ASBBestPracticeRecommendation007,FirstEdition
2017
PostmortemImpressionSubmissionStrategyfor
ComprehensiveSearchesofEssentialAutomated
FingerprintIdentificationSystemDatabases
ASBBestPracticeRecommendation007,1stEd.‐2017
PostmortemImpressionSubmissionStrategyforComprehensive
SearchesofEssentialAutomatedFingerprintIdentificationSystem
Databases
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ASBBestPracticeRecommendation007,1stEd.‐2017
Foreword
Frictionridgeanalysis(toincludefingerprints,palmprints,andfootprints)isareliable,rapid,and
cost‐effectivemeanstoidentifyunknowndeceasedindividuals[1].Theuseofpostmortem
impressionstorapidlyidentifydecedentscentersontheuseofAutomatedFingerprint
IdentificationSystem(AFIS)technology.Itisessentialthatlawenforcementagenciesaswellasthe
medicolegalcommunityunderstandcurrentfingerprinttechnologyandleverageresourcesto
ensurepostmortemimpressionsareappropriatelysearchedthroughAFISfingerprintdatabasesfor
identificationpurposes.Themedicolegalauthorityshouldadheretothebestpracticesidentifiedin
thistexttotheextentpossible,practical,andappropriate.Intheabsenceofspecificguidance,the
principle,spirit,andintentofthisdocumentshouldbemet.
ThesebestpracticesarebasedupondocumentationoriginallyproducedbytheScientificWorking
GrouponDisasterVictimIdentificationandupdatedbytheOrganizationofScientificArea
Committees(OSAC)SubcommitteeonDisasterVictimIdentification.OSACsubmittedadrafttothe
ASBDisasterVictimIdentificationConsensusBody,whichuseditasabaseforthesepublishedBest
PracticeRecommendations.Thefinaldocumentwasproducedusingtheconsensusprocessofthe
ASB,whichisanANSIaccreditedStandardsDevelopingOrganization.
Allhyperlinksandlinksarevalidandoperationalatthetimeofpublicationofthisdocument.
Keywords:forensicidentification,postmortemidentification,automatedfingerprintidentification
system(AFIS),postmortemfingerprint,disastervictimidentification,fingerprintsubmissionstrategy,
massfatality,frictionridge
Abstract:Thepurposeofthisdocumentistoprovideguidanceregardingthesubmissionof
recordedpostmortemimpressionsforcomprehensivesearchesofessentialautomatedfingerprint
identificationsystemdatabases.Whileanumberoffactorsaffectthesuccessfulsearchofa
fingerprintthroughanautomatedfingerprintsystem,oneofthemostimportantfactorsisensuring
thefingerprintissearchedthroughappropriateantemortemfingerprintdatabases.
ASBBestPracticeRecommendation007,1stEd.‐2017
Acknowledgements
ASBContributors:
HeatherWigington,FortWorthPoliceDepartment
Marzena(Mary‐Ann)Mulawka,JohnJayCollegeofCriminalJustice
BryanJohnson,FederalBureauofInvestigation
EliasKontanis,NationalTransportationSafetyBoard
JasonWiersema,HarrisCountyInstituteofForensicSciences
OSACContributors:
AaronUhle,FederalBureauofInvestigation
SWGDVIContributors:
AaronUhle,FederalBureauofInvestigation
Marzena(Mary‐Ann)Mulawka,NewYorkCity‐OfficeofChiefMedicalExaminer
HeatherWigington,DHSBiometricsSupportCenter
MichelleHoward,FederalBureauofInvestigation
JeffreyCarlyle,FederalBureauofInvestigation
DavidCharlton,SussexPolice‐UnitedKingdom
KimberlySheets,FederalBureauofInvestigation
ASBBestPracticeRecommendation007,1stEd.‐2017
TableofContents
1 Scope........................................................................................................................................................................................
2 NormativeReferences......................................................................................................................................................
3 TermsandDefinitions......................................................................................................................................................
4 RecommendationsforSearchingRecords...............................................................................................................
4.1 General................................................................................................................................................................................
4.2 PreliminaryInformation..............................................................................................................................................
4.3 PostmortemFingerprintRecoveryProcess........................................................................................................
