MAHATMA GANDHI UNIVERSITY KOTTAYAM BACHELOR DEGREE COURSE IN COMPUTER APPLICATIONS SCHEME & SYLLABUS (Effective from 2007 Admissions onwards) Guidelines for the conduct of Undergraduate and Post graduate courses in the Off-Campus Academic Centres of the School of Distance Education, Mahatma Gandhi University, Kottayam Kerala, India. The following guidelines are to be adopted in the conduct of Undergraduate and Post graduate courses commencing at the Off-campus academic centres of the School of Distance Education, Mahatma Gandhi University from 2001 1. Eligibility for Admission: All courses at the Off- Campus academic Centres of the School of Distance Education will be governed by the rules for private registration in force at Mahatma Gandhi University.( This is applicable to all subjects including those for which no private registration is offered at present).Specific details may be had from the prospectus of individual subjects. Entrance tests will be conducted for admission to MBA/MCA courses, as per rules in this regard. 2. Examination: all examinations under the School of Distance Education will be conducted by the Controller of Examinations, Mahatma Gandhi University Courses under the School of Distance Education will follow the semester pattern but annual examination i.e. the first and second semester examination will be conducted at the end of first year and the third and fourth semester examinations at the end of the second year as per rules in this regard.Similarly,as in the case of the BCA/ MCA and similar courses, the fifth and sixth semester examinations will be conducted at the end of the third year. Examination schedules will be intimated to the Centres concerned sufficiently in advance. 3. Attendance: 75%of the attendance prescribed by the School of Distance education is compulsory for all courses. 4. Internal Assesment: Internal Marks will be awarded as per the Norms of Private registration. 5. Practical Examinations Practical examination for courses requiring the same will be conducted by officially constituted bodies as per relevant rules in this regard. 6. Optionals/Electives: The Optional/Elective papers to be followed for particular courses will be decided upon by the SDE.(In the case of courses that have a dissertation requirement, students will take instead an additional Elective paper prescribed by the School of Distance Education.) 7. Minimum Marks: The Minimum marks prescribed for pass and Class as in the regulations for the Regular courses shall be followed without any change. 8. Course Completion: Courses should be completed within the prescribed period as mentioned in the regulations applicable to regular candidate. Those who do not complete the Courses within the stipulated period may apply to the University for Extension of the time to complete the course/re-admission. 9. Viva-Voce: General rules existing in the case of Regular courses will be followed in the conduct of Viva-Voce examinations and valuation of project studies under the School of Distance Education. The Viva –Voce will be conducted by Examiners appointed by the University as in the case of regular candidates 10. Inter Centre Transfer: Inter Centre transfer of students may be allowed as in the case of inter college transfers as per relevant rules in this regard. 2 SCHEME FOR BCA REVISED CURRICULUM - 2007 I Semester Course No. BCA101 BCA102 BCA103 BCA104 BCA105 BCA106 Sessional Marks (max) English-I 10 Sem. Exam. Marks (max) 40 Mathematics Probability& Statistics Introduction to Computers Problem Solving and Programming in C Software Lab - I Total 25 25 25 75 75 75 50 100 100 100 25 75 100 25 75 100 Subject Total Marks 550 II Semester Course No. BCA201 BCA202 BCA203 BCA204 BCA205 BCA206 Sess-ional Marks (max) English-II 10 Sem. Exam. Marks (max) 40 Discrete Mathematics Accounting & Business Data Processing in Cobol Data Structures Fundamentals of Digital Systems Software Lab- II Total 25 25 75 75 50 100 100 25 25 75 75 100 100 25 75 100 Subject Total Marks 550 III Semester Course No. BCA301 BCA302 BCA303 BCA304 BCA305 BCA306 Subject Advanced Statistical Methods Microprocessors & PC Hardware Computer Organization & Architecture. System Software Object Oriented Programming and C++ Software Lab–III Sess-ional Marks (max) 25 Sem. Exam. Marks (max) 75 Total Marks 25 75 100 25 75 100 25 25 75 75 100 100 25 75 100 Total 100 600 3 IV Semester Course No. BCA401 BCA402 BCA403 BCA404 BCA405 BCA406 Subject Operations Research Data Communications & Networking System Analysis & Design Database Management Systems Visual Programming Techniques Software Lab–IV Sessional Marks (max) 25 Sem. Exam. Marks (max) 75 Total Marks 25 75 100 100 25 75 100 25 75 100 25 75 100 25 75 100 Total 600 V Semester Course No. BCA501 BCA502 BCA503 BCA504 BCA505 BCA506 Computer Graphics 25 Sem. Exam. Marks (max) 75 Operating Systems Internet & Java Programming Linux OS & Programming Software Lab - V Mini Project Total 25 25 75 75 100 100 100 25 75 100 25 25 75 75 100 100 Subject Sess-ional Marks (max) Total Marks 600 VI Semester Course No. BCA601 BCA602 BCA603 BCA604 BCA605 BCA606 Subject Web Technology Software Engineering Client Server Computing Seminar Project Course Viva Total Sess-ional Marks (max) 25 Sem. Exam. Marks (max) 75 Total Marks 25 25 75 75 100 100 100 50 100 - 100 50 50 200 50 600 4 BCA 102 Mathematics Unit-1: Matrices & Determinants: Introduction-Definition-special matrices–addition and subtraction of matrices, multiplication of a matrix by a scalar, multiplication of matrices, related matrices, matrix method of solution of simultaneous equations, rank of a matrix, normal form of a matrix. Determinants –Grammar’s rule-consistency of equations. Unit-2: Partial Differential Equations: Introduction, formulation of PDE by elimination of arbitrary constants and by lamination of an arbitrary function solution of Lagrange’s partial differential equation. Unit-3: Differential Calculus: Differentiation of hyperbolic and inverse of hyperbolic function-differentiation of a function with respect to another function’s the nth derivative of functions, statement (without Proof) and application of Leibnitz theorem. Unit-4: Fourier series: Euler’s formulae, condition for a Fourier expansion functions having points of discontinuity. Odd and even functions - definition - Expansion of odd or even periodic functions. Unit-5: Laplace Transforms: Definitions-transforms of elementary functions, properties of Laplace transforms, Inverse transforms-Convolution theorem (no proof). Text Book: Higher Engineering Mathematics -Dr.B.S Grewal BCA 103 Probability & Statistics Unit-1: Statistical inquiries and sampling: Collection of Data, Primary & secondary, questionnaire, definition of statistics, population, census and sampling different sampling techniques, simple random sampling, stratified random sampling, systematic sampling, cluster sampling, sampling and non sampling errors Unit-2: Data analysis and characteristics of statistical data: Classification tabulation, diagrams and graphs Frequency distribution one &two dimensional bar diagram, pie diagram, line graph, histogram frequency polygon, curve, ogive, range, Q.D, M.D, Mean, Median, Mode, Standard deviation, coefficient of variation. Unit-3: Probability: Random experiment, Sample Space, Event, Definition of probability: (Axiomatic, Frequency, Classical.), Conditional probability - Addition & Multiplication rule, Bayes theorem - Independent & dependent events. Unit-4: Correlation & Regression: Different types of correlation, Different methods of studying correlation, Correlation coefficient, Rank correlation coefficient .Two regression lines, Estimation of dependant variable - Difference between correlation & regression. 