones are alive. Old cells and bone tissue are constantly
being broken down and replaced by new ones.
Certain substances are needed for
this process of growth and renewal.
These need to be include in your diet.
Minerals are important. They are
inorganic substances which perform a
variety of functions in the body.
Calcium is the most important for
bone strength. It is found in cereals,
milk and other dairy products. Some
fish and vegetables also contain
calcium.
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Diet and exercise for healthy bones
After the age of 35, bone tissue begins to be broken down
more quickly than it is replaced.
This means that bone density and strength begin to deteriorate.
Osteoporosis can occur, where bones become very brittle.
As well as a good diet,
regular weight-bearing
exercise can help to
maintain bone density
and strength.
Weight-bearing exercise
can include walking, jogging
and ball or racket games.
Swimming does not help, as your weight is supported.
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Functions of the skeleton
The skeleton performs many functions in the body.
1 Shape – The skeleton gives us our
shape and determines our size.
2 Support – The skeleton
supports muscles and organs.
3 Protection – The skeleton protects delicate
parts of the body like the brain and lungs.
4 Movement – The skeleton allows us to move. Muscles
are attached to the bones and move them as levers.
5 Blood cell production – blood
cells are made in the bone marrow.
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Shape and size
Your skeleton affects your body shape and size.
Bones play an important part in determining your height
and build. People with long, light bones are usually tall
and thin, whilst people with short, thick bones are likely to
be short and more heavily built.
Some sports are more suited to people of a particular size
or body shape. This means that your skeleton and bone
size can affect your performance in different sports.
For example, weightlifting
favours individuals with
strong, heavy bones.
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Shape and size
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Support
The skeleton acts as a framework.
It gives the body support, enabling
us to stand and walk upright.
The bones of the back and chest
support internal organs and help to
keep them in place.
The bones of the body are held
together by ligaments.
The skeleton provides a framework
for the muscles, which are attached
to bones by tendons.
Can you imagine what humans would look like if
they didn’t have bones to support them?
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Movement
Bones work with muscles to produce movement.
Muscles are attached to bones by tendons.
Bones have surfaces that allow for strong attachment.
Tendons fuse with the tough Periosteum membrane on the
outside of the bone.
Muscle
Tendon
Periosteum
Bone
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Movement
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Protection
Some of our body parts, such as the
brain, are very delicate and need
protection from external forces.
cranium
Bones can protect body parts from
impacts and injuries.
The cranium protects the brain.
It encloses the brain entirely in a
shell of bone.
The rib cage protects the delicate
organs of the chest.
Can you think of two reasons why the rib cage has
gaps in it rather than being a solid shell of bone?
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Blood cell production
Red and white blood cells and
platelets are made in the bones.
The ends of long bones and
some other bones including the
ribs, humerus, femur and even
vertebrae bones, contain red
bone marrow.
This is where the blood cells
are produced.
The shaft of long bones is filled
with yellow bone marrow which
does not produce blood cells.
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Red
marrow
embedded
in spongy
bone
Yellow
bone
marrow in
the shaft
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Naming bones
Cranium (skull)
Clavicle
(collar bone)
Sternum
(breast bone)
Ribs
Humerus
Ilium
(part of
the pelvis)
Patella
(knee cap)
Radius
Ulna
Femur
Tibia
Fibula
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Naming bones
Scapula (shoulder blade)
Vertebral column (spine)
HAND
Carpals
Metacarpals
FOOT
Tarsals
Metatarsals
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Phalanges
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Naming bones
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The vertebral column
The spine is also known as the vertebral column.
It is made up of 33 irregularly shaped
bones called vertebrae. Between
each vertebra there is a pad of
The spine’s
cartilage which allows movement
inverted ‘s’ shape
and prevents the bones grinding
gives it strength.
together.
The vertebrae protect the spinal
cord. This important nerve runs up
the spine, through the centre of each
vertebra.
The vertebral column is
divided into 5 sections.
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The vertebral column
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Classification of bones – long bones
Bones are divided into a number of different categories.
So far we have mainly dealt with long bones.
Long bones have a long shaft
containing yellow bone marrow.
They are responsible for a lot of
movement and often act as levers.
Long bone
Long bones include the femur,
humerus, tibia, fibula, the metatarsals,
metacarpals and phalanges.
Long bones contain red bone
marrow for producing blood cells.
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Classification of bones – flat bones
Flat bones perform a variety
of functions. These include:
protection for delicate areas, for
example, the cranium protects
the brain.
areas for muscle attachment,
for example, many of the muscles
of the lower back and legs attach
to the wide flat bone of the pelvis.
Cranium
They are made up of spongy bone between
two layers of hard compact bone.
They have a large surface area.
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Classification of bones – short bones
Short bones are very light
and very strong.
They are small and squat in
shape.
carpals
They are composed of
spongy bone with a thin
layer of compact bone on
the outside.
The carpals in the wrist and
the tarsals in the foot are
examples of short bones.
tarsals
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Classification of bones – irregular bones
Irregular bones are specially
shaped to perform a particular
function.
patella
They are composed of spongy
bone on the inside and
compact bone on the outside.
Examples include the patella
and the vertebrae.
The patella is shaped so that
the quadriceps tendon slides
easily over the knee joint.
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Bones and joint movements
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Exam-style questions
1. Name the process by which bone is formed from cartilage.
2. Bones perform a number of functions in the body.
a) Name two functions of the skeleton.
b) Give an example of a bone which performs each of
the functions you listed above.
3. Karim wants to become a professional basketball player.
a) How may Karim’s skeleton affect his performance?
b) Suggest two things that Karim could do to make
sure that his bones stay healthy as he gets older.
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Can you remember all these keywords?
Ossification
Osteoporosis
Cartilage
Vertebral column
Epiphysis
Long bones
Diaphysis
Short bones
Periosteum
Flat bones
Compact bone
Irregular bones
Cancellous bone
Growth plate
Bone marrow
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