4.4 SubmissionofPostmortemImpressionsforAutomatedSearching..........................................................
4.5 AutomatedSearchingofPostmortemImpressions..........................................................................................
AnnexA(informative)FoundationalPrincipals............................................................................................................
AnnexB(informative)FingerprintSubmissionTemplate–AFISDatabaseSearch.......................................
AnnexC(informative)Bibliography..................................................................................................................................
Figure1—PostmortemFingerprintSubmissionStrategy.........................................................................................
TableB.1—FingerprintSubmissionTemplate...............................................................................................................
ASBBestPracticeRecommendation007,1stEd.‐2017
PostmortemImpressionSubmissionStrategyforComprehensiveSearchesof
EssentialAutomatedFingerprintIdentificationSystemDatabases
1. Scope
Thepurposeofthisdocumentistoprovideguidanceregardingthesubmissionofrecorded
postmortemimpressionsforcomprehensivesearchesofessentialautomatedfingerprint
identificationsystemdatabases.Whileanumberoffactorsaffectthesuccessfulsearchofa
fingerprintthroughanautomatedfingerprintsystem,oneofthemostimportantfactorsisensuring
thefingerprintissearchedthroughappropriateantemortemfingerprintdatabases.
2. NormativeReferences
Therearenonormativereferencedocuments,AnnexC,Bibliography,containsinformative
references.
3. TermsandDefinitions
Forpurposesofthisdocument,thefollowingdefinitionsapply.
3.1.
AutomatedFingerprintIdentificationSystem
AFIS
Biometriccomputersystemthatallowsforensicexaminerstoencode,digitize,andsearch
recoveredfingerprintimpressionsagainstfingerprintrecorddatabasesforidentificationpurposes.
3.2.
frictionridgeanalysis
Fingerprints,palmprints,andfootprintshavefrictionridgeskinthathasbeenusedforpersonal
identificationpurposesforwelloveracentury.Collectively,theanalysisofprintsfromanyofthese
areasofskinisknownasfrictionridgeanalysis.
3.3.
NextGenerationIdentification
NGI
AbiometricrepositorymanagedandoperatedbytheFederalBureauofInvestigation(FBI)
CriminalJusticeInformationServicesDivision(CJIS)thatenhancesidentificationservicesby
providinganincrementalreplacementoftheformersystem,theIntegratedAutomatedFingerprint
IdentificationSystem(IAFIS).Consideredoneofthelargestbiometricdatabasesintheworld,NGI
storesindividualfingerprintrecordsandotherbiometricdataforcriminalandcivilmatters.
Advancedidentificationtechnologyprovidesrapid,efficient,andaccuratefingerprintprocessing.
3.4.
AutomatedBiometricIdentificationSystem
IDENT
TheAutomatedBiometricIdentificationSystem(IDENT)isthecentralDepartmentofHomeland
Security(DHS)‐widesystemforstorageandprocessingofbiometricandassociatedbiographic
informationfornationalsecurity;lawenforcement;immigrationandbordermanagement;
intelligence;backgroundinvestigationsfornationalsecuritypositionsandcertainpositionsof
publictrust.TheIDENTdatabaseisconsideredanotheroneofthelargestbiometricdatabases.
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ASBBestPracticeRecommendation007,1stEd.‐2017
3.5.
antemortemandpostmortemrecords
Antemortem(AM)recordsarerecordscollectedfromlivesubjects,andcancomefromanypartof
frictionridgeskin.Frictionridgeskinispresentonthepalmarandplantarsurfacesofthehands
andfeet.Assuch,impressionsfromthefingersandpalmsofthehandsaswellasthetoesandsoles
ofthefeetcanallbeusedforpersonalidentificationpurposes.Duringantemortemfingerprint
recovery,thelivingsubjectisusuallymanipulatedagainsttherecordingmedium.Postmortem
(PM)recordsarerecordscollectedfromdeceasedsubjects.Duringpostmortemfingerprint
recovery,therecordingmediumisusuallymanipulatedagainstthedeceasedsubjectinthesame
mannerastheantemortemrecords.Unlessamanualcomparisonisavailable,anAFISsearchofan
unidentifiedpostmortemfingerprintrecordisusedasatooltofindantemortemfingerprintrecords
inordertoestablishorverifythedeceasedsubject’sidentity[1,2,3].