5 Unit-5: Analysis of Time series: Components of time series, Different Methods of measuring trend. Different Methods of measuring seasonal variations (simple averages, moving averages only) Text book: 1. Statistical method - S.P. GUPTA--13th revised edition 2001(Units 1,2,4,5) 2. An Introduction to Statistical Methods - C B GUPTA, 19th revised edition (Unit 3) References: 1. Statistics for management Richard I. Levin & David S Rubin, 6th edition 2. Fundamental of mathematical statistics - S.C Gupta & V.K Kapoor, 8th edition BCA 104 Introduction to Computers. Unit-1: Parts of a Computer System: Hardware, Software, Data, Users, Different types of computers, Computer Languages - Categories of Languages - Machine and Assembly Language, Higher Level languages - 3GL, 4GL, 5GL Unit-2: Interacting with Computers:-Input Devices - Key Board, Mouse, Variants of Mouse, Hand held devices, Optical Input devices. Output Devices: Monitors, Sound Systems, and Printers. Unit-3: Data Processing: Representation of data, processing of data - The CPU, Memory, Factors affecting speed, Different types of CPU used in PCs. Unit-4: Storing Information in a Computer: Types of Storage Devices - Magnetic Storage Devices - Disk Devices - Organization of data on a Magnetic Disk - Finding data on a disk -Diskettes - Hard Disks- Tape drives- Optical Storage devices - Measuring Drive Performance. Unit-5: Operating Systems and Networking: Definition of an Operating System Different types of PC Operating Systems. Computer Networks – uses - categories of networks - LAN, WAN, The Internet - Working of Internet - Major Features of Internet. Security Measures: Need, Basic Security Concepts, Threats to Users, Hardware and Data Text Book: Peter Norton’s Introduction to Computers, Sixth Edition, Published by Tata McGraw Hill. BCA 105 Problem Solving and Programming in C Unit 1: Problem Solving: Problem Definition, Problem Solving, Goals and Objectives, InputOutput-Process Sequence, Program and Program Life Cycle, Steps in Computer Programming, 6 Logic developments tools - Algorithm, Flowcharts, pseudo code, Modular programming, structured and object oriented – top down and bottom up approaches, features of a good computer program. Unit 2: C language basics: C character set, Identifiers and keywords, Data types, constants, variables, declarations, qualifiers – long, short and unsigned declarations, expressions, symbolic constants, standard input/output functions – scanf(), printf(), compound statements, arithmetic operators, unary operators, relational and logical operators, assignment operators, increment and decrement operators, Precedence and order of evaluation, conditional operators, bit operators, type casting, using library functions in math.h Unit 3: Control flow: If statement, if….else statement, nested if ..else statement, switch statements, looping – for loop , while loop, do … while statements, nested loop structure, break and continue statements. Arrays & Strings: Single dimensional arrays, multidimensional arrays, initializing array using static declaration, Searching and sorting of Arrays, Array of Characters, String manipulation using Library Functions in string.h and ctype.h. Unit 4: User Defined Functions: Function declaration, definition & scope, recursion, Arrays and functions, call by value, call by reference, Storage Classes: automatic, external (global), static & registers. Structures: Definition of Structures, declaration, structure passing to functions, array of structures, structure containing arrays, unions, typedef statements. Unit 5: Pointers: Pointer Definition, pointer arithmetic, array & pointer relationship, pointer to array, pointer to structure, array of pointers, pointer to pointer, dynamic memory allocation, Simple program using dynamic memory allocation. Files & Preprocessor directives: Introduction to files, fopen(), fscanf(), fprintf(), getc(), putc(), fclose(), Simple file handling programs. Preprocessor directives -#include, #define, Enumeration type, Command line arguments. Text Book: 1. E. BalaGuruswamy, “Programming in ANSI C”, TMH References: 1. Schetler, Programming in C , Shaum’s Outline series. 2. B. Kernighan and D. Ritchie, “The ANSI C Programming Language”, PHI BCA 106 Software Lab I [There will be two questions: the first (30 marks) from Exercises 3 to 5 and the second (45 marks) from Exercises 6 to 10. Exercises 1 and 2 will be included in the viva] 1. Familiarization of Computer System: Demonstration of various units of Computer system, handling of devices, demo on hardware units, Login process, Booting Process (2 hrs) 2. Practicing Operating System Commands: MS-DOS internal & External commands (dir, copy, del, ren, copy con, date, time, chkdsk, mkdir, cd, rmdir, EDIT etc). MS-WINDOWS –using start menu, desk top, task bar, word pad, note pad, file management- creation, copy, delete, moving of files in directories, selecting and executing a program - Demonstration of editing, compiling and executing a C program using a C compiler. (4 hrs) 7 3. Programs using Basic Constructs: Fundamental data types, qualifiers- long, short, unsigned, input/output functions – scanf(), printf(), Arithmetic expressions, Evaluation of integer, real and mixed mode arithmetic expressions, truncation effect, type casting, relational and logical expressions, Conditional operators, trigonometric functions- sin(), cos(), tan(), mathematical functions – abs(), sqrt(), round() defined in math.h, printing formatted outputs using width specifier. ( 8 hrs) 4. Programs using control structures: if, switch, for, while, do…while, nested structures, break and continue. Sample programs should include printing of Fibonacci numbers, prime numbers, check for armstrong numbers, summation series – exp(x), sin series etc and verification of result using built in functions, printing pyramid like pattern & other similar patterns using nested loops. (10 hrs) 5. Programs using Arrays: Array based programs – Creation of array containing prime numbers, matrix