On Public-Goods Provision in the Neoclassical Growth Model

DEPARTMENT OF ECONOMICS
UNIVERSITY OF CYPRUS
ON PUBLIC-GOODS PROVISION IN THE NEOCLASSICAL
GROWTH MODEL: A SPECIAL CASE
Christos Koulovatianos
Discussion Paper 2000-05
P.O. Box 20537, 1678 Nicosia, CYPRUS Tel.: ++357-2-892101, Fax: ++357-2-750310
Web site: http://www.econ.ucy.ac.cy
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59
SELECTED RECENT PUBLICATIONS
Bera A. K. and Yannis Bilias, Rao´s Score, Neyman´s C ($\alpha$) and Silvey´s LM Tests:
An Essay on Historical Developments and Some New Results, Journal of Statistical
Planning and Inference, forthcoming.
Bertaut C. and M. Haliassos, Precautionary Portfolio Behavior from a Life - Cycle
Perspective, Journal of Economic Dynamics and Control, 21, 1511-1542, 1997.
Bilias Y., Minggao Gu and Zhiliang Ying, Towards a General Asymptotic Theory for the
Cox model with Staggered Entry, The Annals of Statistics, 25, 662-682, 1997.
Blundell R., P. Pashardes and G. Weber, What Do We Learn About Consumer Demand
Patterns From Micro-Data?, American Economic Review, 83, 570-597, 1993.
Bougheas S., P. Demetriades and T. P. Mamouneas, Infrastructure, Specialization and
Economic Growth, Canadian Journal of Economics, forthcoming.
Caporale W., C. Hassapis and N. Pittis, Unit Roots and Long Run Causality: Investigating the
Relationship between Output, Money and Interest Rates, Economic Modeling, 15(1), 91-112,
January 1998.
Caporale G. and N. Pittis, Efficient estimation of cointegrated vectors and testing for
causality in vector autoregressions: A survey of the theoretical literature, Journal of
Economic Surveys, forthcoming.
Caporale G. and N. Pittis, Unit root testing using covariates: Some theory and evidence,
Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics, forthcoming.
Caporale G. and N. Pittis, Causality and Forecasting in Incomplete Systems, Journal of
Forecasting, 16, 6, 425-437, 1997.
Clerides K. S., Lach S. and J.R. Tybout, Is Learning-by-Exporting Important? MicroDynamic Evidence from Colombia, Morocco, and Mexico, Quarterly Journal of Economics
113(3), 903- 947, August 1998.
Cukierman A., P. Kalaitzidakis, L. Summers and S. Webb, Central Bank Independence,
Growth, Investment, and Real Rates", Reprinted in Sylvester Eijffinger (ed), Independent
Central Banks and Economic Performance, Edward Elgar, 416-461, 1997.
Dickens R., V. Fry and P. Pashardes, Non- Linearities and Equivalence Scales, The Economic
Journal, 103, 359-368, 1993.
Demetriades P. and T. P. Mamuneas, Intertemporal Output and Employment Effects of
Public Infrastructure Capital: Evidence from 12 OECD Economies, Economic Journal, July
2000.
Eicher Th. and P. Kalaitzidakis, The Human Capital Dimension to Foreign Direct
Investment: Training, Adverse Selection and Firm Location”. In Bjarne Jensen and Kar-yiu
Wong (eds), Dynamics,Economic Growth, and International Trade, The University of
Michigan Press, 337-364, 1997.
Fry V. and P. Pashardes, Abstention and Aggregation in Consumer Demand, Oxford
Economic Papers, 46, 502-518, 1994.
Gatsios K., P. Hatzipanayotou and M. S. Michael, International Migration, the Provision of
Public Good and Welfare, Journal of Development Economics, 60/2, 561-577, 1999.
Haliassos M. and C. Hassapis, Non-expected Utility, saving, and Portfolios, The Economic
Journal, 110, 1-35, January 2000.
Haliassos M. and J. Tobin, The Macroeconomics of Government Finance, reprinted in
J.Tobin, Essays in Economics, vol. 4, Cambridge: MIT Press, 1996.
Haliassos M. and C. Bertaut, Why Do So Few Hold Stocks?, The Economic Journal, 105,
1110- 1129, 1995.
Haliassos M., On Perfect Foresight Models of a Stochastic World, Economic Journal, 104,
477-491, 1994.
Hassapis C., N. Pittis and K. Prodromidis, Unit Roots and Granger Causality in the EMS
Interest Rates: The German Dominance Hypothesis Revisited, Journal of International
Money and Finance, 18(1), 47-73, 1999.