3.6.
10‐printsearchesandlatentprintsearches
A10‐printsearchisconductedonafingerprintrecordwhichisareproductionofalltenfingers.An
automated10‐printinquirynormallyrequiresaminutiaesearchofonlythethumbsorindex
fingers.Submittedfingerprintscommonlyhavesufficientclarityanddetailtomakesearchingof
morethantwofingersunnecessary.Thiscanbeperformedbyacomputer,ina“lightsout”settingif
thequalityoftherecordishighenough.
Alatentprintsearchcanbeutilizedforsearchingunknowndeceasedrecordswhenmultiplefingers
arenotprintableorpresent,orthequalityoftherecordingsispoor.Alatentprintsearchismore
tediousandtime‐consumingthana10‐printsearch.Latentprintsareoftenfragmentaryandofpoor
imagequality.Minutiaefeaturesarenormallyreviewedone‐by‐onebyatrainedfingerprint
examinerbeforethesearchbegins,butcanyieldinbetterresultswithlowerqualityrecordings.
Eachlistofresultsreturnedmustbemanuallycomparedbyanexaminertodetermineifthereisa
match[4].
4. RecommendationsforSearchingRecords
4.1. General
CurrentAFISdatabasesusedbylawenforcementagenciestaskedwithforensicidentificationexist
atlocal,state,andfederallevelsofgovernment.Unlikewhatmaybeportrayedinthemoviesoron
television,asinglecomprehensiveandsearchabledatabaseofAMfingerprintrecordscollectedin
theUnitedStatesorabroaddoesnotexist.Duetodatasharingagreements,privacyconcerns
associatedwithpersonallyidentifiableinformation(PII),andsysteminteroperabilitydifficulties,
AMrecordscontainedwithinvariousAFISdatabasesarenotcongruent.Theindividualor
organizationsubmittingPMimpressionsforfingerprintanalysisshouldensurethatlocal,state,and
federalAFISdatabasesareappropriatelysearchedforidentificationpurposes.Theeffectiveuseof
AFIStechnologyinsearchingPMofimpressionsagainstAMrecordscanresultinasignificant
increaseintheidentificationofdecedents,allowingthemedicolegalcommunitytoexpediteregular
casework,solvecoldcases,andefficientlyidentifyhumanremainsinmassfatalityincidents
(MFI)[5].
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ASBBestPracticeRecommendation007,1stEd.‐2017
4.2. PreliminaryInformation
Beforeexaminingtheremains,itisadvisedthatfingerprintexaminersshouldfamiliarize
themselvesabouttheincident.Thisinformationmayconsistofthefollowing.
 Geographiclocation–wheretheremainswererecovered.
 Circumstancessurroundingthedeath(e.g.naturalversusaccidentalversusman‐madeevent).
 Circumstances surrounding the recovery of the remains (e.g. found under rubble, recovered
fromwater,remainsremovalfacilitatedbyimplements,ormachinery,etc.).
 Details regarding any identifying documents or personal effects found on the remains and if
theseitemshavebeenremovedfromtheremainspriortoarrivaloftheremainsatthemorgue.
Separationofidentifyingdocumentsorpersonaleffectsfromtheremainspriortoexamination
shouldbeavoidedwheneverpossible.
 Determineifthereare AMrecordsavailableelsewhere,suchas decedent’sresidence,placeof
employment,etc.
4.3. PostmortemFingerprintRecoveryProcess
ExaminationqualityPMfingerprintrecordsshouldberecordedfromhumanremainsusingPM
fingerprintrecoverytechniques.Remainsshouldbethoroughlyexaminedassoonaspossible,
beforeongoingdecompositiondeterioratesthefrictionridgeskinandlimitstheabilitytorecover
qualityPMimpressions.(1)Itisassumedthattheremainshavebeenrenderedsafefromany
hazardsandthatappropriatepersonalprotectiveequipment(PPE)isworn.(2)Trainedfingerprint
examiners1shouldbeutilizedfortherecoveryofexaminationqualityPMimpressionsfromthe
deceasedandforthesubsequentsearch/submissionofrecoveredfingerprintrecordsthrough
appropriateAFISdatabases.