addition, matrix multiplication, transpose of a matrix, array sorting, preparing rank lists based on marks, searching of arrays(linear) for finding price of an item. static initialization of arrays. (6 hrs) 6. String manipulation programs – reading strings using %s, gets(), getchar(), copying one string into another, counting number of characters, vowels, words etc, searching for substring, string manipulation using functions in string.h and ctype.h. (4 hrs) 7. User Defined Functions: Programs using return type functions, void type functions, example program using recursive functions, array sorting program using function with call by reference, function to copy one string into another, menu driven program using modular approach in programming. (6 hrs) 8. Program using structures: array of structures, dictionary search program using structure containing arrays and array of structures. (2 hrs) 9. Program using pointer initialization, pointer arithmetic - swap function to interchange two locations, array manipulation using pointers- sorting list of names using pointer array, string handling using pointers, Simple program using dynamic memory allocation. (4 hrs) 10.Program to create a data file, reading a data file , search for record(serial search) and displaying report, simple program using command line arguments- to copy one file into another by giving file names as arguments, sorting list of names provided at command line. (6 hrs) BCA 202: Discrete Mathematics Unit-1: Preliminaries: Basic Set Theory Terminology and notation, Venn Diagrams, Truth Tables and proof, Functions and relations, Partial Orderings and equivalence relations, mathematical Induction, An application: Hamming codes. Unit-2: Combinatorics: The theory of counting - The Multiplication Rule, Ordered samples and Permutations Unordered Samples without Repetition, Permutations Involving Indistinguishable i.e., objects; Multinomial Coefficients Unordered Samples with Repetition, Permutation Involving indistinguishable i.e. Objects; Multinomial coefficients and the Principle of Inclusion and Exclusion. 8 Unit-3: Logic – propositional calculus: Proposition, ,compound proposition, truth table for basic operators , connectives, theorems from Boolean algebra, De Morgan’s laws, conjunctive and disjunctive normal forms, rules of inference, chain rule modusponens, chains of inference, tautology and contradiction, proof by adopting a premise, Reductioad-absurdum, proof by resolution Unit-4:Predicate Calculus: Quantifiers, The universal quantifier, The existential quantifier ,combination of quantifiers, semantic constraints of the calculus, negating quantifiers, examples of quantified statements, conversion to clausal forms, resolution principle. Unit-5:Graphs & Algorithms: Leon hard Euler and the seven Bridges of Kongsberg, Trees and Spanning Trees, minimal Spanning Trees, Binary Trees and tree searching and Planer Graphs and Euler’s Theorem The Shortest-Path Problem; Dijkstra’s Algorithm Two “All-Pairs” Algorithms ;Floyd’s Algorithm and Warshall’s Algorithm Text books: (1) Logic, Algebra and Databases (Chapters 1&2) Peter gray, Affiliated East West press pvt Ltd. (2) Introduction to Discrete Mathematics (Chapters 1, 2, 3&4) -Robert J McEliece, Robert B Ash and Carol Ash, McGraw-Hill BCA 203: Accounting and Business Data Processing in Cobol Unit-1: Accounting Principles and Double entry system: Accounting concepts, conventions, accounting cycle, Systems of accounting, Double Entry systems, Journal and Journalizing, Various subsidiary books. Cash book- Single column, Double column, and three columns, Ledger- Posting and balancing, Trial balance Unit 2: Statements of final accounts: Manufacturing account, Trading account, Profit and Loss account, Balance sheet, Bank reconciliation statements. Unit 3: Business data processing: Introduction to Data Processing, Data, Information, Records, Files, Master files, Transaction files, Data bases. Introduction to COBOL: Coding format of COBOL programs-Structure of COBOL programs- Character set, COBOL words-Data names and Identifiers-Literals-Figurative constants. Identification Division,-Environment Division, Configuration section, Input – Output section, Data Division, Level structures-data entries, file section-working-storage section-editing-REDIFINES and RENAMES clauses- corresponding option, Rounded option- ON SIZE ERROR option. Unit 4: Procedure division: Data movement verbs-Arithmetic verbs- Compute verbSequence control verbs-Input and output verbs-Conditional verb-IF statement-Perform statement -GOTO with DEPENDING phrase- Condition name condition clause. 9 Unit 5: Sequential files- File control entries for sequential files-fixed length recordstatement for sequential files- OPEN, READ, WRITE, REWRITE, DELETE -simple sort verb-simple MERGE verb. Text Book: 1. Financial Accounting: Balakrishnan Nair, 2. COBOL Programming: M.K Roy, D.G Dastidar, - Tata McGraw Hill Second Edition. BCA 204 Data Structures Unit 1: Concept of Structured data: Different types of data structures, Complexity of algorithms, Arrays – Bubble sort, linear search, binary search, sparse matrix. Unit 2: Stacks and Queues: organization and operation on stacks – Conversion between infix, suffix & prefix representations, Expression Evaluation. Organization and operations on queues, multi stacks and queue, dequeue. Unit 3: Linked list: Concept of dynamic data structures, linked list using pointers, insertion and deletion – examples, circular list – two way lists, garbage collection. Unit 4: Trees: Concept of recursion, definition of trees and binary trees, threaded binary tree, traversing methods - examples. Unit 5: File organization :Operation on sequential and random files, linked organization, inverted files, cellular partitioning, hashing. Text Books: 1. Fundamentals of Data Structures, Ellis Horowitz and Sartaj Sajni Galgotia Publications 2. Data Structures using C and C++ , A M. Tenanbaum PHI. Publications BCA 205: Fundamentals of Digital Systems Unit 1: Number Systems : Base of a number system, Positional number system, Popular number systems (Decimal, Binary, Octal and Hexadecimal), Counting in binary number system, Conversion – Decimal to binary, binary to decimal, decimal to octal, octal to decimal and binary, decimal to hexadecimal, hexadecimal to decimal, binary and octal, Concept of binary addition and subtraction, Complements in binary number systems, 1s complement, 2s complement and their applications, Number representation in memory – bistable devices, signed magnitude form, representation of real numbers, BCD numbers – concept and addition. 