Hassapis C., S. Kalyvitis and N. Pittis, Cointegration and Joint Efficiency of International
Commodity Markets”, The Quarterly Review of Economics and Finance, 39, 213-231, 1999.
Hassapis C., N. Pittis and K. Prodromides, EMS Interest Rates: The German Dominance
Hypothesis or Else?” in European Union at the Crossroads: A Critical Analysis of Monetary
Union and Enlargement, Aldershot, UK., Chapter 3, 32-54, 1998. Edward Elgar Publishing
Limited.
Hatzipanayotou P., and M. S. Michael, General Equilibrium Effects of Import Constraints
Under Variable Labor Supply, Public Goods and Income Taxes, Economica, 66, 389-401,
1999.
Hatzipanayotou, P. and M.S. Michael, Public Good Production, Nontraded Goods and Trade
Restriction, Southern Economic Journal, 63, 4, 1100-1107, 1997.
Hatzipanayotou, P. and M. S. Michael, Real Exchange Rate Effects of Fiscal Expansion
Under Trade Restrictions, Canadian Journal of Economics, 30-1, 42-56, 1997.
Kalaitzidakis P., T. P. Mamuneas and Th. Stengos, A Nonlinear Sensitivity Analysis of
Cross-Country Growth Regressions, Canadian Journal of Economics, forthcoming.
Kalaitzidakis P., T. P. Mamuneas and Th. Stengos, European Economics: An Analysis Based
on Publications in Core Journals, European Economic Review, 1999.
Kalaitzidakis P., On-the-job Training Under Firm-Specific Innovations and Worker
Heterogeneity, Industrial Relations, 36, 371-390, July 1997.
Ludvigson S. and A. Michaelides, Does Buffer Stock Saving Explain the Smoothness and
Excess Sensitivity of Consumption?, American Economic Review, forthcoming.
Lyssiotou Panayiota, Dynamic Analysis of British Demand for Tourism Abroad, Empirical
Economics, forthcoming, 2000.
Lyssiotou P., P. Pashardes and Th. Stengos, Testing the Rank of Engel Curves with
Endogenous Expenditure, Economics Letters, 64, 61-65, 1999.
Lyssiotou P., P. Pashardes and Th. Stengos, Preference Heterogeneity and the Rank of
Demand Systems, Journal of Business and Economic Statistics, 17 (2), 248-252, April 1999.
Lyssiotou Panayiota, Comparison of Alternative Tax and Transfer Treatment of Children
using Adult Equivalence Scales, Review of Income and Wealth, 43 (1), 105-117, March 1997.
Mamuneas, Theofanis P., Spillovers from Publicly – Financed R&D Capital in High-Tech
Industries, International Journal of Industrial Organization, 17(2), 215-239, 1999.
Mamuneas, T. P. and Nadiri M. I., R&D Tax Incentives and Manufacturing-Sector R&D
Expenditures, in Borderline Case: International Tax Policy, Corporate Research and
Development, and Investment, James Poterba (ed.), National Academy Press, Washington
D.C., 1997. Reprinted in Chemtech, 28(9), 1998.
Mamuneas, T. P. and Nadiri M. I., Public R&D Policies and Cost Behavior of the US
Manufacturing Industries, Journal of Public Economics, 63, 57-81, 1996.
Michaelides A. and Ng, S., Estimating the Rational Expectations Model of Speculative
Storage: A Monte Carlo Comparison of three Simulation Estimators, Journal of
Econometrics, forthcoming.
Pashardes Panos, Equivalence Scales in a Rank-3 Demand System, Journal of Public
Economics, 58, 143-158, 1995.
Pashardes Panos, Bias in Estimating Equivalence Scales from Grouped Data, Journal of
Income Distribution, Special Issue: Symposium on Equivalence Scales, 4, 253-264,1995.
Pashardes Panos., Bias in Estimation of the Almost Ideal Demand System with the Stone
Index Approximation, Economic Journal, 103, 908-916, 1993.
Spanos Aris, Revisiting Date Mining: ´Hunting´ With or Without a License, Journal of
Methodology, July 2000.
Spanos Aris, On Normality and the Linear Regression Model, Econometric Reviews, 14,195203, 1995.
Spanos Aris, On Theory Testing in Econometrics: Modeling with nonexperimental Data,
Journal of Econometrics, 67, 189-226, 1995.
Spanos Aris, On Modeling Heteroscedasticity: The Student's t and Elliptical Linear
Regression Models, Econometric Theory, 10, 286-315, 1994.