4.4. SubmissionofPostmortemImpressionsforAutomatedSearching
Onceexamination‐qualityPMfingerprintimpressionsarerecorded,thesubmittingagencyshould
utilizeAnnexB,FingerprintSubmissionTemplate–AFISDatabaseSearch(orfieldsandinformation
containedwithinthetemplate)tosendPMimpressionstolawenforcementorappropriate
authoritiesforAFISdatabasesearches2.APMsubmissionshouldrequestanautomated10‐print
searchaswellasalatentprintsearch.Itistheresponsibilityofthesubmittingagencytoensure
thatthishastakenplace.ImagesuploadedoremaileddirectlytoCJISSpecialProcessingCenter
(SPC)orDHS’sBSCmustmeettherequirementsofsubmissiontothatagency.Whilefacsimilesare
acceptedbysomeagencies,thelowqualitytransmissioncandegradeanimageenoughthatitmay
notbeidentifiedthroughanAFISsearch.Unlessitisurgent,ifaflatbedscannerordigitalcamerais
unavailable,thecardsshouldbesubmittedasoriginalstotherespectiveagencies.
1Thetermtrainedfingerprintexaminersindicatesthatindividualsrecordingorapprovingthefingerprint
recordsmustbeabletodiscernthefingerprints’valueforcomparisonpurposesasaqualitymeasure.This
termdoesnotencompass/includethetrainingrecommendedforPMfingerprintrecoverytechniques.
2Ifafingerprintrecordissubmitteddirectlythroughanestablishedelectronicportal,itshouldconformto
theANSI/NIST‐ITLstandardandtherelevantapplicationprofile,suchastheFBI'sEBTSfileformat.
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ASBBestPracticeRecommendation007,1stEd.‐2017
 All bold/italicized fields in the attached submission template should be populated by the
submitting agency. All [bracketed] items are specific to each case being submitted for
fingerprint analysis. Include any possible known demographic information regarding the
decedent or fingerprint recording anomalies3in the additional information section of the
template.
 Completethesubmissiontemplateandcopy/pasteintoasecureemailservice/format(suchas
LawEnforcementOnlinehttps://www.leo.gov).RecoveredPMimpressionsshouldbeattached
asadigitalimageandneedtobescannedataminimumresolutionof500ppi.Theimagemust
also be saved in a lossless format (i.e. JPEG2000 or TIFF). If poor quality fingerprints were
received, the submitting agency may be contacted by the recipient to rescan prints at a
resolutionof1000ppi.
 ThesubmissiontemplateandrecoveredPMimpressionsmayalsobemailedasahardcopyto
the appropriate authorities if electronic submission attempts fail or prove burdensome in
accordancewiththeproceduresandrequirementsofthereceivingagency.Ifacardisdeemed
tobebio‐hazardous,ensuretheagencyyouaresubmittingittocanreceiveit.
4.5. AutomatedSearchingofPostmortemImpressions
ItisrecommendedthatrecordedPMimpressionsshouldbesubmittedforAFISdatabasesearches
inthefollowingorder:
 local,
 state,
 federal,
 international(ifremainsarebelievedtohaveinternationalnexus).
Itistheresponsibilityofthesubmittingagencytoensurethatallofthesestepsareaccomplishedin
theirentirety.
a. localauthoritiesshouldhavethecapabilityofelectronicallysubmittingthePMimpressions
totheirlocalandstateAFISfingerprintdatabases.Itistheresponsibilityofthesubmitting
agencytoensurethatthishastakenplace.Ifnot,thePMimpressionsshouldbeforwarded
tolocalandstateauthoritiesseparatelybythesubmittingagency.
b. localauthoritiesmayalsohavethecapabilityofelectronicallysubmittingthePMimpressionsto
the FBI. If not, the PM impressions should be electronically submitted (emailed or uploaded,
not faxed) or manually submitted to the FBI CJIS SPC for search through the NGI fingerprint
database.CJISinformationprovidedonthefollowingpage:
FBICJISDivision
SpecialProcessingCenter
1000CusterHollowRoad
24/7VoiceNumber:(304)625‐5584
24/7FaxNumber:(304)625‐5587
Email:[email protected]
3PMchanges,missingordamageddigits,specialreconditioningtechniques,casecircumstances,etc.