10 Unit 2: Boolean Algebra and Gate Networks : Logic gates – AND, OR, NOT, NAND and NOR – Truth tables and graphical representation, Basic laws of Boolean algebra, Simplification of expressions, De Morgan’s theorem, Dual expressions, Canonical forms, Min terms and Max terms, SOP and POS expressions, Simplification of expressions using K-MAP (up to four variables), Representation of simplified expressions using NAND / NOR gates, Don’t care conditions, XOR and its application. Unit 3: Sequential and Combinational Logic: Flip Flops – latch, clocked, RS, JK, T, D and master slave, Triggering of flip flops, Counters – synchronous and asynchronous, BCD, ripple counters, half adder, full adder (need and circuit diagram), Encoders, Decoders, Multiplexers and Demultiplexers (working of each with diagrams), Concept of registers, Shift registers – different types, PAL’s and PLA’s. Unit 4: The Memory Element: Flip Flops as building blocks of memory, RAM, Organization of RAM, MAR, MDR, word length (e.g. 64 K 8 bit system), SRAM and DRAM, Read only memory – ROM, PROM, EROM, EEPROM, Organization and logic diagram. Unit 5: Introduction to Data Communication: Need for data transfer, Concept of parity in data transfer, Error detection and correction, Forward error correction, Hamming codes, Analog to digital and digital to analog converters (diagram and working principle), Modems. Text Book: Digital Logic and Computer Design - Morris M Mano, Prentice Hall Publications. References: (1) Digital Computer Fundamental. by Thomas C Bartee, Tata McGraw Hill Publication (2) Digital Electronics by Floyd (3) Digital Principles and Applications by Malvino and Leach BCA 206 Software Lab - II (There will be two questions; the first (35 marks) from I(4) and second (40 marks) from II. The other portions will be included in the viva.) I . Business Data Processing Using COBOL (only business problems may be assigned) (2 hours per week) 1. Programs using ADD, SUBTRACT, MULTIPLY, DIVIDE, COMPUTE VERBS 2. Programs using IF, IF.. ELSE, GO TO statements 3. Programs using PERFORM statements. 4. Programs using sequential file processing –only Accounting problems are to be given as listed below. i) To create a sequential file to store journal entries. The structure of the file may be Date, Account Name to be debited, Account Name to be credited, Amount. 11 ii) iii) iv) v) Using the journal file created above, display total debit amount, total credit amount, Debit balance or credit balance for a particular account name entered through the keyboard. (Balance is the Difference of debit total and credit total – Debit balance when debit total exceeds credit total, Credit balance otherwise) Preparing a sequential file containing Salary statement using an input file containing employee pay details. To Display the summary of total deposits and total withdrawals in a day using a bank transaction file containing date, Account no, Type of transaction (D-deposit, W-withdrawal) and Amount. Preparing Electricity Bill using a sequential file containing Consumer No, Name, Previous Reading and Current Reading. An appropriate tariff structure may be assumed. II. Data Structures using C. (4 hours per week) 1. Array search – linear and binary search 2. Stack implementation, Application of stacks – Conversion of infix expression to postfix, expression evaluation. 3. Queue implementation, Implementation of circular queue. 4. Linked list implementation, concatenation, circular list implementation, polynomial addition, implementation of stacks and queue using linked lists. 5. Tree implementations – binary tree, traversing methods – inorder, postorder and preorder. 6. Files: - Creation of sequential file, Random access files. BCA 301 Advanced Statistical Methods Unit 1: Random variables: Expectation of a random variable & function of a random variable, M.G.F, properties - discrete and continuous probability density functions and distribution functions Unit 2: Probability distributions: Binomial, Poisson, Normal Distributions Limiting form of Binomial & Poisson Fitting Binomial & Poisson only Unit 3: Theory of Estimation: Point estimation, Characteristics of good estimators, Interval estimation, confidence interval of mean, variance & proportion. Unit 4: Testing of Hypothesis: Statistical Hypothesis, simple & composite hypothesis, power of a test, Testing Hypothesis, one sample test, two sample test.(large samples) [testing mean, proportion] Unit 5: Tests based on 2 ,F, t :Small sample test, (one sample , two sample test, paired observations) 2 as a test of independence and as a test of goodness of fit. Testing population variance and equality of variance 12 Text Book: Statistics for Management - Richard I Levin & David S. Rubin Reference 1. Fundamentals of Mathematical Statistics, S.C Gupta & V.K Kapoor 8th edition BCA 302 Microprocessors and PC Hardware Unit 1: Introduction to the concept of microprocessors, Organization of a microprocessor based system. Architecture of 8085.Pin diagram of 8085,Registers in 8085,Introduction to 8085 instruction set, Discussion of fetch, decode, execute operation, machine cycle, timing diagram. Unit 2: Classification of instructions: - Data transfer, Arithmetic, Logical, Branch, Machine control instructions, Stack operation, Addressing modes of 8085,Instruction formats:- 1 byte ,2 byte,3 byte instructions, Example programs. Unit 3: Mother board: System Components, Introduction to Microprocessors from 1971 to present, Mother board Form factors -Baby AT, ATX, Components Of Mother Board:Chipset Introduction ,Super I/O Chip, ROM BIOS(Award and Phoenix) System Buses: Processor Bus ,Memory Bus, I/O Bus(ISA,PCI local bus, AGP,USB).Mother Board Selection Criteria. Unit 4: Storage Devices: Hard disk drive, Definitions, Hard disk drive Operation, Disk formatting, Basic hard disk drive components-Hard disk features, hard disk drive installation procedure ,brief study, FAT Disk, VFAT and log file names ,FAT32 ,NTFS. Unit 5: Types of memory:- ROM, DRAM, Cache memory-SRAM,RAM Types-FPM DRAM, EDO RAM, SD RAM, DDR SDRAM, DDR@ SDRAM, RD RAM,,VRAM, WRAM, SG RAM, MD RAM, Physical Memory, Memory modules-: SIMMs, DIMMs, RIMMs, Brief study of conventional base memory, Upper memory area, high memory area, extended memory, expanded memory. Text Books: 1. RS Goankar, Microprocessor Architecture, Programming and Applications with 8085 Wiley Eastern Edition 2. Scott Muller with Creigzacker, "Upgrading and Repairing PCs" Reference: Stephen J Bigelow, Troubleshooting maintaining and repairing PCs BCA 303 Computer Organization and Architecture Unit 1: Functional units of a computer, basic operational concepts, bus structure. Addressing methods: Memory locations and addresses, instructions and instruction sequencing, instruction execution. 13 Unit 2: Central processing Unit: General Register Organization, stack organization, instruction formats, instruction classifications, addressing modes. Unit 3: Main memory : Organization of RAM and ROM, Auxiliary memory, cache memory, Virtual memory, memory mapping techniques. Unit 4: Parallel computer structures: Introduction to parallel processing, pipeline computers, array processors, multi processing systems, architectural classification scheme: SISD, SIMD, MISD, MIMD. Unit 5: Pipelining and vector processing. Introduction to pipelining, instruction and arithmetic pipelines (design), vector processing. Text book : Computer Systems Architecture , M.M Mano (PHI) References : Computer Organization – Hamachar et al (McGrawHill) BCA 304 - Systems Software Unit 1: Language processing concepts: Introduction, Language Processing activities, Fundamentals of Language Processing, Fundamentals of Language specification. Unit 2: Scanning-Finite state automata, Regular expressions, Building DFAs, ParsingParse trees and abstract syntax trees, Top Down Parsing, Predictions and backtracking, Top Down Parsing Without Back tracking, Practical Top Down Parsing, Bottom Up Parsing, Operator Precedence Grammars and Operator Precedence Parsing. Unit 3: Assemblers: Elements of Assembly Language programming, A simple Assembly Scheme, Pass structure of Assemblers, Design of a two pass assembler. Unit 4: Compilers: Aspects of compilation, memory Allocation, Compilation of expressions, Compilation of Control Structures. Unit 5: Macros: Macro Definition and call, Macro Expansion, Nested Macro Calls, Advanced Macro Facilities. Linkers - Relocation and linking concepts self-relocating programs, linking for overlays. Loaders: Linking and Loading in MS. DOS Text book: Systems programming and Operating Systems by D.M. Dhamdhere, Second Revised Edition, published by Tata McGraw - Hill Reference: Principles of Compiler Design by Aho and Ullman 14 BCA 305 Object Oriented Programming and C++ Unit 1: Introduction-Objects-Objects Oriented-object oriented development-Object oriented Methodology-Object oriented Models, Object oriented themes-Modeling Unit 2: Object Modeling-Objects and classes-Links and association-Advanced Links and association concepts-Generalization and Inheritance-Grouping constructs-Dynamic modeling-Functional modeling Unit 3: Object Oriented language C++: Structure of C++ Program-Basic and user defined data types-Functions in C++-The main function, function prototyping-call by reference-return by reference-function overloading- friend and virtual functions, classes and objects-specifying a class-Defining member functions-Nesting of member functionsPrivate member functions-arrays within a class-static data members-static member functions-Arrays of objects-objects as function arguments Unit 4: Constructors and Destructors-Copy constructor-Dynamic constructorDestructors-operator overloading. Inheritance-Defining derived classes-Single, Multiple, Multilevel, Hierarchical and hybrid inheritance-virtual base classes-Abstract classes Unit 5: Pointers-Virtual functions and polymorphism-Pointers to objects-this pointerpointers to derived classes-virtual functions-C++ streams-Stream classes-Unformatted and Formatted console I/O operations- Managing output with manipulators. Text books: 1. Object Oriented Modeling and Design By James Rumbaugh, Michael Blaha, William Premerlani, Frederick Eddy 2. Object oriented Programming By Balaguruswamy BCA 306 Software Lab III [There will be two questions one (30 marks) from 1 to 4 and second (45 marks) from 5 to 8] 1. Programs based on class, objects and manipulation of objects using member functions 2. Programs based on friend functions, passing objects as arguments to function. 3. Programs based on array of objects. 4. Programs based on function overloading, Default arguments. 5. Programs based on operator overloading (binary, unary) using member functions and friend functions. 6. Programs based on constructors, different types of constructors- copy constructor, default constructor. 7. Programs based on Inheritance, different types of inheritance. 8. Programs using virtual functions and polymorphism 15 BCA 401 Operations Research Unit 1: Basics of O.R The nature and uses of OR –Main concepts and approaches of OR-models in OR-Advantages of a model phases of OR Unit-2: Linear programming problems; Mathematical formulation of a L.P.P General linear programming problems, solution of a L.P.P, graphical method for solving a L.P.P Unit-3: Simplex Method: slack and surplus variables- reduction of any feasible solution to a basic feasible solution. Unbounded solution-optimality conditions- artificial variable Techniques-Big M method Two phase simplex method. Unit-4: Transportation problems: transportation model- solution by simplex methodnorth west corner lowest cost entry Vogel’s and MODI method-Degeneracy Assignment problems. . Unit-5: Game Theory-Two persons zero sum games-pure and mixed strategy with saddle point-solution of pure strategy games-solution of mixed strategy problems by arithmetic method-principle of dominance. Text Book: Operations Research, Prem Kumar Gupta & D.S Hira References: Operations Research by Kanti Swaroop BCA 402 Data Communication and Networks Unit 1: Data Communication concepts – data, signal, channel, bandwidth, bit rate and baud rate, simplex and duplex communication – protocols and standards. Network models – OSI model – layers and their functions in OSI model – TCP/IP Protocol suite – network classification: LAN, MAN, WAN, wireless network & Internet – narrow band and broadband ISDN, asynchronous transfer modes Transmission impairments: attenuation, distortion, noise Unit 2: Multiplexing: FDM, TDM, spread spectrum - Circuit-switched networks – datagram networks – virtual circuit networks. Data transfer networks – dial-up modems – digital subscriber line. Physical layer and media – analog and digital data & signals – throughput. Guided media and unguided media (wireless) Unit 3: Data Link Layer: Error detection and correction – block codes, cyclic codes – framing – flow & error control – sliding window protocol – PPP - ALOHA, CSMA, CSMA/CD – channelization methods. Wired LANs – IEEE standards – Ethernet standards - Wireless LANs - Connecting devices: hubs, switches, repeaters, bridges, routers – gateway. Cellular telephony and satellite networks – frame relay 16 Unit 4: Network Layer: Host to Host delivery - logical addressing – Internet protocol: IPV4 and IPV6 – address mapping – ICMP – IGMP - Unicasting, multicasting and broadcasting Unit 5: Transport Layer: UDP – TCP- congestion control: open and closed loop - Quality of service. Application Layer: Name space – domain name system – resolution - Remote logging – Electronic mail – File transfer – WWW and HTTP. Multimedia Communication: Audio and Video compression, real time interactive audio/video – Voice over IP Text Book: “Data Communications and Networking” (4th Edition) by Behrouz A. Ferouzan, TMH References: 1. “Computer Networks” by A.S. Tanenbaum, Pearson Education 2. “Data and Computer Communications” by William Stallings, Pearson Education BCA 403 System Analysis and Design Unit 1: Overview of System