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ASBBestPracticeRecommendation007,1stEd.‐2017
NOTE:TheoriginalsubmittingagencyisonlyallowedtosubmitthepostmortemimpressionstotheCJISSPC
iftheyhaveavalidOriginatingAgencyIdentification(ORI)NumberassignedbytheFBIper28CFR,§20.3.
MedicalExaminer/CoroneragenciesmayrequestanORInumber(9characteridentifier)fromtheFBICJIS
Divisionbycalling(304)625‐3984.
c. IfnomatchismadeintheNGIdatabase,thePMimpressionsshouldbeelectronically(emailed
oruploaded,notfaxed)submittedtotheDHSBiometricSupportCenterforsearchthroughthe
DHS Automated Biometric Identification System (IDENT) AFIS fingerprint database. DHS
informationprovidedbelow:
DHS
BiometricSupportCenter–West
24/7VoiceNumber:(858)609‐2609
24/7Fax:(858)609‐2600
Email:[email protected]@dhs.gov
 If no matches are made on the federal level, it may be valuable to have local or state law
enforcement reach out to neighboring states for assistance in searching the recovered PM
impressionsthroughneighboringlocal/stateAFISfingerprintdatabases.
d. Ifnomatchesaremadeonthelocal,state,orfederallevel,itmaybevaluabletoreachouttothe
InternationalCriminalPoliceOrganization(INTERPOL)forsearchthroughtheAFISfingerprint
databases of member countries (if remains are believed to have international nexus).
INTERPOLinformationprovidedbelow:
INTERPOL
NCBWashington
U.S.DepartmentofJustice
Washington,DC20530‐0001
VoiceNumber:(202)616‐9000
FaxNumber:(202)616‐8400
e. In the event of no matches at any of the aforementioned local, state, federal, or international
levels, it may be valuable to upload the unidentified PM fingerprint records to the National
Missing and Unidentified Persons System (NamUs). This will allow other resources to be
utilizedfortheassistanceofidentification.
NamUsAFIS/FingerprintUnit
UNTHealthScienceCenter
MainNumber:1‐855‐626‐7600
www.NamUs.gov
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ASBBestPracticeRecommendation007,1stEd.‐2017
Figure1—PostmortemFingerprintSubmissionStrategy4
4PostmortemFingerprintSubmissionStrategy.ReprintedfromPostmortemFingerprintingandUnidentified
HumanRemains(p.93)byMulawkaM.H.andL.Miller,2014,NewYork,NY:Routledge.Copyright2014by
Taylor&Francis.Reprintedwithpermission[2].
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ASBBestPracticeRecommendation007,1stEd.‐2017
AnnexA
(informative)
FoundationalPrinciples
1. TheobjectiveofDisasterVictimIdentification(DVI)istomatchacquiredPMdatafromthe
recoveredremainswithAMdataobtainedfromthevictim’snextofkinorotherexternal
sourcestohelpestablishapositiveforensicidentification.IfAMdatacannotbelocated,
inquiriesintolocal,state,andfederaldatabasescanprovideanavenuetoobtainAMdata.Ifthe
remainshavereliableprimaryidentifiers,suchasodontology,fingerprintsorDNAandthe
identifiershavemetapprovedstandardswithoutinexplicablediscrepancies,theinformation
canbepresentedtoanidentificationboardforreconciliation.Thesescientificmeansof
identificationarethebasisforDVI.
2. Althoughtheirtechnicalaspectsmayappearsimilar,PMfingerprintrecoverymethodscanbe
significantlymorechallengingthanacquiringAMfingerprintrecordsfromtheliving.
Furthermore,theconditionofPMfrictionridgeskinmaybesignificantlycompromisedby
variousdestructiveinfluencesduetothecircumstancesofdeathand/orseverityofPMchanges,
suchasrigormortis,dehydration,decomposition,anddeterioration.Assuch,theuseofspecial
reconditioningtechniquesmayberequiredpriortorecordingthePMfingerprintimpressions.
ThequalityoftheresultingPMfingerprintrecordsmaybesignificantlylowerandthus,
performingsearchesofPMfingerprintrecordscanbemorecomplex.UnlessAMrecordsfor
manualcomparisonsareavailable,anAFISsearchofanunidentifiedPMfingerprintrecordis
usedasatooltoattempttoestablishorverifythedeceasedsubject’sidentity[1,2].