analysis and Design: Business system concepts, project selection, sources of project requests, preliminary investigation, System development life cycle - Feasibility analysis, design, implementation, testing and evaluation, project review. Unit 2: Feasibility study - technical and economical feasibility, cost and benefit analysis, fact-finding techniques, DFD, Data dictionaries, Decision analysis, decision trees and tables. Unit 3: System design -Design objectives, Process and stages of system design, Design methodologies, structured design, structured walkthrough, audit considerations, audit trials, detailed design, modularization, module specification, software design and documentation tools, top down and bottom up approaches Unit 4: Testing & System Conversion: Unit and integration testing, testing practices and plans, system control and quality assurance, training, conversion, operation plans, system administration. Unit 5: Hardware and Software selection: Benchmarking, Financial considerations in selection software selection, vendor selection, performance and acceptance criteria. Text book: Award, EM, “Systems Analysis and Design”, Galgotia Publications, 1991 References: 1. Lesson, “System analysis and Design“ SRA publications, 1985 2. Rajaraman V, “Analysis and Design of Information systems “ 17 Prentice Hall of India Pvt. Ltd, 1991 BCA 404 Data Base Management System Unit 1: Introduction: Characteristics of database approach, Data base users, Advantages of using DBMS, Data models, Schemas and Instances, DBMS architecture and data independence, DBMS languages and Interfaces. Data base system Environment, Classification of data base management systems. E-R Modeling: Entity types, entity set, attribute and key, relationships, relation types, roles and structural constraints, weak entities, Sample E-R Diagrams. Unit 2: File Organization: Files of unordered records, Files of ordered records, Hashing Techniques- Internal hashing, external hashing; Index Structure for files – Single level and multilevel indexes. Relational Data Model: Relational model concepts, relational constraints and schemas, relational algebra, Relational data base design using ER-to-Relational Mapping. Unit 3: SQL: Data definition commands - CREATE, ALTER, DROP , Adding Constraints, Basic SQL queries – INSERT, SELECT, DELETE, UPDATE, ordering of rows using ORDER BY option, Set operations using UNION, EXCEPT, INTERSECT, Substring Comparison using LIKE operator, BETWEEN operator, Complex Queries – Nested Queries, EXISTS and UNIQUE functions, NULL values, Renaming of attributes and Joining of tables, Aggregate functions and grouping, Managing views. Unit 4: Data Normalization: Informal Design Guidelines for Relation Schemas, Functional dependencies, Normal forms –first, second and third normal form. Boyce-Codd normal form, Multivalued dependencies and fourth normal form, Join dependencies and fifth normal form. Unit 5: Transaction Processing: Introduction to transaction processing, Transactions and system concepts, Desirable properties of transactions. Concurrency Control: locking techniques for concurrency control. Database Security and Authorization: Types of Security, Data base security and the DBA, Access Protection, User Accounts and Database Audits, Access Control Based on Granting/Revoking of Privileges. Text book: R. Elmarsi and SB Navathe, “Fundamentals of Database Systems”, Addison Wesley, 4th Ed., 2004 References: 1. C.J Date , An Introduction to Data base systems. 2. Reghu Ramakrishnan, Database Management Systems, McGraw Hill International Edition. 3. Bipin Desai, “An Introduction to Database Systems”, Galgotia Publications, 1991. 18 BCA 405 Visual Programming Techniques Unit 1 Visual Basic–Basic Concepts: Getting Started with Visual Basic 6, Understanding Visual Basic Projects, Designing the user interface, Putting your Forms to Work with controls, Mastering Menus and Toolbars. Unit 2 Programming in Visual Basic : Visual Basic Code Basics, Using Visual Basic Variables, Using the Visual Basic Debugging Tools, Handling Runtime Errors. Unit 3 Objects and classes :Creating Objects and Classes, Advanced Class Concepts, Working with objects and collections. Unit 4 Working with other Applications & Database Access: Integrating with MSoffice package, Mastering the Visual Basic Data Control, Creating Queries in Visual Basic, Mastering Jet DAO. Unit 5 Advanced Data Access Methods & Report generation :Using Advanced Data Access Methods – ADO, OLEDB; Using Crystal Reports, Using the Package and Deployment Wizard. Text Book: Peter Norton’s Guide to Visual Basic 6 by Peter Norton and Michael Groh, Techmedia Publications -Chapters: 1, 2, 5, 6, 7, 3, 4, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 16, 17, 18, 19, 14, 20, 27 References: 1. Visual Basic 6 from the Ground Up by Gary Cornell, Tata McGraw-Hill 2. Using Visual Basic 6 by Bob Roselman, Richard Peasley and Wayne Prunchiah, PHI BCA 406 Software Lab IV [There will be two questions, the first one (25 marks) from Group I and second (50 marks) from Group II] I SQL Commands: (2 hours per week) 1. Data definition commands - CREATE, ALTER, DROP, Adding Constraints – Primary key, foreign key, unique key, check, not null. 2. Basic SQL queries – INSERT, SELECT, DELETE, UPDATE, Using multiple tables, ordering of rows using ORDER BY option, Set operations using UNION, EXCEPT, INTERSECT, Substring Comparison using LIKE operator, BETWEEN operator. 3. Complex Queries – Nested Queries, EXISTS and UNIQUE/DISTICNT functions, NULL values, Renaming of attributes and Joining of tables, Aggregate functions and grouping. 19 4. Managing views, Simple stored procedures. 5. Data Control commands - Access Control and Privilege commands. . II Visual Basic (4 hours per week) 6. Designing User Interface using- List Box, Combo Box, Image and Picture Box, Directory-File-Drive list boxes, Rich text box, etc 7. Creating Menus- Creating Menus and writing Codes, Linking Menus with SDI forms, Creating toolbox and access it for loading and working forms. 8. Database Connectivity using Controls - Designing user interface with forms and controls and create database connectivity by DAO and ADO Control. 9. Database connectivity using Object models - Creating Database connectivity by DAO Object model and Connectivity Using ADO Object model by OLE DB as well as ADODC Connectivity. 10. Creating Reports - Create reports using Data Report in VB and also using Crystal report. 