3. ThisdocumentaimstoaddresstheNationalResearchCouncil’s(NRC)2009Reportandgeneral
concernamongstthefieldbyprovidingaseparatestandardforperformingcomprehensive
searchesofPMfingerprintrecordsinessentialAFISdatabases.Thereliabilityoffingerprints
hasbeenevaluatedandresearchedbythescientificcommunitytoensuretheyareanaccurate
meansofidentification.PMfingerprintsandresultantmanualcomparisonsandautomated
searchesemploythesamemethodsandreliabilityaswithAMfingerprints.Theaddedlayersof
complexityrelatedtoPMfingerprintprocessrequiremoreattentionandinvestigation[6].
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ASBBestPracticeRecommendation007,1stEd.‐2017
AnnexB
(informative)
FingerprintSubmissionTemplate–AFISDatabaseSearch[2,5]
TheYourAgencyNamehasrecoveredhumanremainsandisrequestingAFISfingerprintdatabase
searchesforidentificationpurposes.PleasereviewtheinformationpresentedinTableB.1.
UnidentifiedDeceasedFingerprintSubmission
To:
AgencyName
EmailAddress
PhoneNumber
FaxNumber
From:
YourAgencyName
EmailAddress
PhoneNumber
FaxNumber
ORI:
AgencyORI
Date:
[mm/dd/yyyy][hh:mm]hoursEST
SubmissionType:
UnidentifiedDeceased
Re:
YourAgencyNameCase[Case#]
Pages:
[#]total([#]image(s),1email)
Comments:
Pleaseattempttoidentifythesubmittedpostmortemimpressions
recoveredfromhumanremainsdiscoveredin[location]on[DOD
mm/dd/yyyy].Pleaseperformaten‐printsearchofallavailableAFIS
databases(local,state,federal,etc.)andperformalatent‐printsearchin
theeventofnegativeten‐printsearchresults.Inadvance,thankyoufor
yourassistanceinthismatter.
Pleaseprovidefingerprintsearchresultsalongwithdatabasesearch
information(local,state,federal,etc.)toFaxNumberorEmailAddress.
Ifanidentificationiseffected,pleaseforwardtheantemortem
fingerprintrecordandanyotheravailableinformationaboutthe
individual,includingcriminalhistory.
TableB.1—FingerprintSubmissionTemplate
AdditionalInformation:Noteimportantinformationsuchaspossibledemographicinformationfor
thedecedentorrecordinganomaliessuchasthesubmittedprintsarefromthedermallayerofskin.
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ASBBestPracticeRecommendation007,1stEd.‐2017
AnnexC
(informative)
Bibliography
1] Uhle,A.J.“FingerprintsandHumanIdentification.”D.SennandP.Stimson(Eds.),Forensic
Dentistry,SecondEdition,2010,pp.79‐101.BocaRaton:CRCPress.
2] Mulawka,M.andS.Miller.PostmortemFingerprintingandUnidentifiedHumanRemains.2014,
Routledge.
3] Kaushal,N.andP.Kaushal.“Humanidentificationandfingerprints:Areview.”Journalof
Biometrics&Biostatistics,2011.
4] NationalInstituteofJustice.Thefingerprintsourcebook.USDepartmentofJustice,Officeof
JusticePrograms,2011.
5] Mulawka,M.andJ.Craig.“TheEfficacyofSubmittingFingerprintsofUnidentifiedHuman
RemainstoFederalAgencies.”JournalofForensicIdentification,61(1),2011,pp.92‐102.
6] NationalResearchCouncil.StrengtheningforensicscienceintheUnitedStates:apathforward.
2009.
7] Nursall,J.“AFISsearchingofimpressionsfromcharredfrictionridgeskin.”JournalofForensic
Identification,61,2011,pp.109‐111.
8] NationalInstituteofStandardsandTechnology(NIST).LawEnforcementStandardsOffice–AFIS
Interoperability.20135.
9] FederalBureauofInvestigation(FBI).NextGenerationIdentification(NGI).20136.
5Availableathttp://www.nist.gov
6Availableathttp://www.fbi.gov
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