11. Package and deployment Wizard - Package, Deploy and Scripting BCA 501 Computer Graphics Unit 1:Practical applications of Computer graphics: Display devices, CRT, Raster Scan Display, Random Scan Display, DVST, Flat panel, LCD, Raster Scan systems, Random Scan systems. Input devices, Hard copy devices, Graphics software. Unit 2: Points and lines : Line drawing algorithms, Simple DDA, Bresenham’s . Circle generation, Mid point circle algorithm, Character generation, Line attributes, Area fill attributes, Character attributes, Bundled attributes, Inquiry functions. Unit 3: 2D Transformations: Translation, Rotation, Scaling, Reflection, Shear- Matrix representation and homogenous coordinates, Composite transformation, Raster methods for transformations - 2D Viewing, Viewing pipeline, Concept of window and view port, Window to view port transformation. Clipping operations-point clipping, line clippingCohen Sutherland line clipping, Basic concepts of Polygon clipping, Curve clipping, Text clipping. Unit 4: Structure concepts: Editing structures, Graphical User interface and interactive input methods, the user dialogue, Input of graphical data, Input functions, Interactive picture construction techniques. 20 Unit 5: Three-dimensional display methods: three-dimensional Graphics packages, Polygon surfaces-polygon tables, polygon meshes. Sweep representations, Constructive solid geometry methods, Octrees and Quad trees. Textbook: Hearn D & Baker M.P, “Computer Graphics”, PHI Pvt. Ltd References 1. Newman W.M & R.F. Sproul, “ Principles of Interactive Computer Graphics”,Mc-Graw Hill Book Company. 2. Plastock R & Xiang Z, “ Theory and Problems of Computer Graphics”, Schaum Seies, McGraw-Hill Book Company. BCA 502 Operating Systems Unit 1: Introduction: OS Functions, Computer System Organization, Computer System Architecture, Operating System Structure, Operating System Operations, Operating System Services, User Operating System Interface, System Calls, Types of System Calls. Unit 2: Process: Basic Concepts, Process Scheduling, Operations on ‘Processes, Inter process communication, Process Scheduling - Scheduling Criteria, Scheduling Algorithms, Multiple Processor Scheduling. Unit 3: Process Coordination : Synchronization - The Critical Section problem, Synchronization Hardware, Semaphores, Classic Problems of Synchronization, Monitors. Dead Locks : System Model, Dead Lock Characterization, Methods of Handling Dead Locks, Dead Lock Prevention, Dead Lock Avoidance, Dead Lock Detection, Recovery from Dead Lock. Unit 4: Memory Management: Memory Management Strategies -Swapping, Contiguous memory allocation, Paging, Segmentation. Virtual Memory Management Demand paging, Copy - on - Write, Page Replacement Unit 5: Storage Management :-File System :- File Concept, Access Methods, Directory Structure, protection , Implementing File Systems :-File System Structure, Directory Implementation, Allocation Methods, Free Space Management, Efficiency and Performance, Recovery. Text book : Operating System Principles, Seventh Edition, Abraham Silberschatz, Peter Galvin and Greg Gagne, John Wiley BCA 503 Internet & Java programming Unit 1: Internet –getting connected to the internet-internet services-clients-servers-client server architecture-browsers-TCP/IP- addressing scheme-URL-domain name extension 21 types - Study of HTML Tags- formatting tags-Table tags-Form tags-Frame tags Creation and launching of web sites. Unit 2: Object oriented programming-Encapsulation-Inheritance-Polymorphism-Genesis of Java-characteristics of java-program structure-identifiers-operators-variables-literalsdata types-Arrays. Control Statements-selection statements-iterative statements-jump statements - Loops- while loop-do while loop- for loop Unit 3: Classes-declaration –object references-instantiation- method declaration-method calling – this operator- constructor-method overloading-constructor overloading-method overriding-inheritance-super class-dynamic method dispatch-final-static-abstract classes – Strings. Unit 4: Packages - creating packages-using packages-Interfaces-Exception Handling Techniques-try-catch-throw-throws clauses-Multithreading-creation of multithreaded program-Thread class-Runnable interface- thread priorities Unit 5: Applets-applet tag-applet life cycle-simple graphics using applets-simple AWT controls- Event Handling Techniques-Events-Listeners-Event Methods-Simple Swing controls-Simple study of IO streams. Text Book: 1. Java 2 ‘The Complete Reference’ – Mr. Patrick Naughton References: 1. Programming with java – Mr.E. Balagurusamy 2. Internet ‘The Complete Reference’ BCA 504 Linux OS and Programming Unit 1: Linux introduction and file system - Basic Features, Advantages, Installing requirement, Basic Architecture of Unix/Linux system, Kernel, Shell - Linux File system - Boot block, Super block, Inode table, Data blocks, Linux standard directories. Commands for files and directories – cd, ls, cp, rm, mkdir, rmdir, pwd, file, more, less, Creating and viewing files using cat, file comparisons, View files, disk related commands, checking disk free spaces. Partitioning the Hard disk drive for Linux, Installing the Linux system, System startup and shut-down process Unit 2: Essential Linux commands, Understanding shells, Processes in Linux, process fundamentals, connecting processes with pipes, redirecting input/output, Background processing, managing multiple processes, changing process priority, scheduling of processes. Batch commands, kill, ps, who, sleep. Printing commands, find, sort, touch, file, file processing commands - wc, cut, paste etc - mathematical commands - expr, factor etc. Creating and editing files with vi & joe editors Unit 3: System administration - Common administrative tasks, identifying administrative files – configuration and log files, Role of system administrator, Managing user accounts-adding & deleting users, changing permissions and ownerships, Creating 22 and managing groups, modifying group attributes, Temporary disabling of user’s accounts, creating and mounting file system, checking and monitoring system performance - file security & Permissions, becoming super user using su. Getting system information with uname, host name, disk partitions & sizes, users, kernel - Backup and restore files, reconfiguration of hardware with kudzu, installing and removing packages with rpm command Unit 4: Shell programming - Basic of shell programming, various types of shell available in Linux, comparisons between various shells, shell programming in bash Conditional and looping statements, case statement, parameter passing and arguments, Shell variables, system shell variables, shell keywords, Creating Shell programs for automating system tasks Unit 5: Simple filter commands – pr, head, tail, cut, paste, sort, uniq, tr - Filter using regular expressions – grep, egrep, and sed. Configuring X-windows desktop - Redhat configuration - Xfree86, understanding XF86config file, starting & using X desktop. KDE & GNOME graphical interfaces, changing X settings Text books: 1. “Red Hat Linux Bible” by Cristopher Negus, Wiley Dreamtech India 2. “UNIX Shell Programming” by Yeswant Kanethkar, BPB References : 1. “Official Red Hat Linux User’s guide” by Redhat, Wiley Dreamtech India 2. “UNIX for programmers and users” by Graham Glass & King Ables, Pearson Education 3. “Beginning Linux Programming” by Neil Mathew & Richard Stones, Wiley Dreamtech India BCA 505 Software Lab V (Java Programming in LINUX environment) [There will be two questions, first (30 marks) from Part I and second (45 marks) from Part II] Part I 1. HTML Programs (Formatting tags, table tag, form tags, frame tags) 2. Applet Programs (graphics, awt, swing) Part 1I 3. Programs using Arrays 4. Programs using Method overloading 5. Programs using Method Overriding 6. Programs using Constructor Overloading 7. Programs using Inheritance 8. Programs using Packages 23 9. Programs using Abstract Classes 10. Programs using Interfaces (Inputs should be given using command line arguments or IO streams) BCA 506 Mini Project Mini project shall be a small, yet complete project in Database design/ creation & access/ management etc so as make the student confident in designing using techniques learnt in System Analysis & Design course and developing projects using VB and SQL Server/ ORACLE. A neat report on the work has to be prepared in standard format and submitted. BCA 601 Web Technology Unit 1 Introduction : World Wide Web fundamentals, History of the Web and internet, URL, Dedicated Connections, Accessing Internet, Cyberspace, Web Browser, Web Servers, Web server hardware, Setting up a web server - Hardware requirements, Web server softwares, Web hosting. Unit 2 DHTML- Dynamic HTML, Document Object Model, Features of DHTML, CSSP (Cascading Style Sheet Positioning) and JSSS (JavaScript assisted Style Sheet), Layers of Netscape, The ID Attribute, DHTML Events. Unit 3 XML -Introduction to DHTML, Using XML, XML tags, XML scripting, XML Document type description, XML and Dot net technologies, XML in other Web applications. WAP and XML Unit 4 Java Script - Objects, Methods, Events and Functions, Tags, Operators, Data Types, Literals and Type Casting in JavaScript, Programming Construct, Array and Dialog Boxes, Relating JavaScript to DHTML, Dynamically Changing Text, Style, Content. Unit 5 Electronic Commerce: E-Commerce environment, Modes of electronic commerce, Electronic Data Interchange, Migration to open EDI, Secure Electronic transactions, Electronic cash and payment schemes-Internet monetary and payment schemes, Payment and purchase order process, on line electronic cash. Text Books : 1. HTML, Java Script, DHTML, PERL, CGI – Evan Bayross - BPB 3. Teach Yourself XML in 21 days by Simon North Hermans(SAMS) 2. Web Commerce Technology Handbook by Daniel Minoli, Emma Minoli References: Internet ‘The Complete Reference’ 24 BCA 602 Software Engineering Unit 1: Software and software engineering : Phases in software development, software development process models, role of management in software development, role of matrices and measurement - Role of software requirements specification, problem analysis, requirement specification, validation, matrices, monitoring and control. Unit 2: Planning a software project: Cost estimation, project scheduling, staffing and personnel planning, Team structure, software configuration management, quality assurance plans, project monitoring plans, risk management. Unit 3: System design objectives: Abstraction, OO Analysis and OO Design – classes and objects, relationships among objects, Inheritance and polymorphism, Design concepts. Design methodology – Dynamic modeling, Functional modeling, defining internal classes and operations, matrices. Unit 4: Detailed design - PDL, Logic /Algorithm design, state modeling of classes, verification, matrices, Coding – programming practice, Top-Down and Bottom –up – structured programming – information hiding – Programming style – internal documentation. Verification – code reading – static analysis – symbolic execution – code inspections or reviews. Metrics – size measures – complexity metrics – style metrics Unit 5: Testing- testing fundamentals, functional testing, structural testing, testing process, comparison of different verification and validation techniques, metricsreliability estimation, monitoring and control. Text book: Jalote P, An Integrated Approach to Software Engineering, Narosa Publ.House, 1991. References 1. Pressman R S, Software Engineering, A Reactioner’s approach, 2nd Ed. McGraw Hill, 1987. 2. Fairly R, Software Engineering Concepts, McGraw Hill, 1985 3. Charette R N, Software Engineering environment: Concepts and Technology, McGraw Hill, 1987. BCA 603 Client Server Computing Unit 1: Introduction: Client-Server computing Vs Heterogeneous computing, cross plant form computing, distributed computing. The costs of client-server computing Advantages and disadvantages of client-server databases. Unit 2: Design: Fundamentals of client-server design managing the interaction in client and server, communications techniques protocols and client-server interaction protocols Preparing applications for client-server - Optimizing applications for client-server, 25 Examples client-server implementations. Request acceptance dispatching, Execution of request, Client-server interaction using messages. Unit 3: Multitasking: Multiprogramming Vs Multitasking, multiprocessing, advantages and drawbacks of multiple process, child and parent process, developing server applications, threads, server communication model. Unit 4: Synchronization: scheduling implementations, processing queues, pre-emptive systems, critical section, mutual exclusion, semaphores. Unit 5: Communications: Network communication, inter-process communication, building portable client server applications. Text Book: Novell’s guide to Client Server Application and Architecture- Jeffrey D. Schank- Novell Press. References Client-Server computing – Dawna Travis Dewier- Tata McGraw Hill BCA 604 Seminar The student shall choose a modern topic of current day interest in the areas of Computer Science / Information Technology and present a seminar using appropriate presentation media such as LCD projector, OHP etc. A seminar report in bound form in the pattern of a complete technical report (with contents page, well structured presentation, references etc.) shall be submitted. BCA 605 Project The project topic shall be chosen from areas of current day interest using latest packages/ languages running on appropriate platforms, so that the student can be trained to meet the requirements of the Industry. A bonafied project report shall be submitted in hard bound complete in all aspects. For internal evaluation, the progress of the student shall be systematically assessed through two or three stages of evaluation at periodic intervals. BCA 606 Course Viva In Course Viva, the student is to be assessed on the basis of his knowledge in all the subjects taught in the curriculum as well as topics of current day interest in the pertinent areas. 26
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